...Wireless Communications are very important in our daily lives. Practically everywhere we turn we can see someone working away on a laptop, an iPad, or some other form of wireless PDA. This form of communication is usually used for personal and professional reasons. There are four main types of wireless technology in play here. The four types of wireless technology is Wi-Fi, Cellular, Bluetooth and WiMAX (Cox, 2013). Wi-Fi is the most popular form of wireless technology that we come to depend on today. Wi-Fi uses IEEE 802.11 specifications to provide secure network connections at home, in the office and in the public at places like libraries, coffee houses. Many business offices have Wi-Fi set up so that their employees can be more mobile using laptops they can retreat from their desk and in to a conference room for a quiet space to work. Wi-Fi connection within a network presents challenges for any IT group with regard to security as well as architecture of the network. Many wireless Routers and AP’s are designed to provide quick speeds and secure connection for Wi-Fi some more powerful than others. Many PDA devices are being designed to act as a hot spot, providing Wi-Fi access to laptops and other devices. This brings me to speak about Cellular technology. When we think of cellular technology, we mostly think about being on the go and needing to make a phone call with a wireless phone. Cellular signals use connected transmitters or cells as Michael Cox calls them to...
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...SIGNALS Wireless Signals xxxxxxxx IT/242 xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx Wireless Signals There are many different types of wireless technologies accomplishing a wide variety of solutions as we trend toward a wireless world. The electromagnetic spectrum is being exploited like no other time in history. With so many choices of wireless technologies to discuss, it is difficult to narrow them down to four. The four different types of wireless technologies to be discussed are cellular, satellite, Radio Frequency Identification, and Wireless Fidelity. Cellular communications are rapidly changing as more wireless applications are realized. The potential for cellular use has transcended mere phone communication use as developers delve into other cellular applications. Cellular technology works on the premise of radio communications through lower power base stations known as cells (Brain, Tyson, & Layton). The world has built an extensive and reliable cellular infrastructure and is now midst of significant improvement. With third generation (3G) and forth generation (4G) cellular communication, it is now possible to have mobile broadband technology. Other applications include WAN backup and alarm system transmission. An example of this is the use of 3G backup devices used in all State Farm agencies. This device is connected to the router in lieu of a dial backup. Satellite is another form of wireless technology. This digital signal transmits...
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...Wireless Signals Raquel Barthelmes IT/242 September 30, 2012 Randy Guin Abstract This is a short study of the different types of wireless technologies in common use today. This study will touch on only four types, although there are actually numerous types fulfilling many different uses. Wireless Signals Introduction In the world today, we have begun to rely heavily on various new technologies. Everything from the way our vehicles run to being able to spy remotely on our own houses can be done with the advances made in technology in the last few decades. One of the newest and most frequently used advances today is those that have been made in wireless technology, although that in itself is by no means new. The very first completely wireless system was patented by a man named Marconi in 1897(JPL’s Website, 1995), and a new future in communication was conceived. There are currently numerous wireless technologies available around the world which enable many tasks to be completed more quickly than ever before. From networking to opening a garage door, wireless technology has invaded the every-day lives of billions of people. Businesses are able to employ people to work remotely from home on a scale never before seen, which brings us to the first type of wireless technology I will outline here: Networking. Networking Wireless networking is perhaps the most commonly used type of wireless technology, primarily because every...
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...University of Phoenix Wireless Signals IT 242 Shana Roach February 23, 2014 Wireless technology has come a long way from the 1980’s to 2014. Years ago before DSL, T1, and cable modems existed, the majority of people were using Dial-up. Today, with technology becoming more advanced and forever changing, there are more ways to stay connected whether at home or on the go. Wireless technology will continue to only get better, and in the IT world, more ways will be discovered to make connections even faster. Four wireless technologies that I will be discussing in this paper are the common ones that most people are familiar with: Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Cellular and WiMax. Wi-Fi is 802.11 wireless networking is used commonly in many public businesses and on many college campuses today. 802.11 specifically is used to create a WLAN that can be secured. Wi-Fi radios are used in many electronic devices such as cell phones, laptops, cameras, tablet PC’s, and printers just to name a few common devices. Best feature about this is everyone can have access to the Internet. To setup Wi-Fi, you still must use a wired connection to the Internet then the wireless routers sends and receives data to and from your electronic devices. As stated earlier, you can find many businesses using Wi-Fi such as Starbucks, your local library, most fast food restaurants, local colleges and universities, hotels, and airports. Cellular is another popular wireless technology that is used today...
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...Wireless Signals June 29, 2011 IT242 Wireless Signals There are four different types of wireless signals in the spectrum. These are radio signals, microwave, satellite, and infrared signals. Each of these types has their proper uses as well as limitations. Radio frequencies include VHF, UHF, and shortwave radio. These are used to get a station on your car radio or to tune into a television station. Limitations of radio frequencies include distance degradation compared to bandwidth space in low frequencies. High frequencies tend to need a direct line-of-sight to get a good signal. Electrical equipment can interfere with all frequencies of radio signals. Microwave signals use electromagnetic energy to send signals at a higher frequency than radio. These signals are used in telecommunication, WIFI, and Bluetooth technology. As with radio communication, microwaves are also susceptible to interference from other electrical equipment. Satellite signals are relatable to microwave transmissions. A satellite is in orbit that sends and receives signals to receivers. The most common use for people are television, internet, and mobile telephone services. A major limitation that I run into is stability. When a storm comes through we can loose our signal due to line-of-sight issues. The final wireless transfer style is Infrared. IR systems use light to send signals. This type is used in remote controls, Palm devices, and laptops. The light...
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...A CASE STUDY OF LOW CSSR ACCOMPANIED BY HIGH RF FAIL PROBLEM STATEMENT: In TIRUPATI MARKET ( Surat 1 MSC) The CSSR and RF fail rate were observed to be abysmally poor values during high call volume period. RESOLUTION STEPS: On inspection of Service Measurements for finding out the contributing factors for RF fail , nothing could be earmarked. All the conventional resources like Power, Packet pipe span, WC, RSSI rise were found within engineered values. That was as per expectation as the Block rate was not high . With this the RF environment was under doubt. Some extensive drive testing and coverage tuning was undertaken but could not yield any improvement. The mystery finally unfolded when we audited the LAPD SIGNALLING engineering ( between AP and BTS). It was found that the BTS which is MODCELL 4 having 4 FA was grown with 1 (64kbps wide) LAPD for each URC . In MODCELL 4 each URC is capable of taking upto 4 carries. When all the associated carrier signalling are imposed on a single URC the signalling load increases manifold and we need to increase the width of LAPD signalling between AP and BTS to 128 Kbps. It is recommended as per SCME ( Lucent DOC NO:401-610-009 Issue 27.0 sep 2004 Section 2-22 Modcell 4.0 (OneBTS) Engineering) that “Signaling Link Width Each fully loaded carrier needs 2 DS0s per signaling link per URC. Each URC supports 1 active signaling link and 1 standby/alternate signaling link. Therefore, if a URC is configured...
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...Enter the following lines of shell script into the file (just copy and paste): #!/bin/bash trap “echo You cannot press THAT key” SIGINT SIGTERM count=1 echo "Start of week4 script" while [ $count -le 10 ] do echo "Loop #$count" sleep 5 count=`expr $count + 1` done echo "end of the program” 5. Save the file 6. Run the script to make sure you have no syntax errors: • ./week4.scr • NOTE: If you have syntax errors, you mistyped something. The script must run with NO syntax errors before you can move on. If you need help, ask. 7. Run the script and verify that you are trapping the SIGINT (signal 2) and SIGTERM (signal 15) signals properly: • ./week4.scr • Open a NEW, second Terminal window. o ps –ef | grep week4.scr ▪ This will obtain the PID of your script o kill -2 PID ▪ Verify that your trap message is displayed in the FIRST Terminal window o kill -15 PID ▪ Verify that your trap message is displayed in the FIRST Terminal window 8. Take a screen capture of this sequence (FIRST Terminal window only) and paste it here: 9. Run the script again using the `crontab -e` command to schedule the job in the...
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...Introduction The evolution of autonomous robots has inspired competitions worldwide, including the most notorious Micromouse Competition. This competition has existed for over 30 years in the United States and hasn’t changed much since the beginning. The goal is simple: the robot must navigate from one corner to the center as fast as possible. The actual final score is comprised of the total time in the maze and the time of the fastest run. The various components include techniques to streamline the methodology and make a proficient automated robot. Maze Solving Strategy The maze solving strategy is comprised of an algorithm. An algorithm is a step-by-step problem-solving procedure, especially an established, recursive computational procedure for solving a problem in a finite number of steps. The implementation The Group chose was a revised version of the bellman flooding algorithm. The algorithm requires around 256 X 3 bytes of memory. The selected microcontroller for implementation had only 256 KB of memory. We need to use software that has exceptional amounts of RAM and ROM memories. To solve the whole maze you will need to set the starting cell to the first cell in the maze. If you want to reverse the path traveled by the robot then you would set the target to the first cell, and the starting cell would then be the center or your current location. The problem statement has been simplified to three rules which we will follow to direct our robot to the center of the maze...
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...glances out at the breath taking view of the shimmering panes of glass laced upon the towering buildings strewn about the city. Little does he know that down below, arriving at his building, is five vans full of five organized teams with a carefully plotted attack. Five men casually walk into the building and ask for their appointments made with the vice president. One man drops his quietly sets his suitcase down beside the security desk. Up they go into VP Wilson’s office. “Are you ready?” Wilson inquires. The men shake their heads and he sends them to the roof. They tear off their suits revealing their advanced tactical gear and begin to open their suitcases and assemble firearms waiting for the signal. Meanwhile, the teams below lock and load also waiting for the signal. The driver of the fifth van nods and honks the horn. “Boom!” A deep thunder echoes throughout the city as the bomb roars. The whole bottom floor swarming with security personnel is...
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...biggest problem would be collision if multiple routers are using the same channel a common example of this is Comcast routers are set to use a channel close to the signal for the ps3 so you get a depredation of signal and loss of data packets as the connection goes on. 2. If a previously stated standard is not compatible with your adapter you could have issues with your connection not connecting Lab 6.3 Review 1. Um well I could write a book but simply a guest having access to your network could result in any imaginable results on your network to name a few rootkits,Trojan droppers, Remote Access Terminals, Keyloggers, Viruse’s. 2. Setting a MAC filter is a good way to filter who has access to your network its simply like saying Fred has access to the building with his fingerprint being scanned by a biometric scanner. Although this can be spoofed by spoofing your mac but you would still have to find out which macs are allowed and have to make sure the mac your spoofing is not connected so that you do not receive a duplicate error. Lab Review 6.4 1. A AP’s signal would fade naturally the farther from the signal source you go but with the signal going through walls will further degrade the signal depending on the thickness of the wall. So you would have to account for walls or objects that could further degrade your signal from the source. 2. A student in classroom b connect to AP3. The student in classroom A will connect to AP2. A...
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...Consumers use product to signal status in different ways. They crave status and thus buy more accessible (less expensive), conspicuously branded goods that signal to those below and to other neophytes that they have arrived. But since, many consumers cannot afford authentic goods, they refer to buy counterfeit goods. A counterfeit good is one that seeks to imitate through the use of trademarks or other protected properties without the permission of the owner. Given that the cost of reproducing a brand image on a particular product is fairly low, counterfeit producers can easily duplicate the brand image to send the same signals. Counterfeit producers have lower costs of production that the original producers due to the inferior quality of counterfeits, avoidance of taxes and the lack of costs associated with brand development. It sustains costs arising from attempts to circumvent criminal prosecution and costs associated with creating copies. The demand for counterfeit status goods presents an intriguing paradox between consumption of counterfeit goods and the desire to send status signals. Consumers purchase counterfeit products to convey positive signal to themselves and to others. Particularly in the luxury goods market, consumers knowingly purchase counterfeit products as a social signalling mechanism with low financial costs. Implicit self-esteem is thought to play an important role in predicting status-signalling behaviours as it has been shown to affect materialism...
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...debugging. 2.Equipment 1. TEC-4 system for COA experiments. 2. A dual trace oscilloscope. 3. A logical test pen. 4. An ispLSI1032 chip. 5. IspExpert of Lattice Co. Ltd. 3.Principles and Requirements The experiment is to design a hard-wired controller with an ispLSI1032 chip for the TEC-4 platform. The controller should perform five console instructions: KRD,KWE,KLD,KRR, nine machine instructions: ADD,SUB,MUL,AND,STA,LDA,JMP, JC,STP and the interrupts. Preparations： Timng Signal Generator: MF signal is generated by a crystal oscillator (frequency 1MHz), while producing T1, T2, T3, T4, W1, W2, W3, W4 timing signal, relationship as shown below. Where W1, W2, W3, W4 for the hard-wired controller to the beat signal. Experimental platform offers optional experimental area device and download IspLSI1032 chip socket, you can download from a PC, programming. DB, DP, DZ: DP = 1, the computer work in a single shot, according to a QD to send a timing signal T1, T2, T3, T4; DB = 1, the computer is in single step mode, press the send a QD Group W1,...
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...SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING YEAR 3 MECHATRONICS ASSIGNMENT LAB REPORT Reading an Analogue Voltage from a Potentiometer to turn a Motor on and off with reading of 40 Assignment 2 Owais Jahanzeb BENG Mechanical Engineering with buissness Lecturer: Dr. Tom Shenton Aim & Objectives The aim of this lab is to develop a functioning program for the PICDEM board to read an analogue signal from a potentiometer and turning a motor on or off if the signal exceeds a certain limit. The program should depict the function that it should turn the motor ON and OFF if the potentiometer reading is less than or equal to 40. The practical uses of such program can be seen in automotive , injection moulding machines, wood processing machines, modern temperature controlled plants, speed control torque operations. Developing Program 1 Figure 1. The schematic circuit & PICDEM board configuration for Program Figure 1. The schematic circuit & PICDEM board configuration for Program The objective of program is to read the correspondent voltage analogous to the potentiometer position and switch the motor on if the reading is over 40 and switch it off if the reading is less than or equal to 40, the value can be adjusted by twisting the screw clockwise and anticlockwise. The program works by implementing the following code. PIC program for Test of potentiometer with value less equal to 40 with comments: include <p16f917.inc> extern DisplayDigit1, DisplayDigit2...
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...The station, a small shack backed by heavy jungle, was a station in name only; for trains only stopped there, if at all, for a few seconds before entering the deep cutting that led to the tunnel. Most trains merely slowed down before taking the sharp curve before cutting. Baldeo was responsible for signalling whether or not the tunnel was clear of obstruction, and his manual signal stood before the entrance. At night it was his duty to see that the lamp was burning, and that the overland mail passed through safely. 'Shall I come too, Father?' asked Tembu sleepily, still lying in a huddle in a corner of the hut. 'No, it is cold tonight. Do not get up.' Tembu, who was twelve, did not always sleep with his father at the station, for he had also to help in the home, where his mother and small sister were usually alone. They lived in a small tribal village on the outskirts of the forest, about three miles from the station. Their small rice fields did not provide them with more than a bare living and Baldeo considered himself lucky to have got the job of Khalasi at this small wayside signal stop. Still drowsy, Baldeo, groped for his lamp in darkness then fumbled...
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...seen but white snow. The snow deals the sky layer. Coming noisy and full fill the farm acres of joints where harvest were, recordless but for them. The snows annoy the pole of posts as well turned of queen. Then stills its artisans and disappear in silence, denying they have been make an annoyance. ☺ The Imageries of “It Sifts from Leaden Sieves” There are some imageries used in this poem, but, personification is the major imagery used by the writer. It can be found in these sentences: 1. It sifts from leaden sieves, 2. It powders all the wood. 3. It fills with alabaster wool 4. It makes an even face 5. It reaches to the fence, 6. It wraps it rail by rail 7. It deals celestial veil All of those underlined words are the signal of personification used by the writer. Personification is an imagery that describes an inanimate object that has the human qualities of actions. The inanimate object here is the snow. The writer wants to show...
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