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Why, in the Years 1961-68 Were Both Kennedy and Johnson Unable to Avoid Increasing Involvement in Vietnam?

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Why, in the years 1961-68, were both Kennedy and Johnson unable to avoid increasing involvement in Vietnam?
The United States’ involvement in the Vietnam War proved to be the most controversial episode in American history. There are many influences why the USA stayed so closely involved with Vietnam, including strategic hamlets, secretaries and personal beliefs.
In the election campaign of 1960 Kennedy promoted himself as being tough on communism. He supported the Truman Doctrine, and believed in the ‘domino theory’, the idea that communism would inevitably spread from North Vietnam to Laos and Cambodia. His slogan was “Vietnam is the place”, which helped him gain support. Kennedy's failures at the Vienna summit in 1961, and the Bay of Pigs fiasco in Cuba, forced him to stiffen his position on Vietnam, not wanting to lose American citizens support. There was the curse of appeasement, as Eisenhower had not done enough during his time as President. Kennedy needed to prove himself as he was a democrat. The last democrat who was President lost the Korea War. He also had a fear of attack because of this by the republicans, as US citizens thought he was soft on communism. He was seen as a friend of Vietnam.
In 1961, Robert McNamara was the Secretary of Defence as was known as a “Hawk”. This meant he was for the war and for military solutions. He was a close confidant with both Kennedy and Johnson, and strongly believed in the USA’s commitment to South Vietnam. He was a liberal intellectual who wanted freedom. However, he supervised the big increase in defence spending until 1968. Diem was a constant worry, as he was not a beacon of freedom, a poor leader and paranoid. The failure of the ARVN mounted an effective attack in 1963 at Ap Bac, where the Viet Cong won. The Viet Cong were outnumbered 4:1, and this made the USA furious. Everything at this time was set in a Cold

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