...item B, there is a significant difference in crime statistics today as men are far more likely to commit crime. However, the liklihood of females committing crime has risen since the 1950’s the ratio of female to make crime used to be 11:1 and is now 4:1, suggesting women are committing more crime than in the past. As item B says, the great difference may be due to the way the criminal justice system works, as Pollack would argue. However, Messerschmidt, Winlow and Parson would argue the difference is simply due to different values. Heidensholm’s Patriarchal control focus’s on why women commit less crime than men; he argues women have less chance to commit crime as they are controlled by men in three spheres; work (the threat of sexual harassment and glass cieling preventing them from committing corporate crime), public (the threat of gaining a reputation) and home (the threat of domestic violence). Heidensholm argues that by controlling women in this way, men limit womens oppertunities to commit crime and force them to conform to the traditional expressive role, valuing femininity and caring for the family. However, this view could be seen as outdated. It could be argued women have more freedom today, due to an increase in single parent families and organisations such as the Womens Aid Federation. If Heidesholm is saying men force women to conform to traditional stereotypes, it does not explain why the crime rate for women has increased. Pollacks chivalry thesis asserts...
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...Assess the usefulness of subcultural theories in explaining ‘subcultural’ crime and deviance in society today 21m Subcultural theories believe society is formed by a set of values that overlap and clash. Subcultures form when a group of people follow a set of values outside mainstream society. These subcultures would be seen as deviant, because they are following a set of values different from the rest of society, how there is nothing socially ‘wrong’ with them. Whereas subcultural behaviour becomes criminal, when the laws reflect will of the majority and accepted by the subculturalist, but their behaviour is not in line with these laws. They believe ultimately crime is caused by clashes of values between different subcultures, where one group’s crime is another’s ‘normal’ values. A. Cohen built his theory upon questioning Merton’s assumption that we have a shared goal of wealth. He provides evidence for this through the fact not all crimes are financially motivated, such as vandalism, graffiti or rape. Therefore, society must be emphasising a shared goal that is not wealth, he argues that the goal is status. He is similar to Merton in the sense Cohen is promotes a strain theory. He believes crime occurs when there is anomie, due to blocked opportunities to achieve status. Those that cannot achieve status in a socially approved way, such as academic success, turn to a criminal subculture in order to achieve their goal. This can be seen in education, where the less able are...
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...Yvonne Aguirre Essay Two - PPCC English 122 “The Rise in Depression & Suicide in Veterans of the Iraq & Afghanistan Wars” In Jared Diamond’s essay “Why Do Some Societies Make Disastrous Decisions?” Diamond talks about four main points of why he believes societies make bad decisions. Diamond four main points on his reasons are as follows: “First of all, a group may fail to anticipate a problem before the problem actually arrives. Second, when the problem does arrive, the group may fail to perceive it. Then, after they perceive it, they may fail even to try to solve it. Finally, they may try to solve it but may not succeed.” Diamond has different viewpoints as to why each particular point might have happened. Our young men and women in the Armed Forces are experiencing some very hard and traumatic experiences in our current war. It seems that the very military that is supposed to help them overcome what they have helped to create is the same military that is hurting them by not providing adequate long term medical and mental treatment. Did we not learn anything from the Gulf War and the Gulf War Syndrome? These men and women are truly hurting and it seems that the military has turned a blind eye to how serious this problem is becoming. Men and women are returning from war and are acting unlike themselves before they went over there. They are committing more crimes, from simple robbery to murder and the depression and PTSD rates have steadily gone up for...
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...Hebrew bible. Both originated from the region, Mesopotamia where it was common for people to have negative views on everything and believe that the evil in the world outweighs the good. Utnapishtim in the Epic of Gilgamesh and Job in The Book of Job shows these views in both works. Utnapishtim says to Gilgamesh, “There is no permanence” (Fiero 37). This shows how Utnapishtim believes that good things won’t last forever. God blesses the main characters in both works. Gilgamesh is blessed with a perfect body, beauty, and courage. “Two thirds they made him God and one third man” (Fiero 19). Job was blessed with flocks of animals, a large family, and protected land. Job is said to be “blameless and upright” (Fiero 34). Although blessed both men were pushed to their mental and physical limits to see what they were made of. “Job and Gilgamesh are tested by superhuman forces, and both come to realize that misfortune and suffering are typical of the human condition” (Fiero 37). Gilgamesh is tested when Ishtar, the Goddess of love, takes the life of his companion Enkidu for rejecting her affections for him. “Because I am afraid of death I will go as best I can to find Utnapishtim whom they call the Faraway for he has entered the assembly of the Gods” (Fiero 21). In result of his fear of death his worthiness for personal immortality is what’s tested. Gilgamesh embarks on his journey to conquer the test and obtain his goal of personal immortality. Job, on the other hand, is tested because...
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...Many people take rape too lightly, almost as if they believe it’s okay. When these rapists see this lack of backlash, they are encouraged to keep doing as they please due to the low levels of consequences. On many college campuses, the “universities encourage victims not to report rape,” even though most rape cases that occur in college “mainly occur on campus and a good percentage occur at fraternity parties and less than 5 percent are reported” ("Preventing Rape on College Campuses"). It is completely unacceptable because the victims are then oppressed and left to deal with their pain with no way to find justice. This repeated lack of justice is exactly why the rapists feel comfortable to act as they do and that’s completely absurd. This also is another reason why some rape cases aren’t reported. These universities fail to do their jobs and protect their students because they are trying to avoid opening up that conversation about the malign effects of sexual assault to help prevent it. Since the problem isn’t affecting the majority of the population, it is yet again pushed aside and suppressed. It is impractical to find a solution minimizing sexual assault if as a society people are incapable of opening up discussions about...
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...abolished Sex and Gender * Like Ann Oakley liberal feminists find a difference between sex and gender; * Sex refers to biological differences * Gender refers to culturally constructed differences between masculine and feminine roles * While sex differences are fixed, gender is different for different cultures, this is the part Liberal feminists want to change * Want to promote equality in education and the media * Take political action to introduce anti-discriminatory laws * Liberal feminist criticise the Funtionalist views of Parsons, regarding the Instrumental and Expressive roles * They feel that men and women are equally capable of performing either role, however society is constructed to tell us which role to adhere to * Liberal feminists do have a consensus view on society – they accept that there are conflicts between men and women but argue that it’s a product of outdated attitudes Evaluation of liberal feminism * Experiments conducted by liberal feminists have produced evidence legitimising gender inequality in work (equal pay), the media etc. * They have also shown, through their work, that gender differences aren’t ingrained into young children, they’re as a result of socialisation patterns * Liberal feminists are criticised for over optimism – ‘March of Progress’ * Sylvia Walby argues that they offer no explanation for the overall structure of gender inequality...
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...Men are suspected, charged and convicted of crime of all types more than women. This pattern crosses all other social factors such as age, class, ethnicity and region. This is shown in the official statistics. In 2001, 167 per 10,000 of the male population were found guilty or cautioned for an offence, compared to 3.7 per 10,000 of the female population. There are different sociological explanations for why men seem to commit more crime than women. Men and women are socialised in different ways and the values they are taught can encourage men to commit crime. Heidensohn (1986) is a feminist who says gender socialisation prompts men to be more aggressive, which makes them more likely than women to commit violent crimes. She also says that women are socialised into not being criminal in the same way men are socialised into seeing criminal activity as acceptable. Further explanations for why men are more likely to commit crime is provided by Messerschmidt (1993) and why women are less likely to commit crime by the sex-role theory. Messerschmidt (1993) proposed the idea of normative masculinity which ‘defines masculinity through difference from and desire for women’. Normative masculinity is something men have to achieve and are socialised into wanting it. There are different ways of achieving this type of masculinity. For example, a businessman can express power in the workplace whereas those with no power are forced to turn to violence to achieve their normative masculinity. The...
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...Feminists study society today through the viewpoint of oppressed women who are seen to be subordinated by men. Their main aim is to liberate women from men, patriarchal society and the socially constructed stereotypes of women. In order to do so, there are different strands of Feminism, which are, Liberal, the least extreme or violent, Marxist, who link in capitalism to Feminism and Radical Feminists, the most extreme. These groups seek to bring about equality through different means and on different levels of severity. In addition to these, there are smaller and more modern groups of Feminism which are Dual Systems Feminists, who are similar to Marxist Feminists and Poststructuralists who believe other Feminists disregard differences between women. Liberal Feminists are concerned with the human civil rights, therefore they seek legal reforms and changes in attitudes and socialisation to bring about gender equality, which does not require a violent revolution. They are the closest Feminist theory to a consensus view on today’s society even though it focuses on the conflicts between men and women. Liberal Feminists reject the idea that biological differences make women less competent or rational than men or vice versa. They distinguish between sex and gender; whereby sex refers to the biological differences such as their reproductive role and physical differences and gender refers to culturally constructed differences between ‘masculine’ and ‘feminine’ roles. As gender is culturally...
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...how they go hand in hand with the utility, rights, and justice arguments of discrimination. The Utilitarian arguments claim that discrimination leads to inefficient use of human resources. This applies to the Wal-Mart case because they were not getting full use out of their employees because they would often times promote a man instead of a woman, even if she had more experience and was better qualified. Studies conducted by a statistical expert that the six women hired, Richard Drogin, revealed that a much larger amount of men were receiving promotions at every level in the Wal-Mart workplace, even though women’s performance ratings were higher than men’s. Wal-Mart was clearly not promoting or giving benefits to these women because of their gender, and they were stuck underneath the “glass ceiling.” The Rights-based arguments claim that discrimination violates basic human rights. In this case, Wal-Mart didn’t view women to be equal to men because men were receiving the promotions when it should have been the women, as stated before. A Kantian argument also states that a person would not want to be discriminated on the basis of their characteristics that do not affect the person’s ability to perform a job, in this case, being a woman. Wal-Mart is not viewing their male and female employees as equals, as they should and stated they would, and therefore it plays right into the rights-based discrimination argument. The justice-based argument is very similar to the rights-based...
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...Exam #3 Review | | | | | | |1. |(5 point(s)) | | |A report on health care in the U.S. said that 28% of Americans have experienced times when they haven’t been able to | | |afford health care. A news organization randomly sampled 801 black Americans, of whom 38% reported that there had been | | |times in the last year when they had not been able to afford health care. Which hypotheses would be appropriate to test | | |that this problem is more severe among black Americans? | | | | | |a)[pic] b)[pic] c)[pic] d)[pic] e) [pic] | | |[pic] | | |[pic]a. (a) is the correct answer | | | ...
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...“How does the dominance of men affect Suleiman” Suleiman is raised in the male dominated Libyan culture, yet he develops an interesting view of both his role as a man and the role of women around him. As a young, innocent character Suleiman is perplexed by the stories he hears from older men about women and does not instinctively agree with the morality of masculine dominance. Due to his fathers frequent absence, Suleiman is raised virtually by his mother alone. This lack of a male role model results in him identifying more with the oppressed women around him, rather than developing a strong sense of dominance. Again because of the lack of a male role model, Suleiman feels discontent with himself as a man and desperately hopes to be respected among those respected men in his community. Suleiman is often told stories about women, and how they are treated by their fathers and husbands, and he is scared and confused in reaction to most of them. Cousins and friends tell him vague explanations about women, ironically intending to guide Suleiman into masculine adulthood. These stories leave Suleiman confused at the inequality of the Libyan culture but also fearful of women as if they had some mythical “curse”. Suleiman is fearfully aware of the ominous role of men, without it being explicitly taught to him. Whilst knew “what a man had to do with his wife” he didn’t quite understand why men were given societal power and freedom whilst women were to simply remain virtuous and...
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...own have been murdered? If we had such a dramatic loss in something not even considered a battle, then imagine how many lives will be lost in a war. Even Patriots themselves recognize the defeat Britain took over us that day but what they don’t like to point out is that it will repeat itself yet in a more lethal manner. I ,Edward Rutledge;member of the 2nd Continental Congress and representative for the colony of Southern Carolina, am here as a Loyalist and ready to argue in favor of what I believe in: that we colonists are to remain loyal to the Crown as was once intended upon by our founding fathers. An absolute monarchy, as supported by Thomas Hobbes, is the only proper thing man needs. Man is naturally selfish and unprosperous which is why we take benefit from having an absolute monarchy like Britains’....
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...on society, economy, politics, and culture. In 1920 the Nineteenth Amendment was passed and women won the right to vote (Schultz, 2012, pg.342). The enfranchisement of women was the largest expansion of the voting population in American history, significantly increasing the American electorate. This movement opened many doors for women; they now knew that they had a voice and the right to speak on political issues within the government and allowed them property rights. The stock market crash of 1929 caused fear and panic throughout the country and resulted in the beginning of the Great Depression. All aspects of the economy were affected by this downward spiral in the stock market; it caused many banks and businesses to fail and have to fail for bankruptcy. Unemployment increased, which created a decrease in purchasing power for consumers and that led to businesses having to lower prices on merchandise. Many laborers were forced to choose between wage cuts and pink... [conti Progressive...
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...The chivalry thesis has attempted to explain why gender differences occur in crime, but to what extent, is the question that will be answered within this essay. This will be done by also assessing the value of other theories and arguments in order to see how useful the chivalry thesis is in understanding gender differences. The chivalry thesis suggests that more sexism on the part of the criminal justice system, such as the male-dominated police and courts, means that women are treated more leniently than men. There is much evidence for the chivalry thesis, for example according to the Home Office, women are consistently treated less severely by the law, with first offenders about half as likely to be given a sentence of immediate imprisonment than males are. In addition, female offenders are generally regarded by the police as a less serious threat than men, and are therefore more likely to benefit from more informal approaches to their offences, particularly for minor offences, such as cautions or warnings rather than being charged. In addition, women do receive more cautions than men, but this is partly because they commit relatively more minor offences like shoplifting, and they are more likely than men to admit their offences, which is necessary before the police can issue a caution. As a result, the criminal justice system will appreciate their honesty and let them off with lighter punishments. Hence, showing how the chivalry thesis can be useful in explaining gender...
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...When we were assigned this assignment, I wanted to pick four leaders who I wanted to learn from. I wanted to study how they became successful leaders. I wanted to enhance my abilities from what I learned from the following four leaders. The four leaders I choose: Pope Francis, Jeff Bezos, Alexander the Great and Abraham Lincoln. I choose these four because of the style of leadership I feel they are the best in: leading by an example, being a risk taker, using strategy, and never giving up (determination). Pope Francis is very effective by setting an example. He is humble. He wants to be a Pope who for the people. He is not someone who wants fluent his position which makes him a popular Pope. He would rather drive in a FIAT 500 then a limo. (What did the leader do well ) "Francis hates any members of the clergy who sit in offices and push paper," Krames says. As a bishop in Buenos Aires, Jorge Mario Bergoglio (as he was then), would dress as a plain priest and go out at night to talk with people. "When he became pope he told one of his archbishops, 'I can't do that anymore, so you're going to do it for me.' He doesn't want a pristine church, he wants a church that's going out in the streets to find people and help them." Likewise, Francis famously chose not to move into the papal apartments but to remain in a guest suite at the Vatican, "to live in community with others," according to a Vatican representative. “[1] “The reformist Pope immediately set his sights on the...
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