Free Essay

White Paper

In: Science

Submitted By reenaharnal
Words 2652
Pages 11
A New Design Concept of Optical Fibers to Reduce
Non Linearity and Bend loss in Optical Networks
REENA HARNAL AND SAURAV DUTTA
E-2, Sterlite Technologies Ltd, MIDC, Aurangabad, India reena.harnal@sterlite.com, dutta_s@sterlite.com
Abstract: Fiber with an Enhanced value of SBS threshold and low macro bend Loss is presented in this paper.
The fiber has a SBS threshold value greater than 12 dBm and complies G.657A ITU-T specification for Bend loss. It can be used as a single line fiber in Optical networks.

1. INTRODUCTION
Stimulated Brillouin scattering is a dominant nonlinear process in optical networks. In long haul transmission systems, it degrades the output signal once input power reaches above a certain threshold
[1]. In FTTH networks bend loss is the main concern because of the stringent indoor wiring requirements.
Therefore there is a requirement of an optical fiber, which has an enhanced SBS threshold value and improved bend performance. Such a fiber can be used in different parts of the optical network, in long haul and access networks, as a single line fiber.

2. STIMULATED BRILLOUIN SCATERRING
AND BEND LOSS
Stimulated Brillouin scattering and Bend loss are the two fundamental effects which effect the signal transmission in optical networks. The below sections describes the principle behind Stimulated brillouin scattering and Bend loss.

2.1 Stimulated Brillouin scattering
Scattering is a general physical process whereby some form of radiation, such as light, sound, or moving particles, is forced to deviate from a straight trajectory by one or more localized non-uniformities in the medium through which it passes. When the optical power is such that the optical properties of the system are unmodified by the presence of the incident light beam, we refer to the scattering process as spontaneous or linear. The linear or spontaneous scattering effect arises due to thermal fluctuations in the medium. In contrast when the fluctuations within the medium are induced by the presence of the optical field the scattering process is referred to as stimulated or nonlinear. In optical fibers there are various nonlinear effects namely stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS), stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), self phase modulation (SPM), cross phase modulation (CPM) and fourier wave mixing (FWM).
The easiest of the nonlinearity to trigger is the stimulated Brillouin scattering. Light traveling through glass interacts with acoustical vibration

modes [1]. This reflects the light back towards the source. Once the input power reaches some critical value, the amount of backscattered power increases quickly, with the input power. When the fiber is long enough, the backscattered power keeps increasing along the fiber in an avalanche-like process and can use most of the input optical power. Thus in this process the signal gets noisy and hinders not only the optical networks but also the instruments that tests components or system with long fiber.

Ks

Kp

q

Fig 1. Principle of SBS
The physical process behind Brillouin scattering is the tendency of materials to become compressed in the presence of an electric field-a phenomenon termed electrostriction [1]. For an oscillating electric field at the pump frequency Ωp, this process generates an acoustic wave at some frequency Ω.
Brillouin scattering can be viewed as scattering of the pump wave from this acoustic wave, resulting in creation of a new wave at the pump frequency Ωs.
The scattering process must conserve both the energy and the momentum. The energy conservation requires that the Stokes shift satisfy
Ω = Ωp - Ωs
(1)
and the momentum conservation requires that the wave vectors satisfy ka = kp – ks
(2)
where ka or q is the acoustic wave vector (Fig.1).
Using the dispersion relation ka= Ω/ νa where νa is the acoustic velocity, this condition determines the acoustic frequency
Ω = kaνa = 2νa kpsin(θ/2) where kp≈ ka was used and θ represents the angle between pump and scattered waves. In single-mode fibers, light can travel only in the forward (θ =0) and backward (θ =π) directions. As a result, SBS occurs

in the backward direction with a frequency shift
Ωb = 2νa kp
(3)
Since kp = 2π n/ λp where λp is pump wavelength and n is mode index the Brillouin shift is given by vb = Ωb/2π = 2nνa/λp
(4)
Using νa =5.96 km/sec, n=1.45 as typical values of silica fibers, vb = 11.1 GHz at λp = 1.55 µm.
Equation 4 shows that vb is inversely proportional with λp. Once the scattered wave is generated spontaneously, it beats with the pump wave and creates a frequency component at the beat frequency
Ωp - Ωs , which is automatically equal to the acoustic frequency Ω . As a result, the beating term acts as source that increases the amplitude of the sound wave, which in turn increases the amplitude of the scattered wave, resulting in a positive feedback loop.
SBS has its origin in this positive feedback, which ultimately can transfer all power from the pump to the scattered wave. The Brillouin gain gB has a lorentzian spectral profile shape and the peak value of the gain occurs at Ω = Ωb which depends upon various material parameters such as density and elasto-optic coefficient. The SBS threshold power
Pth satisfies the relation gB Pth Leff /Aeff ≈ 21
(5)
Where Leff is the effective interaction length defined as Leff = [1-exp(-αL)]/L
(6)
α represents fiber losses and Aeff = πw*w ,where w is the spot size of the fiber. Pth can be as low as 1 mW depending on the values of w and α. Once the power launched into an optical fiber exceeds the threshold level, most of the light is reflected backward through SBS. Clearly, SBS limits the launched power to a few milliwatts because of its low threshold. 2.2 BEND LOSS
Radiative Losses occur whenever an optical fiber is subjected to extrinsic perturbations like bend of finite radius of curvature and such losses are called Bend loss. An optical fiber can be subjected to two types of bends a) random microscopic bends of the fiber axis for example, that may occur when a fiber is sandwiched between two sand-papers b) macroscopic bends that have large radii compared to the fiber diameter, for example, that may occur during the fiber cabling and laying of the fiber cable.
There are two main contributions to overall
Macrobend loss: Transition loss and Pure bend loss.
Transition loss appears at both the beginning and end of a curved waveguide, because of the mismatch in the fields of the straight and bent waveguide due to the abrupt change in curvature as shown in Fig 2. The predominant effect of curvature on the fundamental mode is to shift the peak of the field distribution radially outwards by a certain distance from the fiber

Straight waveguide axis.

Straight waveguide Fig 2. Illustration of the fundamental mode field mismatch between the straight and bent waveguide.
The second mechanism of loss is the actual transmission loss suffered due to radiation from side of the bent fiber. Any bound mode has an evanescent tail in the cladding, which decays almost exponentially with distance from the core-cladding interface. Since the evanescent tail moves along with the field in the core, part of energy of a propagating mode travels in the fiber cladding. In a straight fiber of arbitrary profile, the modal field at every point in the cross-section propagates parallel to the fiber axis with the same phase velocity, so that the planes of constant phase are orthogonal to the axis. However, if the fiber is bent into a planar arc of constant radius, as shown in Fig 3, it can be intituitively seen that the fields and phase fronts rotate about the center of curvature of the bend with constant angular velocity.
Consequently, the phase velocity parallel to the fiber axis must increase linearly with the distance from the center of curvature of the bend. Thus, the evanescent tail on the far side of the center of curvature must move faster to keep up in phase with the field with the core. At a certain distance critical distance Rc from the center of the fiber, the portion of the evanescent tail would have to move faster than the speed of light in the fiber cladding to keep up with the core field. Since this is not possible as per fundamental laws of nature namely constant speed of light in a given medium , the optical energy in the evanescent tail beyond Rc radiates away.
Cladding
Radiation area

Core

R
Rc

Fig 3. Schematic of the fundamental mode field on a bent waveguide, showing the oscillatory behaviour in the cladding beyond the radiation caustic.

In ITU-T G.657 recommendation [3], the characteristics of bend insensitive single mode fiber and cable for the access networks are mentioned. The following table shows the MFD range and bending properties of G.657 class A compliant bend insensitive single mode fiber.
Table 1-Class A: G.657 Attributes
Attribute
MFD

Bend loss

Detail

Value

Wavelength
Range of nominal values Tolerance
Radius (mm)
Number of turns
Max. at 1550 nm (dB)
Max. at 1625 nm (dB)

1310 nm
8.6-9.5 µm
±0.4 µm
15
10
10
1
0.25 0.75
1.0
1.5

2.3 SBS threshold – Measurement and Test set up
SBS threshold – It is defined as that input power at which transmitted light becomes equal to backreflected light.
The SBS threshold was measured using the setup as shown in Figure 4. The measurement setup was based on an Agilent 8164A Lightwave Measurement
System consisting of 81662A DFB laser at 1550 nm, a 4x1 switch and a power meter. The narrow linewidth 1550 nm optical radiation from the DFB laser was attenuated and then amplified using an
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) module. The transmitted power from the test fiber, the backreflected power extracted through the circulator, and the input reference power from the tap coupler were all connected to a 4x1 switch. The output of the switch was connected to a calibrated power meter, thereby enabling all the power measurements to be done without manual intervention.

Circulator
DFB Laser

Attenuator

of the interaction between the optical and the acoustic modes. As the coupling between the optical mode field and the acoustic mode fields increases, more optical power is undesirably reflected opposite to the direction of optical signal transmission. The coupling between the optical and acoustical modes is reduced via changing the refractive index profile of the core region of the optical fiber and bend property of the fiber is improved by introducing the depressed clad region.
The coupling between the optical and acoustical mode is disturbed by dividing the core segment into three zones. In a segmented core optical mode field remains extended while acoustical mode field becomes more tightly confined and thus the coupling is disturbed. The three core regions are circumferential to the other, one being at the center, again there is a depressed cladding surrounding the outer core. The depressed cladding is surrounded with pure silica cladding to make up the clad. The fiber has better bend properties as compared to single mode fiber because of the depressed clad region.
Figure 5 shows a cross sectional view of profile design of optical fiber. The designing is done as per the following equation 7. n1 > n2 > n3 > n5 > n4
(7)
Wherein n1 is refractive index of inner sub-core region, n2 is refractive index of outer sub-core regionI, n3 is refractive index of outer sub-core region-II, n4 is refractive index of inner sub-clad region and n5 is refractive index of outer sub-clad region. According to this embodiment, the inner sub-clad region is depressed clad having refractive index lower than outer sub-clad region.
The thickness of each sub-core region as shown in figure 5 is related by equation 8. t 3 > t 2 > t1
(8)
Wherein t1 is thickness of inner sub-core region (11) which is equivalent to its radius, t2 is thickness of outer sub-core region-I (12) which is equivalent to difference of its radius minus radius of inner sub-core region (11) and t3 is thickness of outer sub-core region-II (13) which is equivalent to difference of its radius minus radius of inner sub-core region (11) and radius of outer sub-core region-I (12) .

EDFA
90/10,

15
PM

l4
Switch Test

FUT

13
12
11

Fig 4. SBS threshold measurement set up

3. PROFILE DESIGN
Fig 5. Cross-sectional view of the profile design
Stimulated brillouin scattering takes place because

4. MANUFACTURING

An increase of 5 dBm in SBS threshold is achieved over conventional SMF.

The fiber with an enhanced value of SBS threshold and reduced bend loss can be made by any of the manufacturing techniques, which are generally used for the making of the fiber. The refractive index profile of the fiber is made by taking into number of consideration, which includes the properties of the single mode fiber such as mode field diameter, zero dispersion wavelength, cut off wavelength & attenuation of the fiber. It was ensured that the fiber has the same mode field diameter tolerance as that of single mode fiber so that there will be no splicing loss. The core region of the fiber was fragmented into several zones to achieve a higher SBS threshold value and effective area of the fiber at a particular wavelength, which is greater than the conventional single mode fiber.

5. RESULTS
The fiber thus obtained with the specified profile shape has characteristics similar to ITU G.652 series of the fiber. The typical values of the optical fiber
TABLE 2: Optical parameters
MFD
µm
9.48
Nm
1286.0
Cut off lambda
Zero dispersion λ Nm
1324.0
Slope @ ZDW ps/nm2-km 0.092 dB/km 0.34
Attn 1310 dB/km 0.20
Attn 1550
12.0
SBS Pth @1550 DBm

4.5
Transmitted (mW) SMF
Backscattered (mW) SMF
Backscattered (mW) New profile Design
Transmitted (mW) New profile Design

Transmitted/Reflected (mW)

3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

TABLE 3: Measured Bend loss values of fiber
R=10 mm 1
R =15 mm 10
S.no
turn turns Grade
1550 1625 1550 1625
Fiber1 0.237 0.688 0.023 0.126 G.657A
Fiber2 0.24
0.743 0.026 0.128 G.657A
Fiber3 0.237 0.633 0.021 0.124 G.657A
6. CONCLUSIONS
We have developed an optical fiber, which has high
SBS threshold value as well as better bend property as compared to conventional single mode fiber. The fiber thus developed can be used as a single fiber in optical networks. It can be used as a feeder fiber in long haul networks and as a terminator fiber in access networks. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Special thanks to Product development and
Production department of Sterlite technologies Ltd. We would also like to thank Electrical Department of
Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai.
REFERENCES

The SBS threshold of the newly designed optical fiber is 12 dBm as compared to 7 to 8 dBm in conventional SMF.

4.0

The below table shows the bend property of the fiber which complies G.657A bend loss specification

16

18

Input Power (mW)

Fig 6. A comparison of SBS threshold value of the newly designed fiber with the conventional SMF

[1] G. P Agrawal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics, 3rd ed.,
Academic Press, (2001).
[2] Definitions and Test methods for Statistical and non – linear attributes of Single mode fiber and cable, pre-published recommendation ITU
–T Rec. G. 650.2, 07/2002
[3] Characteristics of a Bending Loss Insensitive
Single Mode Optical Fibre and Cable for the
Access Network, ITU-T Rec. G.657, 12/2006

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

Ifsm 370 Project 2: White Paper Instructions

...IFSM 370 Project 2: White Paper Instructions Follow Below Link to Download Tutorial https://homeworklance.com/downloads/ifsm-370-project-2-white-paper-instructions/ For More Information Visit Our Website ( https://homeworklance.com/ ) Email us At: Support@homeworklance.com or lancehomework@gmail.com Introduction This is an individual project. Each student must complete a White Paper that proposes a telecommunications solution to address a communications problem for a business organization. The target audience will be the organization’s Chief Information Officer (CIO). The White Paper deliverable is an MS Word document. If you have never written a white paper, you should conduct some research and review sample white papers to understand the content and format associated with these professional documents. The completed White Paper deliverable is due by 11:59 PM Eastern Time on the due date shown in the Course Schedule. See the Additional Information section of the syllabus for the penalty for late or missed assignments and projects. The White Paper is valued at 12% of the course grade. Scenario Ullman, Manly, & Ulysses Corporation With 75,000 customers worldwide, 250 employees working in four locations in the United States and three European offices, and a catalog of more than 100,000 parts, Ullman, Manly & Ulysses Corporation (UMUC) relies on its network for its survival. In the past decade, UMUC has seen its business grow from just one location...

Words: 1357 - Pages: 6

Free Essay

How to Write a White Paper

...Steps to writing a proper white paper… Use a Linear, Logical Approach: a white paper must be educational, not promotional in tone. And should posses the following objectives: It must attract the right audience. White papers are highly audience specific, it is better to write white papers tailored toward different groups of stakeholders. Must engage the reader; engage by showing them that you understand their problem and that you can “relate”. Or by quickly showing mastery of the subject, through good clear writing. It must inform your reader. Written more like an objective magazine article than a sales brochure. they should objectively present a problem, the business case for solving the problem, and alternative ways of solving the problem. Therefore, the reader gains knowledge from having invested the time to read the paper. Ultimately the reader feels informed, not sold. It must convince your reader; to convince reader to give your organisation consideration based information that you have presented. Example, if your product has a high up-front cost but lower maintenance costs, your paper might include an analysis of ongoing “hidden” costs and a ROI model that shows how a high initial investment might actually be more cost-effective over the life of the purchase. Your Title Is Key to Success of Paper: A creative, meaningful title drives readership, whether you promote your paper online, distribute it at a conference, or pitch it to trade magazine editors. The content...

Words: 854 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Kindle Paper White 3g

...the bed. The pricing on books are very good shopper say and the text is very easy to read, the battery charging is fast, it’s graphic is rudimentary. The Kindle Paperwhite 3Gis light, small and perfect for reading which is an electronic reading device. The first reason why American’s love the Kindle Paperwhite 3G is a wonderful gadget for someone who love books it is small, light, and fast. It is less than six ounces lighter than paper books and it will fit I n your purse. It has new darker , hand-tuned fonts downloads books in sixty second, holds over one thousand books ,reads like paper with no glare. The kindle has a massive book selection with titles less than ten dollars. Kindle also has the advantage of significantly lower power consumption than tablets. Kindle does not require power to maintain a page of texts allowing you to read for up to a month on a single charge, with wireless off a hour of reading per day, versus a hour on a tablet or smartphone. The matte screen reflects light like ordinary paper and uses no backlighting, so you can read as easy in your living room. Kindle uses an electronic ink screen. The second reason why American’s love the Kindle Paperwhite 3G it is for kids also. Kindle Paperwhite 3G is designed for reading, which means zero distraction for kids. Teachers says with Kindle Paperwhite 3G kids can lookup definitions as they read and build up their vocabulary...

Words: 677 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

White Culture Research Paper

...I am so much more than just a blank white piece of paper but I don't have anything to show for it. I have friends with rich culture including their own language passed down from generation to generation, their own handmade drums, carvings, artwork, a strong spiritual connection, and even a second name identifying who they are and where they come from. I do not not have a people, a sense of belonging, or older generations to live and look up to. White culture is so disconnected, people just move to get a job and leave their roots and extended family behind. I spent nights crying in my room because of how alone and empty I felt over having the simplest past and no sense of culture. During those pity parties I would listen to rain softly falling on the evergreens and ferns as they lovingly take in everything that gives them life. The only thing I have ever felt connected to is the culture of the Pacific Northwest. Being in those wet, rainy forests makes me feel at home. Hiking over mountain ridges to watch the trail unravel in front of you is something magical. Mama Nature helps you along the way and somehow the birds and squirrels that stop and greet you...

Words: 850 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

White Guilt Research Paper

...White Guilt I had just finished dinner with my mom after spending a few hours at the California Academy of Science in San Francisco. She was so excited that I had invited her to spend time with me; the invitation was a big sign of our relationship becoming healthy again. A few doors down from the restaurant, a man approaches us. “Hey guys can you help me out? I’m hungry. I’m out here beggin’ all day, but I don’t get help because everyones racist!” Living in San Ramon has me ill-prepared for dealing with the homeless. I respond with a mumbled “no thanks” that makes me cringe every time I’ve mouthed the words since. The man follows my mom and I down the street, rapidly evolving from beggar to verbal aggressor. “It’s not my fault my people were...

Words: 1062 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Snow White Research Paper

...This “point” could be a phase of misfortune or an overwhelming feeling of despair. In the movie “Snow White”, the wicked step mother evidently has/had low self-esteem issues if she is willing to murder her daughter in order to be the “fairest” one in her land. Well, just as villains, I too have gone through a hardship that has invigorated me to acquire greatness and success (although I wouldn’t go as far as to commit murder like a certain wicked step mother attempted to). To say that my past was simply a “bad time” would be a treacherous understatement; it reeks of darkness and sorrow. I still get flashbacks: diary entries stained with tears, blood trickling down an arm, shrieks of vile words and a subsequent sob. This is my personal deep pain. Some may decide to mourn over grief for extensive extents of time. I, on the other hand, thrust the feelings...

Words: 463 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Art of Whitepaper

...The Art of the White Paper July 2003 Executive Summary...................................................................1 What is a White Paper? .............................................................2 White Papers Come in Many Flavors..........................................3 Why Write a White Paper? ........................................................3 Industry Standards for White Papers ........................................4 Who Reads White Papers?.........................................................5 Who Writes White Papers? ........................................................6 Success Factors for White Papers..............................................7 A Gordon & Gordon Success Story.............................................8 Copies of this white paper can be obtained from www.gordonandgordon.com/downloads.html © 2001-2003 by Manuel Gordon and Gordon Graham Executive Summary High-tech companies produce a lot of white papers, and many IT managers use them—even if no one can clearly explain what they are. This paper begins by describing the various kinds of white papers, and the various purposes for which they are needed. Although no industry standards exist for white papers, we can make some generalizations. Most white papers are around 10 letter-sized pages with black & white illustrations. They are written with an authoritative, neutral tone. Most are distributed through the Web as PDFs. They can take from 4 to 10 weeks and cost from...

Words: 2701 - Pages: 11

Free Essay

Content

...ioninteractive.com MARKETING Idea Book for Turning Content into Conversions C NTENT CREATE ENGAGE MARKET STRATEGIZE Landing Pages for Content is clearly king. That passion to learn is the fuel of content marketing. Valuable content spreads like wildfire—providing opportunities for the brands behind the content to capitalize on their blogs, white papers, infographics, webinars and slide decks. This guide to Landing Pages for Content Marketing takes a practical look at exactly how to deliver measurable, significant conversions for each of the major categories of content. Beyond the narrow view of dumping your content, behind a lead capture form (often called “gating the assets”), there exists creative ways to up-sell and cross-sell content to convert your audience’s attention into business results. This approach preserves the social and organic viability of content, while improving its business value. It also adds a new ROI layer of measurement and comparison to content marketing initiatives. For each category of content, we give you a couple of tactics —letting you get your feet wet with one before jumping into another. Everything here is designed to deepen engagement and participation with your brand while providing you with © i-on interactive, inc. All rights reserved. Across markets and personas, people have an insatiable appetite to consume information. measurable results from your content marketing initiatives—driving qualified leads & sales for your organization...

Words: 2467 - Pages: 10

Free Essay

The Air Force and Army Strategic Plans for Modernization

...modernizing the United States’ military. The strategic plans that each branch outlined in their respective White Papers both emphasize the need for new technologies and continual modernization. Both branches recognize that changes need to be made, but the Air Force and Army differ in the scope and execution of these changes within their branches. Although these details vary, both plans have the common goal of modernizing our military to stay one step ahead of our adversaries and maintaining our global military dominance. Both White Papers echo the age old adage that “compliancy breeds failure”. The Army and the Air Force are both using lessons learned to try to predict future technological needs in an increasingly unpredictable global environment. Details and means differ, but both branches agree that the best way to have a dominant presence while dealing with financial constraints is to focus on unmanned technologies and specialized equipment. The Army is focusing on unmanned aerial vehicles, small unmanned ground vehicles, and modernized surveillance systems (2009 ARMY MODERNIZATION WHITE PAPER). The Air Force, similarly, is building self-sustaining computer networks so that human resources can be focused elsewhere. Also, the strategic plans both emphasis the need of specialized equipment for Special Forces (Moseley, 2007). The strategic plans outlined in the two White Papers agree that our modernized military must focus on specialized equipment for strategic use and an unmanned...

Words: 528 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Academic Exclence

...There is nothing more important to the Government than raising the standards children achieve in our schools. The White Paper Excellence in schools committed us to exacting targets, and proposed a challenging programme to achieve them. Our vision is of excellence for all. This inclusive vision encompasses children with special educational needs (SEN). Schools currently identify 18% of children as having special educational needs of differing kinds. Almost 3% have individual statements showing the additional special educational provision they require. This Green Paper asks some questions about these figures. What is not in question is the case for setting our sights high for all these children. Good provision for SEN does not mean a sympathetic acceptance of low achievement. It means a tough-minded determination to show that children with SEN are capable of excellence. Where schools respond in this way, teachers sharpen their ability to set high standards for all pupils. The great majority of children with SEN will, as adults, contribute economically; all will contribute as members of society. Schools have to prepare all children for these roles. That is a strong reason for educating children with SEN, as far as possible, with their peers. Where all children are included as equal partners in the school community, the benefits are felt by all. That is why we are committed to comprehensive and enforceable civil rights for disabled people. Our aspirations as a...

Words: 257 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Maurice White Research Paper

...Tennessee, on December 19, 1941- February 4, 2016, Maurice White was and American musician, composer, song writer, and music producer. Maurice White is very well known for being the lead singer for the legendary group, Earth Wind and Fire. With him being a part of this group, He experimented with variety of musical styles such as jazz, funk, soul, pop, and R&B. Maurice White never really put his family in the eye of the public, other than Verdine White, who’s not only his step brother, but also the bass player for Earth Wind and Fire. Maurice White was married to Marlin White, who is also the mother of his three kids. Two sons by the name of Kahbran, and Eden White, and a daughter by the name of Hamia White. Now with his private, and his public life, he was always that same charismatic person, who enjoyed what he did for a living. He was always the life of the party, and a rock for people who look up to him. However, in 1992, Maurice White began to suffer from Parkinson’s disease, which cause him to no longer tour with Earth Wind and Fire in 1995. Even though he no longer toured with the group, didn’t mean that he retired from the music industry....

Words: 425 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

White Paper

...An ISS White Paper Security Strategy Development Building an Information Security Management Program 6303 Barfield Road • Atlanta, GA 30328 Tel: 404.236.2600 • Fax: 404.236.2626 Security Strategy Development Information Security Management A sound information security management program involves more than a few strategically placed firewalls. These safeguards, while important, are only truly effective as part of an overall information security management system. The integration of existing security technologies and processes into a cohesive framework for security management will ultimately reduce inefficiencies and redundancy and ensure the manageability of those solutions. A comprehensive security program should contain the proper balance between people, processes and technology to effectively manage risk with minimal impact on normal business operations. In order to build an appropriate information security program, an organization should assess and define their specific security requirements, design a solution that meets those unique requirements, deploy the necessary policies, technology and procedures, and continuously maintain, adapt and improve that solution. An organization’s overall security strategy will provide a framework for defining those elements necessary in building and maintaining a sound security management program. Strategic planning can take many forms, but the end result should yield a documented approach for achieving goals set within the...

Words: 1442 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

White Paper

...Jie quan ACM 681 White Paper Content 1. Abstract-------------------------------------------------------------------3 2. History--------------------------------------------------------------3 2. Products------------------------------------------------------------3 3. Facing more and more rivals-----------------------------------4 4. The way of people do make-up is changing---------------4 5. Be ahead of other rivals and acquiring the 3D printer----5 6. Conclusion----------------------------------------------------------5 7. References-----------------------------------------------------------6 Abstract MAC is a world wide cosmetic company that was once the leader of the beauty and fashion industry. The beauty industry is favorable and everyone wants to get more profits from it; there are more and more new entrance involveD in and the competitors are producing some product that making MAC company less differentiated. Nowadays, there is a new technology called 3D printing machine that is threating the traditional beauty industry. MAC Cosmetics, Makeup Art Cosmetics, was founded in Toronto, Ontario, Canada by Frank Toskan and Frank Angelo in 1985. With the assistance of chemist Vic Casale, the first U.S MAC store opened in 1991, in New York. History The company's products were initially specifically designed for professional make-up artists but are now sold to consumers worldwide. Long before their company history, MAC cosmetics founders directed their product...

Words: 964 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

White Paper

...Chapter 3: The Arts sector …………………………………………………………. 30 Chapter 4: Publishing, Reading and Writing ………………………………………. 39 Chapter 5: The audio-visual sector ………………………………………………… 43 Chapter 6: Heritage Management and Promotion………………………………….. 47 Chapter 7: Mauritius, an Artistic and Cultural Island City- ACIC………………… 51 Chapter 8: Developing synergies…………………………………………………… 56 Chapter 9: Arts and Culture: the cement of our nation …………………………….. 61 Chapter 10: Conclusion - Arts and Culture make Mauritius a haven ……………...63 Message of the Prime Minister Culture is connecting with development and is poised to become a fundamental component of sustainable development. This White Paper sets the stage for a revival of arts and culture in Mauritius. My government sees arts and culture as an important lever of social integration and as an industry that can offer employment potential and wealth creation opportunities. While culture in the abstract is a set of mental constructs, it is rooted in a place at a moment in history and is always local. However, we often forget that it is a renewable...

Words: 20646 - Pages: 83

Premium Essay

White Paper

...1 Dominique Driver College Writing II Professor Joines 4/18/2013 “Addressing the Problem: Childhood Obesity” The State of the Union is in a crisis over the direction that our country is heading towards. People are consuming large amounts of fast & processed foods, which is resulting in health problems. People are not realizing that there could be consequences for their actions. Quick decision making can have a long term effect on us. The lack of a balanced diet and an adequate amount of exercise has led to the crisis that we are facing around the country today. Michael Pollan addresses these problems in The Omnivore’s Dilemma. The Omnivore’s Dilemma, was written by the famous journalist, Michael Pollan in 2007. Pollan opens by addressing the simple question, what should we have for dinner? A simple question that use to be so straightforward has now become so complicated. The book is split into three parts dividing the food chain up based on the three principal food systems that continue to flourish today: industrial, organic, and the hunter-gatherer. The industrial section of the book discusses the process that corn goes through before the general public consumes it as a fast food 2 meal. The second section discusses alternatives to industrial food and farming, which is referred to as organic food and farming. Pollan states in the introduction, “ So the book’s pastoral section serves up the natural history of two very different “organic” meals: one whose ingredients...

Words: 2714 - Pages: 11