...female offenders There are nearly 2.1 million violent female offenders annually in the United States (Greenbelt et al. 2000). Three out of four female violent offenders commit simple assaults, and three out of four female violent offenders attack other women. The incarceration rate for women is increasing at nearly twice the rate of men (Gater, 2005). Some risk factors contributing to the increase in criminal behavior among women include spousal abuse, substance abuse, and mental illness. The treatment of female offenders is becoming an increasingly important issue. Female offenders are often incarcerated in facilities designed for male treatment and rehabilitation needs. In the past, it was considered that male and female inmates had similar treatment needs, but as correctional administrators become aware of the increasing numbers and the differing needs of female offenders, they must re-evaluate the available treatment programs and begin to implement revisions to the management of program plans. It is now clear that differences in treatment between women and men within the judicial and correctional systems often have harmed rather than helped women (Harris 1998). In addition, Harris (1998) adds that evidence continues to grow of ways in which women’s experiences have been tied to their race and class, as well as the part of the country in which they lived and other personal characteristics. Research suggests that female offenders differ from male offenders on many...
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...Women Offenders in the United States By the end of 2007, there were more than 1.27 million women in prison or jail or on parole or probation in the United States. The most common crimes for women offenders are drug related or property crimes. Education, or the lack thereof, is a major component in the incarceration of women. There are various rehabilitation programs for female inmates re-entering society, in hopes for them to become productive members of society once again. Besides the fact that they are incarcerated, there are many different emotional, health related, and family issues that women offenders have to deal with. Over the past 3 decades, the female prison population has risen 832%.Whether the motivator is money, addiction, pressure, or for self, there is a growing trend in the United States involving women, crime, and prison, and the statistics surrounding them are not only growing but disturbing. The rate of incarceration varies by race. By mid 2008 Caucasian females lead in incarceration rates over African American, Latino, and Asian offenders. An issue that was once taboo, has now become the norm. The person who was once looked upon as the backbone of the family and the household is slowly disappearing and becoming a leading statistic in our criminal justice system. When discussing criminal behavior, it was usually only seen from the crimes men committed; women offenders were rarely discussed mainly because female criminal behavior has been commonly...
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...Female Offenders: is Chivalry Dead? Intro: In the last two decades, there has been a definite shift in the leniency of sentencing female offenders in the criminal justice system. It has been suggested the shift turning to harsher, more severe punishments is due to more female practitioners in the criminal justice system which subsequently reduced the chivalry hypothesis. The aim of this paper is to provide a review of the literature and empirical research regarding past and present studies of female offenders, the chivalry hypothesis, the differences in male and female convictions, and to answer the enduring question: Is chivalry dead? While this paper does not incorporate all of the literature available, it does offer a good snap shot of many pertinent studies conducted regarding these topics and the issues pertaining to them. Female Offenders Then and Now Over the years, the empirical evidence supporting the position that women offenders are treated less harshly than their male counterparts has been at best inconsistent. (Burnett, 1994: Coombs, 1995: Denno, 1994: Johnson & Nagel, 1994: Klein & Kress, 2014). The writers of these studies used a variety of theses to explain the leniency. Some suggested women are treated with chivalry and thus given lighter sentences for similar offenses created by men. While others suggested the leniency was due to the majority of females in the court system are first time offenders. In 1994, Kathleen Davy published Gender...
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...child/children and family members is called intra-famial. They normally don’t go outside the family because they think that they can persuade the child/children not to report them to the police. Pedophilia is the sexual attraction to children and they desire children, they usually work very close with kids like at the YMCA, schools, and church. Pedophiles’ normally don’t have children or families. They are sexually violent offenders are the perpetrators who are most violent. My hypothesis is the children who are molested or raped grow up to become molesters and rapists who keep the cycle going, rather than getting help. Children are the main victims in today’s society to molestation and rape, one reason being is that they are the easiest prey to prey on. Molestation and rape can happen anywhere and by anyone like schools, church, vacation, by the baby sitter, their fathers, uncles, cousins, grandparents, complete strangers, someone who they have come in contact with several times, etc. Children who do not receive help are likely to grow up and become adult offenders’ and do the same things that the perpetrator did to them. It...
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...Through time, these Native American societies accepted the constructs of race and were referred to as “us” versus “them” to distinguish which race they represented. As Europeans settlers began to expand their civilization over Native American territories, their hierarchical power grew as well. The way Europeans inherited this hierarchical power was due to their technology (e.g. guns, education, medicine, etc.) leaving many Native Americans powerless. The textbook, “Investigation Difference” by Vernon Anthony states, "…use difference as a resource as we have done so ably in the past, or we can use power, coercion, and hate to try to eradicate diversity from our country as many fundamentalist, militant, and radically conservation groups and individuals advocate" ( Anthony, pg. 5). After the European settlers dominated Native American societies, Native Americans fell into the category of disadvantaged groups under the social construction of the early development of the United States. The reason why Native Americans could be in the disadvantaged group was because they were deprived of their privileges by having their...
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...incarceration in the United States and the contributing factors leading to an increase in such incarcerations. Statistical review alludes to an increase in the rate of incarceration among women. The aim of this research was to establish the connection between diverse behaviors and imprisonment rates among women. Findings indicate that women’s rearrests, may be the contributing factor for the recorded increase in the growth of women in prison in the United States. One can thus deduce that the incarceration policies and environments in female prisons are disconnected with the social discourse, thereby ill-equipping incarcerated women with proper skills to reintegrate...
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...Domestic Violence is one of the most common crime in the United States. One of the issue of violence against women is that is abhorrent and accept in our society. In some of the cases of domestic violence, victims don’t report the crime. They are in love with their partner and believe that they will change. Economic status is one of the big reason why victims of domestic violence don't leave their partner or report the crime. Also, if they have children, women accept the violent act because their children. In some circumstances domestic violence victims are blamed and are seen as their fault. According to Jayne Mooney, violence against women is society account if the women are sexually incidentally, neglect the house or household duties....
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...Correctional Systems by Jerome Clark The Correctional systems of the United States house more than 1.8 million prisoner’s both male and female. With all of these offenders to house, feed and protect from others and themselves. The system is large and separated between federal, state and privately owned prisons. With that said, the system has evolved through trial and error. Some prison systems are agricultural and are found mostly in the southern states where inmates work on farm systems. These systems were products of the pre-civil war days of slavery where the inmate works in the cotton fields, hoe squads and planting vegetables for the prison. Some states have abandoned this method because negative reactions from farm organizations, whose members argue that competition from state prisons, were unfair with the free labor from prisoners. Correctional functions prisons provide essential medical, dental, and mental health services. Correction clients may also have access to legal books and or services to aide in their legal research and to prepare legal documents. Some institutions even offer various programs in literacy, parenting skills, adult continuing education and provide library services. In addition to what might be considered the "traditional" institutions, there are many other alternatives that corrections may choose to use. Some of these options include Pre-trial Release, Parole, Probation. Some prisons offer on-the-job-training...
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...to par take in criminal behaviors. Also the use of drugs may lead a person to steal money or property to be able to support their drug habit. More often than not they will commit crimes while under the influence of drugs and many drug users are sent to jail or prison. Yet if these offenders would have to attend some type of addiction consoling while incarcerated and have to continue after their release date as a stipulation of their probation they may never go back down that same path again. Drug-related crimes are often committed to obtain money or goods to sell to get money to support drug use. According to BJS national surveys, the most comprehensive information available, an estimated 17% of 1991 State prison inmates and 13% of convicted jail inmates in 1989...
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... Abstract Overcrowding in prisons throughout the United States has become an issue that needs to be more of a concern to our justice system. If we focused on more of the solution then the problem we may be able to eliminate some of the overcrowding issues. We need to be asking ourselves how we can fix the overcrowding issues within the United States prison system. Overcrowding in our prisons Drugs are a major issue along with the strict laws on first time nonviolent drug offenders. We are leaving these people in prison for way to long. Instead of overcrowding our prisons with first time drug and nonviolent offenders, we should be sentencing these men and women to rehabilitation centers and counseling. This should be the first option for the justice system to be considering instead of just locking these men and women up for two to five years and overcrowding the prisons. These first timers need more help to improve their life, and throwing them behind bars is just giving them more criminal activity to learn then they did on the outside. The justice system should be taking severe nonviolent criminals with mental illness more seriously. Instead of just locking them up and throwing away the key, there should be a lot more intense evaluations going on with mental illness with in these men and women. This could solve a lot of the overcrowding if we could just take the time to place these men and women where they really need to be to receive some help. This...
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...Although the Fourth Amendment provides protection for the citizens of the United States, there is room for occurrences of crime although the amendment reduces law enforcement’s efforts at crime reduction methods and access to evidence. During the last decade, the Supreme Court made rulings in regard to public safety, privacy, and sex offenders. This paper will debate and analyze two Supreme Court cases; People v. Cintron, and Connecticut Department of Public Safety v. Doe. This paper will also summarize the Supreme Court decisions along with the implications these cases have in regard to social police in the area of public safety. Changes to the approaches taken by law enforcement personnel in regard to individual rights and public safety have taken place because of rulings by the United States Supreme Court. Agencies have additional authority over the protection and application of civil rights, which in some instances bring into question if there is a violation of an individual’s Fourth Amendment rights. In the past, the shattering of privacy rights and changes made by recent Supreme Court rulings and law makers intrigue privacy rights and civil activists. The reasons behind these rulings were to create a system with balance to provide equal protection for citizens. However, recent court rulings state the government has taken a different approach. The People of the State of New York v. Eliezer Cintron, Petitioners were...
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...The type of crime decides the length of the sentence. For some such crimes (i.e. murder) individuals may be sentenced to a lifetime imprisonment. In order for an individual to be incarcerated, they have to be accused of violating criminal law and then tried and found convicted in a jury of their peers. Then, the offender will be given a sentence for a specific punishment. Depending on the nature of the crime and whether or not it is a first offense decides if the punishment will be probation or incarceration in a prison or jail. According to historians, temples were used as sanctuaries before the concept of prisons evolved. They were used for the accused to flee to, but if they were unable to make it to one, they were to be punished by the accuser, which sometimes ended in death (Kosof, 1995, pp.19). The Encarta online Encyclopedia states: the existence of prisons originated in ancient Rome and Greece. The first place of confinement, Mamertine Prison, was constructed in the 7th century B.C. in Rome. It was mainly many tunnels of dungeons under the sewers. Small, miserable chambers held criminals for short periods of time. Instead of incarcerating the serious offenders, England began transporting of criminals. England's first deportation law was passed in 1597, allowing them to send the worse criminals to the Americas (Kosof, 1995, pp.20). After the American Revolution, transporting of criminals was no longer allowed, so Britain began using 'convict ships'. They were even...
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...While there is no known factors to know exactly why men abuse women, there are some great tools to help these women who do get abused. Crisis hotlines have been around for many years. Crisis hotlines save lives of the women who call when under stressful situations. Many of the volunteers who work the phones are actually women who were once abused. This review will delve into the statistics of abuse and importance of abuse crisis hotlines and advocacy. There seem to be no indicators of what circumstances will cause abuse in relationship. Lyon, E (2010) wrote that accumulated research and experience have clearly shown that physical and psychological violence against women occurs in all social groups, as defined by age, race, ethnicity,...
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...Enforcement Act of 1994? The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, also known as the 1994 Crime Bill, was a comprehensive piece of legislation passed by the United States Congress and signed into law by President Bill Clinton on September 13, 1994. It was one of the largest crime bills in U.S. history and aimed to address various issues related to crime and law enforcement. There are seven key provisions of the 1994 Crime Bill which include the federal assault weapons ban, community oriented policing services (Cops), Violent Offender Incarceration and Truth-in-Sentencing Incentive Grants, Death Penalty Provisions, Violence Against Women Act (VAWA), Youth Violence Prevention Program,...
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...United States Prison System: The War on Drugs The United States of America is no longer the home of the free. It is the home of the locked up and caged. How can this nation embrace the concept of freedom when over 2.4 million of its citizens are locked up in prison? How can Americans have the nerve to utter the words, “racial equality” when over 10% of all African-American men is incarcerated? How can we take pride in a nation that locks up its citizens that suffer from the disease of addiction? This should be an embarrassment to all Americans. The criminal justice system must be reformed and surrender the “War on Drugs.” According to the June 2008 Bureau of Justice Summary, Americans make up only four and a half percent of the world’s population yet boasts twenty-two percent of the world’s incarcerated population. According to the same report, the American Criminal Justice System imprisons six times more of its population than other free nations such as Canada, Australia, Germany, Spain, and Italy. America incarcerates ten times more of its population than Japan, France, and Finland. We have the highest rate of incarceration in the world, much higher than China, Russia, Iran, Cuba, and North Korea whom we consider fascias police states. The 2009 statistics reported in the Prison Index showed that one third of African-American men will serve time in prison at some point in their life. The Bureau of Justice statistics reported, “The number of inmates in...
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