...H H C C OH H H CH3CH2OH O H C H CH2O All are polymers All are organic (C) compounds Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids Differ in terms of composition and function Carbohydrates……. Energy, support and recognition Proteins……………..Enzymes, structure, recognition, transport pigments, signals, mov’t Lipids………………..Cell membrane structure energy storage, signals cellular metabolism (VitK..) Nucleic Acids……….Hereditary and protein information, energy, signals Carbohydrates……. Polysaccharide..of simple sugars Proteins……………..Polypeptide..of amino acids Lipids………………..Insoluble in water..although common polymer glycerol and fatty acid Nucleic Acids……….Polynucleotide..of nucleotides -OH Several OH (alcohol) groups This group LOVES water Makes sugars solids and water soluble C with a double bond to an oxygen Aldehyde or ketone Joins w/an –OH to form a cyclic structure The resulting C (C-1) has OH/H Position of OH determines further bonding C=O Open Chain Cyclic Loss of H and -OH Loss of Water !!!!! Lactose = Milk Sugar Lactose = Glucose and galactose Lactase = Enzyme that digests lactose Most mammals express lactase only as juveniles Adults are lactose intolerant Once weaned = NO MILK!!!!! Starch...bonds between glucose can...
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...Jerome Kagan once said, “Genes and family may determine the foundation of the house, but time and place determine its form.” This quote recognizes that nature and nurture both have roles in determining why people are who they are. Nurture explains that people are the way they are based on how society and their environment has shaped them. On the other side, nature states that people are defined based on genes handed down to them. Both explanations hold some truth; however, some people believe that one side is the only explanation. The Nature versus Nurture debate has lasted for many years. Two of the most famous people who researched and created theories on this topic were B.F. Skinner and Charles Darwin. Skinner believed in the concept...
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...“Gender: Male //Hair Color: Brown //Eye Color: Blue //Skin Tone: Fair //Name: Jon // Create?” Life simulation or role playing gamers are probably familiar to these prompts. These customizations allow players to choose certain traits and create their ideal character with a desired physical appearance. But in few generations, this could happen in a fertility clinic, where young couples, future parents, are given the choice to tailor their babies from physical attributes to intelligence or athletic ability. A new genetic modification method enables researchers and doctors to modify DNA in order to change certain traits of the embryo; without doubts, there are many controversies over the ethnic of such technology, thus creating the term “designer...
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...begun to emerge as a recognized forensic skill. “Blood is one of the most significant and frequently encountered types of physical evidence associated with forensic investigation of death and violent crime” (Eckert & James, 11). When a violent crime has been committed, blood is commonly left behind at the scene of the crime. This blood evidence allows police investigators to piece together the events of the crime. The texture, size, shape, and distribution of the blood can be used to determine when the crime occurred, what weapon was used, how the victim was standing, how many times the victim was hit, and more. Even if the perpetrator attempted to cover up the crime by cleaning the blood, evidence of blood still remains. Forensic investigators have different tests that can see where blood has been, whether it is blood, saliva, or semen, and also can test whether the blood is even human or not. Going even further, more tests can be done to compare the blood of different individuals to determine whether or not they were the perpetrator. Within the blood, there is a liquid portion called plasma making up about 55% of the total volume of blood. The plasma contains mostly water with some nutrients, minerals, and oxygen. In the plasma, there are red and white blood cells. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin which is a complex molecule that carries oxygen, removes carbon dioxide, and gives blood its red color. White blood cells; however, are crucial for the body’s immune system as...
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...successfully cloned in 1997. Every single country has their own views about stem cell research and cloning because of their moral and ethical issues. Muslims, for example, are individuals who are firm believers that knowledge is acquired in a form of worship, and any human achievement must be performed in conformity with God’s will. The introduction of new science in Islam is not perceived with open arms and new technology has to prove benefits before it is accepted because of the fear and respect the Muslim culture has for their God. Any new knowledge or discovery must be implemented within the confines of God’s laws and limits to maintain a healthy balance in the creation. Science and religion have to work together in the Muslim culture to determine if new knowledge or research such as stem cell and cloning are linked to the broad ethical base set forth in the Qur’an and the Sunnah. Cloning began from the very earliest if civilization. Historians and scientist believe that early farmers took the strongest of their crop, self-pollinated them with same plant, extracted the seeds, and planted them to create a field of genetically identical plants. This type of cloning is more prominent in wheat farming or any farming involving grains. This ensures that the strongest of the plants not only survive, but reproduce to produce a field of genetically superior plants. Even though cloning has been around since the dawn of civilization and farming, it wasn’t until the late 1800’s that experimentation...
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...Innocence at Stake: Possibility of DNA Collection from Arrestees in Canada Md Washim Ahmed ABSTRACT Followed by a decision of the Supreme Court of the United States, which approved the collection of a defendant’s DNA upon arrests under the Fourth Amendment, the Minister of Justice, Peter MacKay indicated in an interview with the Globe and Mail that he and his Ministry are considering a similar model for Canada. This paper examines the possibility of a similar legislative framework in Canada and argues that although collection of DNA upon arrests was found justified under the Fourth Amendment, it does not necessarily mean that it will be found justified under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. While s.8 of the Charter seems to give similar protection as the Fourth Amendment, they have very different requirements for judicial authorization, reasonableness and standard of “probable cause”. Scrutinizing those different requirements and standards, this paper holds that the process of DNA collection is highly intrusive and would be a serious violation of s.8 of the Charter as it could reveal an excessive amount of private information about an individual over which he/she has a strong reasonable expectation of privacy. Furthermore, it will deprive people from their right to be presumed innocent, which is protected under s.11 (d) and significantly impact socially marginalized groups. Finally, this paper conducts an analysis of the violations under s.1 of...
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...Rana)………………………………….…… 21 6. The technology in its cultural context, media influence (Charles Taiwo) (Not Complete) 7. Implications for the environment (Charles Taiwo) (Not Complete) 8. Moral and ethical implications (Layli Stroia) ……………………………………………………..… 30 Outline A brief description of the technology and an explanation of the associated science Definition: What is Genetic Engineering? Genetic engineering (GE) is the process of manipulation of an organism genome to create a new DNA. The new DNA might be implanted in a totally different DNA species. It is widely used to create hybrids (some species are not able to naturally breed), correct genetic flows in any type of being. It is applied in fields such as agriculture, industrial, medicine and pharmaceutical. (Aldridge, 1996). As Primrose explained, gene manipulation involves the creation and cloning of artificially created DNA (recombinant DNA) that provides with DNA sequences not found in nature. This created DNA is introduced in a host living cell. “…genetic engineering is a 'cut, paste, and copy' operation. The gene...
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...According to the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) (1990): “In conclusion, the several studies showing leukemia, lymphoma and cancer of the nervous system in children exposed to magnetic fields from residential 60 Hz electrical power distribution systems, supported by similar findings in adults in several occupational studies also involving electrical power frequency exposures, show a consistent pattern of response that suggests, but does not prove, a causal link. Frequency components higher than 60 Hz cannot be ruled out as contributing factors. Evidence from a large number of biological test systems shows that these fields induce biological effects that are consistent with several possible mechanisms of carcinogenesis.” This situation suggests the need to continue to evaluate the information from ongoing research and to further evaluate the mechanisms of carcinogenic action and the characteristics of exposure that cause these effects. A Medscape (2000) review article concludes (Siepmann, 2004): “Taken together,...
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...Why Do Cave Fish Lose Their Eyes? Why Do Cave Fish Lose Their Eyes? This article is provided courtesy of the American Museum of Natural History. Carlsbad Caverns National Park Deep underground there are caves where the sun never shines. If you found yourself in one of these caverns without a flashlight, you would see nothing at all; just total blackness. In some of these underground caves, there are fishes, crustaceans, salamanders and other animals that have evolved to live without light. For example, more than one hundred species of cave fishes live their lives in constant darkness. They depend on senses other than sight to hunt, eat and reproduce. Many of these species of fishes are blind or nearly blind—some don’t even have eyes. Yet they all evolved from fishes that could see. Somehow, over millions of years, these fishes not only developed the ability to live without sight—they lost the ability to see altogether. How did that happen? How can evolution cause a species to lose a trait? It’s a mystery that evolutionary scientists have been struggling to unravel. The search for an answer gives us a fascinating look at how evolution works. Regressive Evolution We usually think of evolution as a process in which species acquire new traits. But in cave fishes we have an example of regressive evolution, a process in which species lose a trait—in this case, the ability to see. Why Do Cave Fish Lose Their...
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...What is Music? The problem with answering the question “What is music?” is understanding what would constitute a proper answer. Music arises from human behaviour, and the study of human behaviour is part of biology. So any question about music is a question about biology, and every question about biology requires an answer within the framework of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection. 2.1 Music is Something We Like What is music? It’s what comes out of the speakers when we play a CD on our stereo. It’s what we hear on the radio. Music is singers singing and musicians playing. Music is a sound that we enjoy hearing. Is this a proper answer to the question “What is music?”? If I asked “What is a car?”, you could answer by pointing at a large object moving up the street and saying “It’s one of those.” But this may not be a satisfactory answer. A full explanation of what a car is would mention petrol, internal combustion engines, brakes, suspension, transmission and other mechanical things that make a car go. And we don’t just want to know what a car is; we also want to know what a car is for. An explanation of what a car is for would include the facts that there are people and other things (like shopping) inside cars and that the purpose of cars is to move people and things from one place to another. By analogy, a good answer to the question “What is music?” will say something about the detailed mechanics of music: instruments, notes, scales, rhythm...
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...superior to smb. (opposite) inferiority (n.), inferiority complex., inferior (adj.), inferior to smb. lure (v), lure (n) eternity (n.), eternal (adj.) cripple (v.), cripple (n.) flourish (v.) humiliate (v.), humiliation (n.) fad (n.), passing fad drag (n.), real drag charity (n.), charitable (adj.) mortal (n., adj.) obsess (v.), be obsessed by/with smth. obsession (n.), obsession with smth terms (plural) in practical/political/economic terms, in terms of time/money/efforts Word Combinations to result from smth to result in smth apart from Expressions with “come” (p.7) Idiomatic expressions (p.8) Physical complains (p.18) Text How are your genes? (p. 19) span (n.), life span determine (v.), genetically/culturally/biologically determined, to determine + whether/why/who/what Text of the sample composition (p.30) benefit (v.), to benefit from, benefit (n.), to reap/receive benefit from, beneficial (adj.) test-tube (n.), test-tube baby controversy (n.), to create/cause/spark/stir controversy, controversial (adj.) affect (v.) hostility (n.), hostile (adj.) interfere (v.), interfere in/with abuse (v.), abuse (n.) ban (v.), ban (n.), ban on smth. One Man’s Meat is Another Man’s Poison Talking points A. How do you rate the following suggestions as ways of ensuring physical fitness? Rank them starting with those you consider to be most effective. Be prepared to justify your choice by explaining how the suggestions may or may not help you. ...
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...that the big data is advantageous, and the 21st-century generation benefits more from the big data and predictive analytics than the harm that the big data poses to their lives. The bottom line of the matter, however, is that, big data interferes with human’s privacy, ethics, and any unauthorized third party can access the personal data for evil purposes or their benefits. The definition of the big data takes the “3V” form; High-volume, high-variety and high-velocity information that demand the innovative forms of processing, cost-effective for improved insight and decision making. This technological definition does not encompass the societal aspect and. Therefore, it can be argued to be one-sided definition. To incorporate the societal aspect, the definition needs to be viewed in a broader manner so that the aspect of data analytics can come in. In this regard, the two terms can work together so that a meaning of full terms big data/ data analytics can denote the cloud collection and storage of the information (including personal data) in large data sets and in which interferences and predictions can be made. Ethical Impacts One of the adverse implications of the big data is the corruption of the ethical values in the society. The big data have corrupted human values that the society once held dearly such as privacy, identity, free choice,...
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...present and past, why today people now more convert themselve to be homosexual. The question why only needs causes, if comparing with the past about twenty to thirty years ago, there were less people who are homosexual or bisexual than now. This research essay will provides five sections which are five main causes, it includes psychology, experience(social environment), cultural influences and individuals liking due to differences between homosexuality and heterosuxaulity Psychology and Biology The focus on brain and behavior study shows us many evidence that homosexaulity is definitely related to psychology and biology. Could homosexuality be illness if it is only about psychology because human has different idea in everything and also has difference in mental health. However, there are several studies could not find any conclusion that being homosexual is considered an illness or not. “Although dispassionate scientific research on whether homosexuality should be viewed as an illness was largely absent from the fields of psychiatry, psychology, and medicine during the first half of the twentieth century, some researchers remained unconvinced that all homosexual individuals were mentally ill or socially misfit” (Berube, 1990). In the other hand, there are many studies about genetic behavior that point out it is the main cause of homosexuality, but the question is how? To give an example, is there any possible theory about...
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...Disengagement Theory, one of the earliest and most controversial theories of aging, views aging as a process of gradual withdrawal between society and the older adult. This mutual withdrawal or disengagement is a natural, acceptable, and universal process that accompanies growing old. It is applicable to elders in all cultures, although there might be variations. According to this theory, disengagement benefits both the older population and the social system. Gradual withdrawal from society and relationships preserves social equilibrium and promotes self-reflection for elders who are freed from societal roles. It furnishes an orderly means for the transfer of knowledge, capital, and power from the older generation to the young. It makes it possible for society to continue functioning after valuable older members die. Weakness: There is no base of evidence or research to support this theory. Additionally, many older people desire to remain occupied and involved with society. Imposed withdrawal from society may be harmful to elders and society alike. This theory has been largely discounted by gerontologists. Activity Theory The Activity Theory, developed by Havighurst and associates in 1953, asserts that remaining active and engaged with society is pivotal to satisfaction in old...
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...Why Quit Smoking? You can reduce your risks. Smoking is the most important preventable cause of premature death in the United States. Smokers have a higher risk of developing many chronic disorders, including atherosclerosis — the buildup of fatty substances in the arteries — which can lead to coronary heart disease, heart attack (myocardial infarction) and stroke. Controlling or reversing atherosclerosis is an important part of preventing future heart attack or stroke You can modify or control six major independent risk factors for coronary heart disease: • • • • • • Cigarette and tobacco smoke High blood cholesterol High blood pressure Physical inactivity Overweight or obesity Diabetes Smoking by itself increases the risk of coronary heart disease. When it acts with the other factors, it greatly increases your risk from those factors, too. Smoking decreases your tolerance for physical activity and increases the tendency for blood to clot. It decreases HDL (good) cholesterol. Your risks increase greatly if you smoke and have a family history of heart disease. Smoking also creates a higher risk for peripheral artery disease and aortic aneurysm. It increases the risk of recurrent coronary heart disease after bypass surgery, too. Smoking is also an important risk factor for stroke. Inhaling cigarette smoke produces several effects that damage the cerebrovascular system. Women who take oral contraceptives and smoke increase their risk of stroke many times. Cigars and pipes aren't...
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