...Running head: Barriers Women and Minority Superintendents face in Mississippi What are the barriers women and minority Superintendents face Mississippi? Tommy B. Molden University of Southern Mississippi The position of school superintendent was created during the late 1830; by 1850, 13 large city school systems already employed an administrator in the capacity. By most accounts, the very first district superintendents were appointed in Buffalo, New York, and Louisville, Kentucky (Grieder, Pierce, & Jordan, 1969). By 1900, most city school districts had established this position. The need for school systems to have a top executive stemmed from a myriad of conditions including the development of larger city school districts, the consolidation of rural school districts, an expanded state curriculum, the passage of compulsory attendance laws, demands for increased accountability, and efficiency expectations (Kowalski, 2003) During the past several decades, widespread concern for the condition of the education and the economy launched and sustained what arguably is the most intense effort to reform public education in recent history. For more than two decades (1983-2005), national commission and task force reports examined the condition of American public education, heightened expectations for schooling, and called for improving instruction as well as fundamentally altering the manner in which...
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...Minorities and Women in WWII Considering the accomplishments the first world war has bought to the U.S., America saw the second world war as another window to gain a momentous boost in the economy. While there was noticeable growing tension between Asia and Europe (tension among Japan in Asia and Hitler to Europe), America underwent a fairly occurring normal life seeing the economy relax from its depressed state. To prevent themselves from getting dragged into another war, they realized that they had to adapt from their actions of WWI; they discovered through investigations that it was weapon manufacturing that drove them into the war. The U.S. responded accordingly with a more proper response of passing acts cut weapon trade with war countries, which were a series of laws specifically called the Neutrality Acts. They did not sell arms, loans, and had no business with war countries whatsoever. The key idea to not get involved with other foreign countries was isolationism. During the time, however, problems still existed in terms with racial inequalities and where women belong. They were ignored to some extent; women were still out of the picture as they were seen inferior which still also applies to African Americans who are still segregated. As the U.S. struggled through the Great Depression, minority rights were not addressed even in Roosevelt's New Deal. Positive changes were bought to American nationality during WWII, but even in the end certain groups still struggled...
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...Women and Minorities in Law Enforcement Throughout policing history the roles of women and minorities have changed tremendously. In this paper I will discuss the role of women and minorities throughout policing history, how it has changed over time, how the change has affected modern policing agencies and compare women and men police recruits. In 1972 the act “Tittle VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act” prohibited employment discrimination on the basis of color, race, religion or sex (Grant & Terry, 2008). Policing was considered to be a white man’s job and if any women were hired they were more like social workers. Because laws were created there was political pressure to hire women and minorities. Overtime the role of women and minorities have changed because of the increase of hire rates among them. A major change in women policing is that women were assigned to patrol duty (Walker & Katz, 2011). According to Walker & Katz, Hispanic and African American officers are the majority in some departments today. There are also gay and lesbian officers. The roles changing have affected modern policing agencies such as women and minorities holding high ranks. There has also been an increase in diversity among police departments which may have been difficult at times. When the police were looking for recruits the males more than likely didn’t have a high school diploma and were only required to know how to speak, read and write English well enough to get by. The women recruits...
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...Women and Minorities in Law Enforcement . Throughout policing history women and minorities have played roles in the equality opportunities in the workplace legislation. During the Nixon Administration the federal government began to push employers to make a "good faith effort" to employ women and minorities and to track their progress. In 1969 the act “Executive Order” was passed by President Nixon which stated that the federal government could not use sex as a requirement for hiring which changed policing within the Federal Bureau of Investigations and municipal police departments. In 1972 the act “Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act” prohibited employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, or sex (Grant & Terry, 2008). Before these acts were enforced, it was nearly impossible for women and minorities to get a job in policing. To improve and enhance the police community relations in minority communities, it was important to increase minority police officers in the law enforcement. Minority police officers have increased in modern times due to immigration and having an officer that can speak other languages has proven to be quiet useful to police departments. The increase of policewomen officers was important to improve police community relations in the communities after the civil rights movement. During World War II the number of women in the police force also increased (Grant & Terry, 2008). This role of women and minorities has affected modern...
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...cCheckpoint: Women and the Minorities in Law Enforcement Response In earlier times, women were pretty much compared to African-American men and minorities. Women needed much higher qualifications than the white men did to become police officers. Becoming a police officer was always looked at as a masculine job and was looked down on if a woman wanted to become a police officer; women never had the right to do what men did. So if a woman did end up getting the job they had limited duties, they were not permitted to advance beyond certain ranks and were rarely considered for special assignments unless their race was viewed as helpful for particular types of cases. Women police officers have helped police agencies across the world in a few ways. Sometimes there may be specific cases where a person would rather speak to a female officer than a male officer, they feel more comfortable telling a women officer what happened to them, or they feel safer. There are just many ways a women police officer can help out, men can help out too, but we need women in policing agencies these days. The employment of ethnic minorities along with women has greatly increased over the years, along with laws and different statistics. In the beginning it was hard for women and other ethnic minorities to become employed with a police department there were the obvious obstacles they have always faced with not meeting “requirements” to be employed. With time this has changed along with the other obvious...
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...role of women and minorities? How has the role of women and minorities changed over time? How has this role change affected modern policing agencies? What comparisons can you make regarding the criteria for women police recruits and men police recruits? Throughout policing history the role of women and minorities were hired to police their own group of people and both were segregated within their departments. Both groups had to have higher qualifications than their white male counterparts did. One of the necessities for black males was a college education but both minority males and women were not allowed to be promoted farther than the rank of police officer. They seldom were considered for any special assignments unless that assignment dealt with their race and it was felt that they could be helpful for that type of case. Throughout history, policing in America is closely tied to local political shifts; therefore, the minorities and women positions were based on who was in office. Minorities and all women would be hired when local politicians felt that there was a need and they would be fired when new politicians took office. Over time, with the help of social changes and legal mandates minorities and women entered law enforcement in record numbers. Woman continues to leave their mark on the criminal justice system. Today, the attitudes of the police department are changing; however, there continue to be problems in the workplace for women. Even though...
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...Women and Minorities Obtaining Executive Positions Doreatha Stokes AIU Online Instructor: Dr. Sharon Felton Unit 3 Individual Project/Argument Draft Abstract This thesis first draft will detail an argumentative pattern of development to include the thesis claim, supporting reasons and evidence regarding the idea that women and minorities have the ability to obtain an executive position if they strive to succeed. This paper will demonstrate the use of formal tone and style, while avoiding any personal pronouns of why women should not allow negative influences to deter them from reaching their highest levels of perfection. This paper will display cited and researched information regarding the need for women and minorities to continue to hone in on their strong points, and the need to continue to pursue their strengths while helping to make a change in the way society views them in the work force. Recognizing the very thought that some organizations do not support or guarantee that there would not be some form of bias or bigotry, this paper will display alternatives to insure more effective way to control this very issue. Statistics will provide conformation that no one should allow negative influence to stop them from reaching their goals as an executives. Thesis It is commonly known that in today’s society women are viewed as homemakers, and caregivers. When encouraging women to stay in the workplace it can seem as family unfriendly, says Lynn Utter, (2006) chief...
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...Labor Issue: Women and Minority of the Past, Present, and Future Rachel Galvan National University 27 September 2009 At one point in everyone’s working career there is the issue of dealing with certain problems in the workplace. No matter how much a person will try to ignore the problems there comes a point where a certain individual or a group of people have to speak up and defend themselves. Many times it can be difficult to bring up a certain topic there is always a solution to a problem. In the United States the labor issues have became a common ground for employees to voice their own opinion, when they know that they were treated unfairly. Although that is a reality of today of labor issues, strikes, unions, that was the harsh reality of life one hundred years ago. The individuals who had the most difficult time to have their voice be heard were women and as well as immigrants. These group of people were considered as second-class and were not treated equally as men. Although, many argue that even today women and minorities will never be equals to Anglo men because of the past history that the United States has instilled by many even today in our generation. The roots of the American labor movement began after the American Revolution at that time women were not even considered a factor in the labor laws. During that era it was very common for women not to work, but their duties was to be a housewife. It all change when the industrial revolution was in the process...
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...Did the status of ethnic minorities and women change in the 1960’s? There is little doubt that the 1960’s was a decade that changed American culture in a huge way. Not only did the black community gain large amounts of equality but other minority groups such as Native Americans, Hispanic Americans, the Asian community and although not a minority group Women. There two main types of feminists in the 1960’s; liberal feminists that aimed to address economic issues and radical feminist who focused on female identity. Arguably the main issue for women was the limited opportunities in the workplace for women. In 1960 there were just 23 million employed women meaning that over sixty percent of women were unemployed. Income was also a big issue as the average income for a man in 1961 was $27000 compared to $15000 for women. In addition women accounted for 79% of unpaid work in America. In terms of female identity, radical feminists such as Ti-Grace Atkinson believed that heterosexual relationships were patriarchal and led to women being submissive. Therefore Atkinson advocated celibacy or lesbianism which received success in that it promoted gay rights campaigns in the late sixties. In 1966 the National Organisation for Women (NOW) was formed and aimed to achieve “truly equal partnership with men.” NOW was the biggest feminist group and primary aim was to focus on employment by lobbying Johnson’s government in the mid-sixties. This resulted in a number of victories such as...
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...Migration, Immigration and Their Effects on Religion, Women, and Minorities in Saudi Arabia Written By: Bill Cook HUMN305-Q3FF Professor: Barry Adams An Overview of Migration / Immigration in Saudi Arabia 1970’s - Today Although foreign workers have been a presence in the Saudi labor force since the beginnings of the oil boom in the 1930’s, large inflows of migrant workers began to flow into Saudi Arabia in the late 1970’s during the “oil crunch”. Saudi development of its infrastructure demanded both skilled and unskilled labor. Employers, finding it difficult to meet the labor demands with the local populace began to bring in workers from Southern Asia. “Migration of Asian workers was especially encouraged as it was thought that, compared to Arab foreign workers, they would be less likely to settle, less likely to organize, and hence more easy to control.” (Pakkiasamy, Divya; Migration Policy Institute, 2004) Saudi Arabia has nearly seven million migrant workers helping to build and maintain it’s infrastructure. Involuntary Servitude of Foreign Workers The treatment of migrant workers is widely overlooked by the international community. According to reports from many workers inside Saudi companies, foreign employees are “overworked, dehumanized and denied many basic rights” (Mekay, 2007) Many migrant workers enter Saudi Arabia on a service visa sponsored by a Saudi-based company or individual. These work visa’s are being held over the heads of the migrant...
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...Our American History: Improving Social Justice for Minorities and Women From the End of the Civil War Through the 1970s History 1312 The University of Texas at Arlington December 16, 2011 Improving Social Justice for Minorities and Women From the End of the Civil War Through the 1970s I. At the end of the Civil War in 1865, most African American slaves held a renewed hope that with President Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 would come economic opportunity and social mobility. There was the expectation that they would have political representation and the assurance of at least the beginning of attaining equality1. After the end of the war in 1865, there were enough states to ratify the 13th Amendment which outlawed slavery. However, it did not provide any equal rights or citizenship. As time passed and minorities began to assert themselves into American society, social justice movements that were led by blacks and whites alike began to become more commonplace. However, the struggle to become fully recognized as equal members of American society has been a battle that was fought through the 1970s—and in some measure, continues today. Like minorities, women have struggled with inequality and social injustice. However, their decision to fight for equality began before the start of the Civil War. The Seneca Falls Convention in New York was held in July of 1848, and can be referred to as the...
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...RESOURCE MANAGEMENT [pic] [pic] • Volume 16: Issue 2 • Editorial • Keynote • Articles • Research Note • Reviews Highlight, copy & paste to cite: Pio, E. (2008). Threads of Constraint: Ethnic Minority Migrant Women and Employment, Research and Practice in Human Resource Management, 16(2), 25-40. Threads of Constraint: Ethnic Minority Migrant Women and Employment Edwina Pio Abstract Nations, organisations and ethnic minority migrants are compelled to deal with issues emerging from the perceptions and politicisation of ethnicity. Issues of ethnicity are often fore grounded in the zone of work where the complexities of migration, ethnicity, gender and employment intersect. This paper highlights the perceptions of university business students in a New Zealand university with reference to ethnic minority women and employment. Through a study of various databases and the construction of parables on ethnic minority women in New Zealand, the experiences of recruitment and selection, diversity management and career progression emerge as themes in the perceived employment experiences of ethnic minority migrant women. The paper argues for the need to highlight narratives of ethnic minority women through creative pedagogy in order to sensitise business students and future managers to the consequences of migration and a need for the intelligent utilisation of human resources in a world that is increasingly multicultural. ...
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...received the promotion was a male Alex, with less experience at the job, but better upper management evaluations. Maria argued her poor evaluations were biased from her white, male supervisors. Maria was noted for being a good employee, but is loud and aggressive in her approach to work with others in the company. I feel Maria was treated unfairly for being promoted. Both women and people in the minority struggle when looking at how both are treated in the workplace. Women are facing problems of equality in job advancements and having equal pay. Minorities are underrepresented, and are struggling to find work. This paper will look at the issue of males versus females in the workplace, and the majority versus the minority in the workplace. Many people believe there is not discrimination or hardships that women or the minority face when working. People are under the impression that we have come a long way and have overcome treating individuals unequally. The truth is we have come a long way and made an enormous amount of progress, but there is work that needs to be done when looking specifically at women and minorities in the workplace. The struggles...
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...action aims at providing minorities and women equal rights to employment and education. Affirmative action was debatable since it began in the 1960’s and is still a very debatable topic today. Affirmative action requires increased attention and knowledge to understand both the pros and the cons of affirmative action and allow people to make educated decisions on affirmative action being beneficial or detrimental. Affirmative action is a set of public policies aimed at protecting the civil rights of underprivileged individuals of minority races or who are women. Affirmative action policies require that all state and local governments and all businesses associated with government funding must adopt the principles of affirmative action (Edwards III, Wattenberg, Lineberry, 2008). The principle action of affirmative action is the better treatment of members of minority groups and women. Many argued that affirmative action policies were violating the principle of the law which states all individuals are equal. The policies related to affirmative action needed some mending. While affirmative action was a stepping stone for minorities and women to become equal in the areas of employment and education, there were still some areas of vagueness. Affirmative action has been the topic of many court cases where different rulings have resulted from the different understandings of the policies. While affirmative action may be necessary to assure that women and minorities are offered the same...
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...Women and Minorities in Law Enforcement Women and minorities can be found in many policing agencies across the United States. Unfortunately the history of policing in the United States portrays how hard it was for women and minorities to become police officers. Additionally history also shows how the minorities and women rose up to earn an equal opportunity to represent their communities as police officers. An All White Male Club Police agencies in earlier years lack several elements that most present day police agencies have. In history most police agencies lack both ethnic and gender diversity (Grant, 2008). As the 1960’s and 1970’s pass through, many equal opportunity and equal rights movements occurred, which opened up opportunities for women and minorities. Legislation was passed such as the 1964 Civil Rights Act which helped minorities fight employment discrimination by policing agencies (Grant, 2008). Eventually Affirmative action was born, which made policing agencies overlook ethnic and gender criteria, and hire personal based on their performance and qualifications. Their Changing Role With an equal opportunity of becoming police officers, many women and minorities need to adjust to their new roles. Women in today’s policing agencies currently answer more domestic abuse calls because they have been statistically better at handling those situations then male police officers (Grant, 2008). Policewomen also tend to hold more roles in community...
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