...Gender roles in the 21st century Introduction Gender roles are a set of social and behavioral norms that are generally considered appropriate for men or women in a social or interpersonal relationship. We are not sure when this practice started but pink and blue begins this lifelong process in the 21st century (Lindsey, 2005). As my research evolves, I plan to examine gender roles in various aspects of 21st century life: workplace, relationships, parenting, voting, consumer behavior, etc. Since this is such a broad topic, my research will likely lead to a paper with a more narrow focus. For now, I've chosen references which are established articles on this broader topic. This research will likely become more focused as I develop the paper. Origin of Gender Roles The gender roles have evolved a great deal from the onset of the human civilization which started as hunter gathers. The males were primarily responsible to provide food, shelter and protection while the women looked after the offspring and took care of the tribe. The Functionalist perspective explains this fairly non-overlapping segregation of gender roles in the pre-industrial society. Evolution of Gender Roles For a considerable period of time there was little or no interaction between the different civilizations and therefore each society developed its own distinct culture and the socialization process. The local socio-economic factors, religious beliefs, legal and political factors had huge impact of the...
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...Unions thrived in the 1960s but are now facing declining membership in the 21st century. Unions have attempted to rebuild strength and numbers; however, membership continues to decrease. Manufacturing jobs declined; therefore, union membership declined. Membership has not kept up with the increase in jobs. Unions must bring themselves into the 21st century, because their original purpose may no longer be valid. Are unions a viable entity in the 21st century, and can they meet the challenge of new membership demands? Due to lack of unionization, workers have not shared the benefits of the U.S. economic upturn of the last 40 years. CEO compensation has increased dramatically, but U.S. worker wages remain stagnant. However, as members continue to lose jobs, such as automotive employees, unions do not believe that their members should accept the same benefits given to managers. Unions have become blind to the economic reality, and workers have lost trust in the union concept. Approximately 57 million unorganized workers would join a union if given the chance. The AFL-CIO sees this interest in unions as an opportunity in the 21st century; however, the same fears from years ago continue to plague union organizing. The problem is that workers are still afraid to join a union for fear of retaliation by their employers. Unions can take a more proactive role to disseminate this fear by providing a variety of ways for workers to join unions. For example, if there is employer retaliation...
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...In analyzing the portrayal of both men and women in popular magazines, I explored a variety of different scholarly articles in the goal of gaining relevant knowledge that would contribute to the overall topic of my research paper. First, I used Jennifer Holt’s “Ideal Women”, which focuses on the gendered stereotype of women during the 1950’s. Holt discusses the role of a women at this time as a “domestic caregiver” and how women held responsibility within the home and childcare. the article additionally, focuses on the idea of gender construction and how societies key role in this process. Holt follows this up by saying how these gender constructions often times leads to formulate an identity. In the later half of the article holt discusses...
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...Theoretical or Conceptual Framework Cultural Diversity within the 21st Century Workplace and Its Effect on Globalization Conceptual Framework This qualitative phenomenological study was based on the aspects of the conceptual framework which incorporates two areas of knowledge, inclusive of (a) cultural diversity, which details the relationship between ethnic background, racism, sexism, and class oppression (Finch-Lee & Mabey, 2010) and (b) the glass ceiling theory, which applies to the affect on various cultural backgrounds and the advancement of future globalization (Kefela, 2010). This framework will provide an empirical structure that will serve as an analysis for the understanding of perceived cultural dimension as seen by a diverse knowledge-based workplace within the 21st century. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between ethnic or racial diversity as it relates to the 21st century organizational workplace and the outcome on future globalization. Opportunities to advance within the 21st century workplace for qualified employees of various cultural background has presented to being more difficult and often those who progress are less experienced and are the majority counterparts within the organization (Kefela 2010). Traditionally, managerial practices and problems have been articulated and documented from the White man’s perspective (Billing, 2011). Perceived cultural dimension consists on how employee view the...
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... In the early 20th century the suffragettes played a huge part in gaining votes for women. World War One also played a large part the feminist movement as women who had previously been deemed incapable of much more than looking after children and husbands were now required to help in other areas such as the work force as part of the war effort. After World War One women were not content to revert back to their pre-war status. World War Two required women in the munitions factories and as land girls which due to the shortage of men gave, women a definite place in the working environment, and the argument of women being incapable was now of no consequence. Another huge landmark in feminism was the abolition of the property law that stated that women could not own property; all property would be their husband's or father's. Previous to this in the 60s the birth control pill helped liberate women by giving them highly effective control over their own fertility. As the 60s progressed, the women's liberation movement gained momentum. Later in the 60s the sex discrimination act was put in place, making it illegal to discriminate against someone on the grounds of their gender. Quite late in the 20th century the offence of rape within marriage became a legally recognised offence, marking another significant move away from the old legal principle of a woman being the "property" of a man. Feminists in the 21th century however, now have the task of identifying...
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...aspects on the labor unions by Baby Boomers, as well as Generation X, and Generation Y. Also some other external dynamics that are affecting labor unions such as the impact on union strategies by the global workforce, the past, present evolution of the unions. And will conclude with considerations for the labor unions to remain active and viable organizations in the 21st century. Labor Relations Course Project Paper There are changes are needed for unions to maintain support from their membership, the community, and the employers. The recommendations I would make to union and management leadership in order to meet the demands of a constantly changing workplace, would be that in order to reach the more professional labor market, unions must remove the blue-collar mentality and appeal to more contemporary workers. Unions must determine how to organize 21st-century industries. In the market today, employees have less job security and compensation remains stagnant. Although many workers would like to unionize, the consequences of unionizing are great. Unions must make strategy changes to succeed in the 21st century, by restructuring how they conduct business, for example. This restructuring means using power they have and increasing power in other areas of business, which requires a...
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...THE BROADWAY CAFE BRINGING IT TO THE 21ST CENTURY 1 THE BROADWAY CAFE BRINGING IT TO THE 21ST CENTURY 2 Abstract I just recently inherited my grandfather's coffee shop called the Broadway Café. In this paper we are going to examine how to bring it up to the 21st century. To get a better understanding of how to bring the coffee shop into the 21st-century; we are going to talk about the history of coffee and how it got started, and what life must have been like in the 1950’s. We are also going to talk about running today's coffee shops with today's technology. Wi-Fi allows us to access the Internet, check our bank accounts, and read electronic books & magazines. Another piece of technology we're going to talk about is a Point of Sale or POS unit, which is an electronic cash register. THE BROADWAY CAFE BRINGING IT TO THE 21ST CENTURY 3 History Coffee supposedly started in Constantinople, Turkey. According to the International Coffee Organization: “The global spread of coffee growing and drinking began in the Horn of Africa, where, according to legend, coffee trees originated in the Ethiopian province of Kaffa. It is recorded that the fruit of the plant, known as coffee cherries, was eaten by slaves taken from present day Sudan into Yemen and Arabia through the great port of its day, Mocha. Coffee was certainly being cultivated in Yemen by the 15th century and probably much earlier. In an attempt to prevent its cultivation elsewhere, the Arabs imposed...
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...keep up with growing trends in society. New laws need to be created to help keep up with the evolution and its new trends. In this paper the evaluation of past, present, and future trends that connect to societies and the components of the criminal justice system will be discussed. It will also assess the recent and future contemporary issues that affect the criminal justice system. The purpose of this paper is to show that the criminal justice system has a major role in an ever changing society. Recent and future trends have always and will always affect the criminal justice system. New trends in technology, law, terrorism, gender and diversity will always effect the functions of the criminal justice system. Technology in the 21st century is one of the legal issues that have caused controversy. New technology devices such as hand geometry biometrics and the use of retina and iris devices have the ability to gain information not only on people’s health but also their medical history as well. When it concerns the criminal justice system, many of these new technology devices are being used to detect drugs and concealed weapons that are sneaked into prison facilities. They help prevent illegal activities in the prison. In Australia, the correction system there uses the smart card technology which provides them with better security, efficiency and flexibility. The smart card allows assets to tracking inmates, staff monitoring, visitor tracking, and telemedicine (govtech...
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...consummate love. In the 21st century, most Americans consider romantic love as key criteria in finding a marital spouse, but throughout history, the choice of a spouse usually had little if any to do with romantic love. In the 1960s, when the dynamics of a marriage followed the breadwinner-homemaker model, couples who married looked for a companionate partnership that would provide a stable living financially since financial stability was often a priority over individual happiness. Fast-forward fifty years, the economic prosperity has turned the United States into an individualistic society, and the lack of connection and chemistry would often be a deal breaker in a romantic relationship. This shift of prevalent love style from companionate partnerships to individualized marriages that stress romantic love can be attributed to women having better access of higher education and becoming economically independent of men, breaking the need for women to depend on a man as the breadwinner of the household. With women becoming financially independent, they are no longer limited to being a homemaker and can pursue the same opportunities that are offered to men. Thus, under the social exchange theory, men are no longer able to offer financial stability to women as a reward to offset the costs such as childbearing associated with marriage. As a result, women seek other benefits that fulfill their individual happiness and only when there are enough rewards for women will they agree to a...
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...second centuries, or even earlier, the study of nursing research and theories is a 20th and 21st century phenomena. The act of nursing is rooted in the Greco-Roman tradition of humanista, which core values are respect for the dignity of person, and the right to be free of pain and suffering; and the Judaic – Christian tradition of Caritas, with core values of solidarity with the sick, hungry, homeless, and hopeless (Evers, 2003). Coming from this line of thought it is not surprising that Florence Nightingale as a professed Christian chose to care and advocate for the sick and poor. The study and history of professional nursing science, research, and theories although a late 20th and 21st century phenomena, is said to begin with Florence Nightingale. Her use of mathematical and statistical data to show the relevance of her findings; that environmental factors can, and do influence patient’s rate of recovery was the beginning of nursing research and science as it is known today. One could almost imply that Nightingale knew that outcome measures needed to be “relevant, and address both the constant and variable components in order to determine effectiveness of an outcome” (Blackwood, 2006). Over the past centuries, Nursing as an independent science has emerged as a rich culture of theoretical perspectives and frame-works that have impacted the profession positively. Until the mid-1800s the act of nursing was performed by spiritual leaders, nuns, and lay women. Nursing...
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...“entered and won a competition in London for beachwear in 1955, which began her career in fashion as a freelance fashion illustrator, working for various magazines like Vogue, Tatler and Women’s Wear Daily”. () These magazines would be considered mentors to Hulanicki as they were her stepping stone into the world of fashion. “Barbara was influenced by Art Nouveau and Art Deco,” () Art Deco is used mostly in household object and in architecture. Hulanicki loved to make household objects, like couch cushions and even sold them in her boutique “Biba". Art Nouveau is characterized by, “linear designs and flowing curves based on natural forms”. Barbara’s designs were elegant, simple and fit the natural form at the time which was a slim fit for women. In 1963 Barbara and her husband, Stephen founded Biba. Barbara Hulanicki helped connect youth culture to fashion. Fashionable clothing was not targeted to the youtnger generation and it was to expensive for any teenager to purchase. Barbara made it clear that a person does not need to be wealthy to look fashionable. The evolution of Biba started extremely fast and ended the same. In 1964, “Biba began as a small mail-order business featured in the fashion columns of newspapers such as the Daily Mirror” (). The mail order business was up and coming in the United States and Barbara and her husband wanted to take advantage. Barbara’s husband Stephen, “had the commercial skills that she lacked” (), and with a team that has great designs...
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...Wives." Desperate Housewives (2004) is a comedy drama series about the secret lives of five women female characters who reside in Wisteria Lane, an American Suburb. Although the show was created in the 21st century, it does not make an accurate representation of women in the 21st century. The show portrays stereotypical female roles that range from the perfect mother to the usual trophy wives. This, therefore, shows that it is yet another example of misrepresented house wives, and although it is a 21st-century production, it employs a wide range of old stereotypes (Trier-Bieniek, & Patricia, 34). First of all, the title of the comedy drama is pregnant with negative connotations. At one time, this caused a lot of controversy in the U.S. when the President of the Parents Television Council, Mr. Brent Bozell criticized the comedy drama’s likely negative effect on morality in U.S society. Family values campaigners were enraged by the main theme of sex. Some critics described the show as treating the issues of infidelity lightly and portraying sex as gratuitous (Ruggerio, 15). Eddie portrays women as passive members of the society because she is successful in using her body and sexuality to get what she wants. For example, in her attempt to flirt with and seduce Carlos, she slowly takes off her clothes and is left standing with nothing other than her underwear illustrates that women are sexually objectified in the movie since this is not the first time the main female characters...
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...important to talk about the patriarchal society today (24 marks) In the 19th century (or even a century before) society was deemed upon as a patriarchal dominance. (Male dominating society). Where husband/father would work and provide money for the family, whereas the wife/mother was seen as the nurturer or carer for everyone; especially for the children. Also doing domestic chores. However it is now possible to state, in the 21st century the roles have switched and women have become more independent in terms of finance; more women orientated, and more men as househusbands. The functionalist view of talking about the patriarchal family today is relevant, as they still deem upon how men and women portray the roles which were present from the 1950s era. Men would express the 'instrumental role' the position of a person who supports the family with finance and also known as the authority figure, whereas women would be stereotyped as the 'expressive role', and would stay at home and look after the children. The husband and wife would have segregated conjugal roles. Where they would have different roles and spend their leisure time separately. Conversely, Willmott and young would argue that this was not the case now in the 21st century; as men and women have switched roles; and therefore it is irrelevant to consider the family as patriarchal. The symmetrical family is evident in today's day and age as more women go to work; whilst many husbands stay home and look after the kids. Willmott...
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...redistribution of power in the society, a process which would lead to greater effects on the agenda of democratization. Social media can be cited as one of the achievements of participatory democracy because a lot of information can be gathered and shared across the populations and countries. This article focuses on tracing the influence of participatory democracy on women liberation as well as highlighting its impact on the 21st century social media. The Influence of Participatory Democracy on Women Liberation Officially, women liberation can be traced back to 1960s and should not be confused with the women movement in United States around the same time. In fact, most social scientists regard women movement as a unique branch of women liberation. The difference between the two groups lies in the structure of the related organizations. In specific, women liberation refused to adopt definite hierarchical structures which were typical of the male-dominated organizations. On the other women movement was a well-organized structure with hierarchies and chains of command. It can be said that the official emergence of women...
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...incites. It defines majority might and minority risk. It shows one’s place in the ‘pecking order’ that runes society’ (Nacy Snow 2001:24) In a 21st century we believe that gender equality is widely accepted belief in the public conscience however popular fashion media is generally lead by patriarchal agenda to promote violence against women and male dominance in it advertising. The case studies of focus for this essay are the 2010 Calvin Klein and 2007 Dolce and Gabbana advertising campaigns. Both adverts display extreme sexualised violence against women by a group of men. The adverts show a women who is being held down by a oppressive male hand, while four men gaze at her. The same gaze at which English aristocrats would look at the the exotic women of Turkey in oil painting or how 21st century men look at women in internet pornography. The idea of wealth and sexual violence being linked in popular culture is a common place and I will also explore how the idea of wealthy is linked to women and their sexuality. Throughout art history women have been depicted from male perspective as weaker, passive receivers of violence and object of a sexual gaze. This can be seen up to the modern day with the movie such as ‘Fifty Shades of Grey’. The Dolce and Gabbana advert 2010 is a prime example of the power struggles between men and women in modern media. In the advert you have four wealthy looking men in what appears to be a cold, expensive pool side location. The industrial, cool...
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