...list in which you note three things that you learned about language. E-mail me your paragraph/list on or before October 22 (marla.perkins@oswego.edu). • The King’s Speech (drama: about working through a speech impediment—phonetics/speech pathology/sociolinguistics) • The Gods Must Be Crazy (comedy: includes lots of a natively spoken click language—phonetics/typology) • Children of a Lesser God (drama: about deaf culture and American Sign Language—typology/sociolinguistics) • Rango (comedy: about creating identity through speech patterns—sociolinguistics/discourse analysis/phonetics) • Snowcake (comedy/drama: about what can go hilariously/profoundly wrong when pragmatic implicatures are not used/understood—pragmatics/morphology) • Kenneth Branaugh’s Much Ado About Nothing (comedy: a sample of Shakespearean English—pay attention to the ways in which language has changed in the past 400 years—history of the English language/diachronic linguistics /phonology/lexicon/syntax/semantics) • Kenneth Branaugh’s Hamlet (tragedy: as above—history of the English language/diachronic linguistics/phonology/lexicon/syntax/semantics) • Driving Miss Daisy (comedy/drama: class differences in language use and pragmatic implicature—sociolinguistics/pragmatics) • Bridge on the River Kwai (drama: learning to communicate across a language/culture/power barrier—sociolinguistics/discourse analysis) • The Great Debaters (drama: using language to inform/persuade/manipulate—semantics/pragmatics/discourse...
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...YULE – THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE S U M M A R Y ( C HA P TE R S F O R I S L 1 ) CHAPTER 1 – THE ORIGINS OF LANGUAGE The divine source: Bible: Adam gave names to the things Hindu: wife of the creator of the universe created the language Several experiments to find the “original” language: Psammetichus: two babies grew up only for the company of goats children have uttered “bekos” – (Phrygian word for “bread”) could be the sound of the goats “be” (Greek suffix “-kos”) King James the Fourth: Children should have started speaking Hebrew Other experiments: children whit no access to human language grow up with no language at all The natural sound source: Language as a result of onomatopoeia and/or natural cries of emotion (e.g. splash, bang, boom, ouch, ooh, wow,…) What about soundless and abstract things? The social interaction source: Language as a result of communication between earliest groups of humans, who used hums, grunts and groans -> language as a progress of this Apes and other primates also have grunts and groans for communication, but no language The physical adaption source: Evolution factors which have made humans able to develop language: o Teeth are upright and even in height o Lips have more intricate muscle interlacing than other primates o Mouth is smaller an can be opened and closed rapidly o Tongue is smaller, thicker and more muscular o Larynx (containing the vocal cords) is much lower than the position of other primates o Pharynx (above...
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...Strategies for Supporting Young Writer and English Language Learners Sandra Williams EDU675 Change Leadership for Differentiated Educational Environment Professor: Dr. Regina Miller June 3, 2010 Introduction Children who start preschool programs are identified as young learners. They enter a formal schooling with different levels of knowledge about writing. Many students are exposed to write daily by observing family members writing lists, typing sentences on the computer, or doing homework. Some students may know less about why or how others may write. However, regardless of their level of knowledge many young students benefit from having their own personal stories written down to share with other students’. Teachers demonstrate to students how each of their personal experiences and stories are valuable, and they can preserve their stories by writing. This paper will show two important strategies that can support young students’ writers through dictation and translating. Taking Dictation Most parents or adults take dictation when they listen to their children and will write down their child’s oral stories before the child can write on their own. Some of the benefits of dictation are well documented (Temple, 1993; Calkins, 1994; Tunks & Giles, 2007). Taking dictation when children are telling their story is crucial to introducing the student to the intention of writing and the functions of printed language. Through dictation students learn the general purpose...
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...SCommunication Science Assignment 1: Symbolic Interactionism Introduction The purpose of this essay is to describe the theory of symbolic interactionism and to apply it to my chosen case study: Xena and Gabrielle in the TV series “Xena Warrior Princess”. Starting with an introduction to the nature of Xena and Gabrielle’s relationship and an explanation of what functions their relationship fulfils. I then describe the theory as has been researched and demonstrate it by applying the main principles of symbolic interactionism to the main characters, Xena and Gabrielle and finally concluding with brief conclusion of the main features of the theory. Background to the nature of the relationship Xena and Gabriel are best friends. Xena, a warrior trying to abandon her evil past, stumbles upon a warlord attacking a small village and decides to save the village. Gabrielle a young naive girl desperate to see the world and leave her village, starts to follow Xena around and eventually, as Xena allows Gabrielle to travel with her, they becomes best friends and inseparable companions. Xena is in constant reminiscence of her evil past and is persistently trying to “right her wrongs”. Gabrielle is her beacon of hope and light. Xena is Gabrielle’s teacher and route of strength. Together they embark on wonderful journeys of self discovery, bravery and adventure along with some failures, betrayals and misunderstandings. During the first episode Xena goes into a cave talking aloud to...
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...among board members. Communication is used to convey information from one source to a receiver in order to get a desired response or action. In order for information to be received in the right way, it needs to be delivered and perceived the right way. This essay aims to show how effective communication is interdependent on the sender, receiver and the roles they play in executing effective communication by the use of the skills of encoding and decoding. This will be done by defining and describing key concepts. References will be made to credit the work in this essay through books, scholars and other valid sources of information. A summary of the whole essay will be made in conclusion with suggestions. Communication has been defined differently by various scholars and organizations. William Rice Johnson stated that, “Communication takes place when an individual, a sender displays, transmits or otherwise directs a set of symbols to another individual, a receiver with the aim of changing something , either something the receiver is doing(or not doing) or changing his or her world view. This set of symbols is typically described as a message.” Another definition can be given by Krist-Ashman, who says communication is “The exchange of information.” The two definitions all show that for communication to take place there needs to be an exchange of information. For this essay, communication will be defined as the use of verbal and nonverbal messages to create an ongoing influence....
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...Culture Introduction Culture is important because it is everything and everywhere. In a very real sense, your culture is part of who you are. What makes culture so unique is that you share culture with other people. Culture is a group worldview, the way of organizing the world that a particular society has created over time. Nolan This framework or web of meaning allows the members of that society to make sense of them-selves, their world, and their experiences in that world. You do not arrive in this world knowing how to dress, what to eat, what to strive for, or how to spend your money and your time. In modern society different people communicate in different ways, as do people in different societies around the world, and the way people communicate is the way they live. It is their culture. When the elements of communication differ or change, the elements of culture differ or change. Communication and culture are inseparable. According to Hanson, Behaviour is governed by many factors, socioeconomic status, sex, age, education etc, each of which will have an impact on cultural practices as well. Individuals may differ by the degree to which they choose to adhere to a set of cultural patterns. Some individuals identify strongly with a particular group; others combine practices from several groups. In this chapter, we (1) explain why cultures develop, (2) highlight the essential features of culture, (3) define culture...
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...is proposed; one that is based on shared understanding through network-oriented affordances instead of device-oriented APIs. A working model based on this approach is offered, examples given, and areas of related work identified. Figure 1: From Ericsson : 50b devices by 2020 Keywords HTTP, WWW, hypermedia, networks, SOA, REST, distributed computing, web services, usability, evolvability 1. BACKGROUND In the last several years, the landscape of the Internet has changed noticeably. There are many more connected devices, more connected applications, and thousands of Web ’APIs’ to service them. This represents a new ’ecosystem’ for the Web; one dominated by small devices loaded with specialized applications, all talking across the Web using shared application programming interfaces (APIs). While the shift did not happen all at once, probably the date that best marks the start of this new era in the Web would be January 10, 2007; the day the first...
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...INTRODUCTION Children’s acquisition of language has been considered one of the uniquely defining characteristics of human behavior. Still today, it is the commonly held belief that children acquire their mother tongue through imitation of the parents, caregivers or the people in their environment. Linguists too had the same conviction until 1957, when a then relatively unknown man, A. Noam Chomsky, propounded his theory that the capacity to acquire language is in fact innate. This revolutionized the study of language acquisition, and after a brief period of controversy upon the publication of his book, Aspects of the Theory of Syntax, in 1964, his theories are now generally accepted as largely true. As a consequence, he was responsible for the emergence of a new field during the 1960s, Developmental Psycholinguistics, which deals with children’s first language acquisition. He was not the first to question our so far mute acceptance of a debatable concept – long before, Plato wondered how children could possibly acquire so complex a skill as language with so little experience of life. Experiments have clearly identified an ability to discern syntactical nuances in very young infants, although they are still at the pre-linguistic stage. Children of three, however, are able to manipulate very complicated syntactical sentences, although they are unable to tie their own shoelaces, for example. Indeed, language is not a skill such as many others, like learning to drive...
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...INTRODUCTION Children’s acquisition of language has long been considered one of the uniquely defining characteristics of human behaviour. Still today, it is the commonly held belief that children acquire their mother tongue through imitation of the parents, caregivers or the people in their environment. Linguists too had the same conviction until 1957, when a then relatively unknown man, A. Noam Chomsky, propounded his theory that the capacity to acquire language is in fact innate. This revolutionized the study of language acquisition, and after a brief period of controversy upon the publication of his book, Aspects of the Theory of Syntax, in 1964, his theories are now generally accepted as largely true. As a consequence, he was responsible for the emergence of a new field during the 1960s, Developmental Psycholinguistics, which deals with children’s first language acquisition. He was not the first to question our hitherto mute acceptance of a debatable concept – long before, Plato wondered how children could possibly acquire so complex a skill as language with so little experience of life. Experiments have clearly identified an ability to discern syntactical nuances in very young infants, although they are still at the pre-linguistic stage. Children of three, however, are able to manipulate very complicated syntactical sentences, although they are unable to tie their own shoelaces, for example. Indeed, language is not a skill such as many others, like learning...
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...(Alphabet, Numbers, Shapes, Colors and Animals) SERVDAD, REYCHELLE A. CRUZ, MARY JOY B. RAMIREZ, CHERRY A. A project submitted to the Mr. Ronel E. Asas of the Department of Computer Studies, Imus Campus, Cavite State University, Imus, Cavite in partial fulfillment of the final requirements for the subject ITEC55- System Analysis and Design. INTRODUCTION Preschool is a time for developing good learning habits and positive self-esteem. The skills learned at this stage may seem simple but it will set a preschooler for a lifetime of learning. People around them must be aware that they are still trying to figure out the world and everyone must understand them for being distracted and unfocussed with their tutorials. The tutorial is designed to provide opportunities for users to learn essential information. (Meade,2011) Learning from preschool software can start as soon as children can effectively handle a mouse. Usually, around three or four years of age, preschoolers can readily spend up to a half an hour per day on the computer. Children like the independence and stimulation of interacting with computerize activities. If they are able to use a mouse, that was an indication that they are ready to get started. While using a computerize tutorial, children would not just sit and watch; they will laugh, learn, participate and explore. Parents will see smiles and hear giggles. It is an indication that their children are having fun and when their child start talking about habitats...
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...Anthea Tillyer City University of New York (USA) ABTHC@CUNYVM.CUNY.EDU 1. You are strolling in a department store. Walking around, you see a person who seems familiar, but you're not sure. On a whim, you decide to stop the person and find out of s/he knows you. It turns out, after some questioning, that the two of you went to the same high school, but at the time the other person weighed 25 kilos more. That's why you couldn't recognize him/her. 2. Two friends are waiting in line to get into a movie, talking about casual things. Suddenly you remember that you left some soup cooking on the stove at home. Lida Baker UCLA Extension, American Language Center Los Angeles, California. A couple are having a romantic night out at a fancy night club, dancing and discussing their plans to wed in the near future. The night is going wonderfully when...
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...issue or situation are analysed and possible solutions are put for-ward, together with any expected results/consequences. The writer's opinion may be mentioned, directly or indirectly, in the introduction and/or conclusion. A good discursive essay should consist of: a) an introductory paragraph in which you clearly state the topic to be discussed; b) a main body, in which points are clearly stated in separate paragraphs and exemplified or justified: and c) a closing paragraph summarising the main points of the essay, in which you stale/restate your opinion, and/or give a balanced consideration of the topic. Points to consider • Present each point in a separate paragraph. A welldeveloped paragraph contains a clear topic sentence, which summaries the contents of the paragraph, as well as a clear justification, explanation or example in support of...
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...VIDEO GUIDE Advertising: Principles and Practice, 8th Edition Moriarty/Mitchell/Wells Segment 1: AFLAC Summary That wacky, quacky duck brought AFLAC to a high spot among most-recognizable ads and brand names. The insurance company is growing quickly as a result of this greater name recognition. It achieved 89 percent brand recognition in a relatively short time, resulting in $10 billion in sales and about a 25 percent compound growth rate. AFLAC had spent millions of dollars on advertising with little or no effect and almost no market awareness. Clearly, the current strategy was not working. This led the management team to decide to try something bold to increase market awareness. The advertising agency came up with many different ideas, but one crazy one—a duck. AFLAC tested the ad concepts and, as we know today, the duck yielded the highest results. The goal of advertising is to create awareness, while the actual sale comes from the agents selling the complicated insurance products. Discussion Questions 1. What other industries, products, or brands have used humor in advertising to help position themselves in the marketplace? Do you think the strategies have worked? Where wouldn’t humor work? Humor wouldn’t work all that well with serious purchases (e.g., health), but one might think it wouldn’t have worked with something as serious (boring?) as insurance. Might that be because the humor is associated only with the name and not the insurance company’s attributes...
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...CHAP TER Separating Ideas and Shaping Content Writing Paragraphs 1. PURPOSE, AUDIENCE, TONE, AND CONTENT L E A R N I N G 1. 2. 3. 4. 6 O B J E C T I V E S Identify the differences between summary, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation paragraphs Identify the content in writing paragraphs Demonstrate how audience and tone influence content Apply purpose, audience, tone, and content to a specific assignment Imagine reading a poorly written review of a movie that you would like to see this weekend. You cannot follow the characters, action, or conflict because the author of the review rambles on and on. Without clear paragraphs, this review will likely lose your interest, and you may skip the movie altogether! When you are the writer, it is helpful to position yourself as a reader. Ask yourself whether you can focus easily on each point you make. Effective writers use a single paragraph for each new idea they introduce. Paragraphs separate ideas into logical, manageable, and distinct units. Each paragraph focuses on only one main idea and presents coherent sentences to support that single point. Because all the sentences in one paragraph support the same point, a paragraph may stand on its own. Each paragraph is shaped by Purpose: the reason why the writer composes the paragraph. < Tone: the attitude the writer conveys about the paragraph’s subject. < Audience: the individual or group whom the writer intends to address. < Content: the written material in the paragraph...
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...constantly supported me through the stages of the study, and whose stimulating ideas, expertise, and suggestions have inspired me greatly through my growth as an academic researcher. A special word of thanks goes to other teachers of the Faculty of English at Hanoi Open University for their ideas, support, encouragement and help in supplying materials and their valuable suggestion for me to have this thesis accomplished. Thanks for encouraging of the students in Group of English language courses K2 to help me overcome difficulties to complete this thesis. Last but not least, I am greatly indebted to my family for the sacrifice they have devoted to the fulfillment of this academic work. This thesis cannot avoid limitation, so I wish to receive comments and opinions to make it better. Contents 1, Outline 3 2, Scientific notice 5 3, Article 6 4, Scientific report 10 5, Assignment 23 How to use body-language for second year major English students at Hanoi Open University effectively TABLE OF CONTENTS | | | |PART A . INTRODUCTION | | | ...
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