...woman’s role was a housewife and mother, and women were not entering the workforce, however, the role of women has drastically changed. Until modern time, legal and cultural practices, combined with longstanding religious and educational conventions restricted women’s entry and participation in the workforce. In today’s society, women populate approximately 47 percent of the United States labor force. While women in the workforce is a modern phenomenon, it would not be possible without the pioneers of the Women’s Rights Movement; however there are still challenges women face, such as gender discrimination. Gender discrimination is treating individuals differently in their employment specifically because the individual is a woman or a man. Currently the federal law, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, protects individuals from discrimination based upon sex or gender. This law makes it illegal for an employer to discriminate against individuals because of their gender in the following actions: hiring, firing, and other terms and conditions of employments, such as promotions, raises, and other job opportunities. Title VII covers all private employers, state and local government, and educational institutions that employ more than 15 individuals. Even though gender discrimination is illegal for companies to discriminate against, it seems to still be an issue in the 21st century. The focus of this research paper is on gender discrimination in the technology industry in...
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...Gender's Impact on Leadership in Organizations Abstract This paper put into perspective the impact of gender on organization leadership. The paper will mainly be looking at the factors that bring about the gender disparities when it comes to leadership in organizations. It also seeks to understand the development of leadership in late 19th century and in the early 20th century. It looks at theories like The great man theory which believes leaders are born and not made and the situational theory which states that leaders are molded in conformity with their environment. All these theories are aimed at understanding how the organization leadership was shaped, and the role played by gender in their formation. The paper also looks at the mitigating factors that inform gender in leadership. The paper also looks at the issue of leadership techniques employed by both genders. It analyzes the effectiveness of both the techniques and how they affect the overall performance of the organization. Some of the difficulties confronted by women in organization leadership include confidence, excessive scrutiny, lack of sponsors and mentors for women. Other include career paths that lack empathy for women needs while in leadership, gender biases, leadership identity and lack of networking ability. The paper is not exhaustive in its mandate to tackle all the issues concerning organizational leadership. Issues like gender-based management can still be explored in future research papers. This paper...
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...Women and their route to success: could the barriers be completely broken down? Ginna Munoz Molloy College Abstract Undoubtedly women have made extraordinary strides from the standpoint of their careers. It is now possible to see a woman running companies and occupying the most prestigious positions worldwide. However, the representation of women in business is still low in comparison with men. On one hand, many researches provide evidences of the existence of different types of discrimination against women, and on the other hand, some studies show a positive and promising panorama for women. Nowadays, women are seen as the core of the economy and it is possible that within a generation a majority of working wives will outearn their husbands. These researches provide solid foundations to think that the barriers affecting women negatively could be broken. Nevertheless, the most value stride women can achieve is to change the vision about themselves so that new female generations grow without the stereotypes that currently prevent them from succeeding. Women and their route to success: could the barriers be completely broken down? Over recent decades women have made clear strides professionally. Today it is possible to see women performing in fields and taking on positions previously blocked for them. Nevertheless, the representation of women in the business world is still very small in comparison with that of men. There is evidence that women continue to face barriers...
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...The museum offers a space to the public for education, meditation, reflection of the self and others. The issue of gender challenges, if not simply questions, an institution with a profound sense of power in deciding what makes history, what is representative of culture, and how individuals can be identified among a greater scheme of social construction. Feminist critique reveals museums to be generally colonising spaces of the female body. In a profession now largely occupied by women, there appears to still be a gender disproportion in directorial and curatorial positions. ‘The women’s movement has largely bypassed museums’ (Glaser & Zeneton 1994). Even with noticeable changes to gender perspectives in Western society, women have much to remodel in a museological world that is still dipped in a long-established and well-governed androcentrism. Museums are extraordinarily powerful institutions across the globe today. They present the past and present in ways that rule entire schools of thought, dictate truth and notions of common sense, and shape the ways in which people perceive and interpret meaning through culture and history. In assessing the status of modern museum culture, it is important to understand the politics by which an institution runs and governs itself. This issue is often overlooked in museum studies; historically museums have acted at their own discretion without much, if any, cultural, political, or social supervision; thus, despite a reputation for being...
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...As a manager in any organization or institution you are faced with many task and responsibilities. Managers must be equipped with both technical and interpersonal skills in order to thrive in today’s business world. These skills include leadership, motivation, team work, conflict-resolution abilities and an understanding of diversity and diversity management. Today’s work population is constantly changing; we encounter different people from all walks of life. As a result there is more interaction among people from diverse cultures, beliefs, and backgrounds than ever before. Maximizing and capitalizing on workplace diversity has become an important issue in the field of management. According to some experts “Diversity can have two competing perspectives. The first perspective embraces the “information value of diversity” and the importance of “celebrating our differences”. The second perspective believes that diversity contributes to conflict because “similarity attracts” and therefore, it is best not to draw attention to diversity and instead emphasize that as human beings our commonalities far outweigh our differences. The first perspective argues for customization, while the second advocates for homogenization. Whatever your perspective, the facts remain the same; today’s work population is changing and with any change comes both challenges and opportunities for organizations and their leaders. Diversity Management is a combination of programs, policies and...
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...WOMEN AND LEADERSHIP: THE STATE OF PLAY Deborah L. Rhode and Barbara Kellerman July, 2006 c Some four decades ago, Betty Friedan helped launch the contemporary women’s movement with her publication of The Feminine Mystique. The book famously identified a “problem that has no name”: American women’s confinement to a separate and unequal domestic sphere. One factor contributing to women’s unequal status was their absence from leadership positions. Another aspect of the problem was the lack of cultural consensus that this absence was itself part of the problem, and a matter of social concern. Over the last several decades, we have named that leadership problem and created a cottage industry to address it. Women’s underrepresentation in positions of power generates an increasing array of committees, commissions, consultants, centers, conferences, and commentary such as the essays that follow. Yet while we have made considerable progress in understanding the problem, we remain a dispiriting distance from solving it. I. The Underrepresentation of Women in Leadership Roles The facts are frustratingly familiar. Despite almost a half-century of equal opportunity legislation, women’s opportunities for leadership are anything but equal. To be sure, the situation has improved significantly over this period, particularly if leadership is broadly defined to include informal as well as formal exercises of authority.[i] By that definition, the percentage of women...
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...GENDER-BASED AFFIRMATIVE ACTION AND REVERSE GENDER BIAS: BEYOND GRATZ, PARENTS INVOLVED, AND RICCI ROSALIE BERGER LEVINSON* I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II. History Behind the Affirmative Action Race/Gender Anomaly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III. The Circuit Split on the Race/Gender Conundrum . . . . . . . . . IV. Analogy to Race-Based Affirmative Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Remedial Purpose as a Justification for Affirmative Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. The Diversity Rationale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. The Arguments Against Affirmative Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. INTRODUCTION The blockbuster race discrimination cases in recent years have all involved affirmative action and reverse discrimination. The Supreme Court has made it clear that race classifications, whether benign or invidious, will trigger rigid strict scrutiny analysis, which requires that the government prove its program is narrowly tailored to serve a compelling interest. In 2003, the Court, in Gratz v. Bollinger,1 ruled that while student diversity in educational institutions may be a compelling interest, an affirmative action program...
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....................................................6 Chapter Two ....................................................................................................................................7 Literature Review ........................................................................................................................7 Introduction..............................................................................................................................7 Glass Ceiling............................................................................................................................8 Career Advancement .............................................................................................................12 Gender Based Gap .................................................................................................................14 Chapter Three ................................................................................................................................16 Methodology..............................................................................................................................16...
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...Women Psychology Exam 1 Chapter 1 Sex: a relatively narrow term that typically refers only to those inborn biological characteristics relating to reproduction, such as sex chromosomes or sex organs. Gender: the psychological characteristics and social categories that human culture creates. Doing Gender: (West and Zimmeman) we display gender in our social interactions and we perceive gender in other people during those interactions. Sexism: bias against people on the basis of their gender. Racism: bias against people on the basis of racial or ethnic groups. Classism: bias against people based on social class Ableism: bias against people with disabilities. Ageism: bias based on chronological age. Typically directed toward elderly people. Heterosexism: a belief system that devalues lesbians, gay males, and bisexuals – or any group that is not exclusively heterosexual. Feminist/ Feminism: women and men should be socially, economically, and legally equal. Women and men who hold these beliefs are feminists, however many people believe in feminist principles, even if they do not identify themselves as feminists. Cultural Feminism: emphasizes the positive qualities that are presumed to be strong in women than in men qualities such as nurturing and caretaking. (Cooperation) Liberal Feminism: emphasizes the goal of gender equality, giving women and men the same rights and opportunities. (Reduce our culture’s rigid gender roles) Radical Feminism:...
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...Gender Roles in Teaching Liberal Studies 3000 Section 2 November 30, 2011 Abstract: This research paper covers the history of teachers in the classroom based on the factor of gender. The paper then discusses the effect that gender roles have on students, teachers and classrooms. Gender Roles in Teaching Try to think back to childhood, and ask the question how many male teachers did I have? The response to this is predominately low according to the National Education Association, who state that males only make up twenty-five percent of teachers today. It’s important for children to have teachers who are positive role models. Children benefit from having access to both male and female mentors throughout their early childhood education and school years. (Martin 2005). Currently, men make up only twenty-five percent of the elementary teaching workforce and the number of men teaching in early childhood services is even smaller. The NEA also states that at the secondary level, forty-five percent of teachers are male. It is apparent that these sectors of education need more male teachers to address this imbalance and give children the opportunity to learn from quality teachers of both genders. Children at all levels – early childhood, elementary and secondary, need positive role models so that they can become successful adults. Some of the factors that disinterest males from entering the teaching profession are: stereotyping...
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...invisible barriers that prevent women and minorities from reaching the top of the corporate ladder. Traditionally, throughout the United States and the world, men instead of females have held the vast majority of leadership positions. It has been found that the higher the position, in both private and public sectors, the less likely a women would hold it. For example, a study shows that women hold just 2% of positions on the board of directors of large companies in the United States of America and Britain. A second study, conducted in 1995, found that 95% of all top management positions were held by males; a staggering number considering women accounted for 45.7% of American jobs during that year. Additionally, of the Fortune 1000 companies recognized in 2003, only seventeen are led by women CEOS. So the main question at hand here is why do women lag so far behind men in moving up the managerial ladder? More women are in the workforce than ever due to the Civil Rights Act barring sexual discrimination in the workplace. However, very few of those women actually hold top leadership positions. Women’s development programs exist to help females move up in the ranks of corporate America, but despite the time, energy, and money being used by those programs, substantial differences still exist between male and female employees. While surveying women, researchers concluded that women “felt that everything was more important to women than men. They felt that women have to be ‘better’ than men...
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...infant mortality rate reduces, child health and nutrition enhance, agricultural productivity increases, economies successfully evolve, and cycles of scarcity are broken (Coleman 13). However, the challenges are still strikingly large. In the Middle East, sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, particularly, persistent gender gaps keep females from being really productive members of society (Coleman 13). Entrenched sex prejudice remains a leading feature of life for the majority of the world’s bottom two billion people, helping sustain the gulf between the most deprived and everyone else on the planet (Coleman 13). Narrowing that gulf requires the involvement of the international major organizations. Not simply does the global private sector have more money than some governments organizations, but it can use crucial leverage with its popular labels and by expanding promises of investment and employment. Some organizations already promote initiatives focused on women as part of their corporate programs (Coleman 13). But the really transformative shift - for global businesses and for females internationally – will happen when the organizations recognize that empowering women positively influences their bottom lines (Coleman 13). The Glass Ceiling The impassable obstacles between female employees and the executive suite were reported in the report issued by the Glass Ceiling Commission in 1995 (Johns). The glass ceiling is a concept, which was initially introduced in the 1980s (Johns)...
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...Gender Discrimination – Wal-Mart Employment Practices! MBA 6241 Human Resource Management in 21st Century Knowledge Situational Analysis Final Action Plan Table of Contents Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….…..3 Executive summary………………………………………………………………………............3 Wal-Mart’s Profile……..………………..…………………………………………..….…3 Wal-Mart’s Vision…………………………………………………………………..…….4 Wal-Mart’s Mission………………………………………………………………….……4 Human Resource Profile…………………………………………………………………..5 Economic context…………………………………………………………………………5 Political and regulatory context…………………………………………………………...6 Competitor analysis……………………………………………………………………….6 Cultural Context…………………………………………………………………………………7 Measuring organizational Culture…………………………………………………………7 Action Plan/Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………...11 Surveying members to identify organizational cultures and norms……………………11 Install executive CTC HR professional as member of Board of Directors………………13 Develop long term HR strategies and policies for growth of CTC………………………15 References……………………………………………………………………………………….18 Introduction Gender discrimination has been widely debated everywhere from the boardroom to the courtroom. In spite of the laws and regulations that exist to prohibit gender discrimination, it continues to be a common practice within many organizations. Throughout history, women have been relegated to administrative positions, such as typists, secretaries, receptionists and the like. Although...
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...Since then, I’ve realized my passion for computers is more of a general passion for technology than just for coding, which is why I’ve chosen to be a Computing and Information Technology major. With this degree I hope to be successful at a technology company like Google, inspiring girls and women everywhere to be the best version of themselves. I am an avid feminist and one of my main goals in life is to be a role model for women everywhere. Females need to know that there is nothing they can’t do, and all the subtle sexism they’ve experienced should help them to grow even stronger, not to be intimidated. Growing up as a woman proficient in math and technology, I’ve had my fair share of sexism and discrimination, such as people not listening to my suggestions in group projects, feeling extra pressure to do as well as the men, and simply feeling stupid because I couldn’t understand something in...
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...PUBLIC POLICY AND GENDER POLITICS IN NIGERIA INTRODUCTION Despite the seemingly progressive actions by various regimes to redress women's conditions, the institutional environment dominated by men manifest contradictory gender politics. In Nigeria, as elsewhere, power relations are predicated on gender, which may be exercised in different domains (Pereira 2002:1). This chapter examines public policy and gender politics in governance, the social sector (widowhood practices) and education. PUBLIC POLICIES ON WOMEN'S RIGHTS Since the end of Second World War, there has been a widespread global concern for women's rights. Several international instruments have been adopted to attempt to resolve the problem of women's marginalization. The long list of international instruments include the 1948 Declaration on Human Rights, the 1976 Covenant on Human Rights, the 1979 Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination, and the 1985 Nairobi Forward-Looking Strategies. The Nigerian state has also responded to the international environment through adoption of public policies and programmes to redress the imbalance in gender differences in the social, economic and political spheres. In 2000, the Nigerian government adopted the National Policy on Women. The government considered the policy as its commitment to the development of all sectors of the society and to institutionalize processes which will pilot the Nigerian society towards social equity, justice and a much-improved...
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