...non-spuriousness-- It must be established that the independent variable X, and only X, was the cause of changes in the dependent variable Y; rival explanations must be ruled out. To establish causality, one must use an experimental or quasi-experimental design. Note that it is never possible to prove causality, but only to show to what degree it is probable. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS True experimental designs include: Pre-test/Post-test control group design Solomon Four-Group design Post-test only control group design Pre-test/Post-test control group design This is also called the classic controlled experimental design, and the randomized pre-test/post-test design because it: 1) Controls the assignment of subjects to experimental (treatment) and control groups through the use of a table of random numbers. This procedure guarantees that all subjects have the same change of being in the experimental or control group. Because of strict random assignment of subjects, it is assumed that the two groups are equivalent on all important dimensions and that there are no systematic differences between the two...
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...1. ------------------------------------------------- Dora: An Analysis of a Case of Hysteria From Modernism Lab Essays Jump to: navigation, search Contents[hide] * 1 Hysteria in the Twentieth Century * 2 Summary of Case Study * 3 Critical Receptions and Importance of the Work | | by Alex Gatlin An Analysis of a Case of Hysteria (1905), better known simply as “Dora,” is a case study written by the neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud, which details the condition and treatment of Ida Bauer, a woman diagnosed with hysteria and given the pseudonym “Dora." One of Freud’s most famous works, the Dora case study is typically praised for the scientific empiricism of Freud’s method, as well as for its identification of, among others, the phenomenon known as transference. ------------------------------------------------- Hysteria in the Twentieth Century Although no longer a recognized illness, hysteria (specifically female hysteria) was until the mid-twentieth century a common medical diagnosis for extreme emotional excess. Since its earliest diagnoses in ancient Greece, it was deemed an exclusively female condition, which manifested itself in a wide range of symptoms. Freud believed that hysteria stemmed from psychologically traumatic sexual experiences in the patient’s past, or from problems in the patient’s sexual life; thus, it was to be treated typically, although not exclusively, with some sort of genital stimulation. By the twentieth century...
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...QUESTION TWO: ADULT CASE STUDY, AN ETHICAL ISSUE OF CONSENT. This essay presents a critical incident analysis of a 70 years old man refusing to give consent to a life saving treatment. The essay will discuss its impact by discussing the conflict between professional and the patient’s issues. It will go on to explain the main professional issues in the scenario, breach of any NMC code of conduct and show how they relate to the guidelines set by Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC). It will also highlight on the relevant underlying legal or ethical principles that applies to the case study and its implications. For instance, ethical principles, such as beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, justice, human rights and the best interests of the patient will be explored, in the light of relevant laws, in order to show some of the legal and ethical complexities within this case study, and finally draw a conclusion. For confidentiality purposes, have been changed in accordance to the NMC guidelines. The main professional issue reflected in this case study is the issue of consent. Consent, means to give permission for something to take place or to agree to do something (oxford dictionary 1998). This does not necessitate that, the actions approved have been developed or permission given in the knowledge of possible consequences known as informed consent has been achieved. This goes to show that, for medical purposes, although the patient has the right to refuse treatment, he has to also...
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...PSY 480 Complete Class Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwaid.com/shop/elements-of-clinical-psychology/ Elements of Clinical Psychology PSY 480 Week 1 Clinical Psychology Paper Write a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper in which you examine clinical psychology. Address the following items: Discuss the history and evolving nature of clinical psychology. Explain the role of research and statistics in clinical psychology. Discuss the differences between clinical psychology and other mental health professions, including social work, psychiatry, and school psychology. Include a minimum of two sources from peer-reviewed publications. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Discussion Questions How does research affect clinical practice? Is all research equally trustworthy? Explain your answer. What are some of your biases about mental health? How do you think you formed these biases? Week 2 Discussion Questions Can effective therapy happen without administering psychological testing? Explain why or why not. Under what circumstances is testing useful? In what ways does culture influence psychological testing? PSY 480 Week 3 Psychological Testing Article Individual Assignment: Psychological Testing Article Analysis Resources: Electronic Reserve Readings, the University Library, or other resources Locate an article concerning the use of psychological testing in the workplace (e.g., the use of personality tests during the interview process). Write a 1...
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...neutralized. In the perfect world, all research would do this and the results of research would be accurate and powerful. In the real world, however, this is rarely the case. We are often dealing with human subjects, which in itself confounds （puzzles） any study. We are also dealing with the restraints of time and situation, often resulting in less than perfect conditions in which to gather information. There are three basic experimental designs, each containing subsets with specific strengths and weaknesses. These three basic designs include: (1) pre-experimental design; (2) quasi-experimental design; and (3) true experimental design. They will be discussed below and as you will discover, are addressed in order of effectiveness. Pre-Experimental Design Pre-experimental designs are so named because they follow basic experimental steps but fail to include a control group. In other words, a single group is often studied but no comparison between an equivalent non-treatment group is made. Examples include the following: The One-Shot Case Study. In this arrangement, subjects are presented with some type of treatment, such as a semester of college work experience, and then the outcome measure is applied, such as college grades. Like all experimental designs, the goal is to determine if the treatment had any effect on the outcome. Without a comparison group, it is impossible to determine if the outcome scores are any higher than they would have...
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...having their basic needs met (National Alliance to End Homelessness, 2015). To know whether veterans participating in the Housing First program with the Housing and Urban Department-Veterans Affairs Supported Housing (HUD-VASH) receive housing services more rapidly and keep up long term housing stability, it must be compared to the Veterans in Treatment As Usual (TAU) approach to HUD-VASH. Connection to housing service programs is critical to veteran’s successful re-integration to society after deployment. This is exemplified by the success of Housing First (HF) and the different outcome of veterans who use similar program such as Treatment As Usual (TAU). The HUD-VASH program first started in 1992 as a teamwork effort between the Veterans Affair (VA) and the HUD. HUD provides housing to homeless veterans through a resident-based program named ‘Section 8 vouchers’, while the VA provides supportive services. ‘Section 8 vouchers’ are a housing subsidy where residents have rental housing and the HUD pays a portion of their rent. Among recent enacted programs in the HUD program, there is the Housing First (HF) program and Treatment As Usual (TAU) program (Tsai et al., 2013). Scope of the problem Looking at the individual’s problem, the lack of drug use intervention, substance abuse, mental illnesses,...
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...THERAPY PLAN COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY Baron Jones Southern New Hampshire University, Online This paper will focus on the theoretical part of this case study that is how we can help the 23yrear old girl overcome the disorder that she is suffering from. Additionally the paper will incorporate the counseling knowledge gained in this course for example ways of dealing with patients in terms of being patient with the victim since the recovery process does not happen over a day it is a step by step process as the patient gains the ability to overcome the feeling and thought that make her regurgitating food and deal with the fear she has of being overweight and her friends calling her fat as the mother and friends explained. We will apply the cognitive theory of depression to help her since experts have confirmed that the techniques that the theory proposes are actually effective especially in dealing with eating disorders. This is just a recap of what we are going to discuss in this paper so let being our detailed discussion. THE COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR THEORY To being our discussion we are going to talk about the cognitive behavior theory, and as we mentioned earlier cognitive behavior has been proven to be the best method of dealing with psychotherapeutic disorders and for our case we are going to use it to develop a therapy plan to help the 23year old girl overcome her eating disorder. Additionally, cognitive behavior therapy has its advantage and disadvantage and as we have mentioned...
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...Delhi) and the British Society of Criminology. www.sagepublications.com ISSN 1748–8958; Vol: 6(1): 39–62 DOI: 10.1177/1748895806060666 A desistance paradigm for offender management FERGUS McNEILL Universities of Glasgow and Strathclyde, UK Abstract In an influential article published in the British Journal of Social Work in 1979, Anthony Bottoms and Bill McWilliams proposed the adoption of a ‘non-treatment paradigm’ for probation practice. Their argument rested on a careful and considered analysis not only of empirical evidence about the ineffectiveness of rehabilitative treatment but also of theoretical, moral and philosophical questions about such interventions. By 1994, emerging evidence about the potential effectiveness of some intervention programmes was sufficient to lead Peter Raynor and Maurice Vanstone to suggest significant revisions to the ‘non-treatment paradigm’. In this article, it is argued that a different but equally relevant form of empirical evidence—that derived from desistance studies—suggests a need to re-evaluate these earlier paradigms for probation practice. This reevaluation is also required by the way that such studies enable us to understand and theorize both desistance itself and the role that penal professionals might play in supporting it. Ultimately, these empirical and theoretical insights drive us back to the complex interfaces between technical and moral questions that preoccupied Bottoms and McWilliams and that should feature more prominently...
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...Dependent Personality Disorder in Women Kimberly L. Johnson Abstract This paper will examine the DSM disorder of Dependent Personality Disorder in Women. The focus of this paper will be to highlight the differentiation, diagnosis and treatment of this specific pathological personality disorder. According to the DSM, Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD) is characterized by a pervasive and excessive need to be cared for by others that usually lead to clingy and fears of separation. In professional counseling it is critical that clinicians understand the root causes of DPD and how this disorder can manifest in women. This disorder can be found in both men and women, but research seems to suggest that women are more likely to suffer from this disorder. Therefore, understanding the pathology of DPD and its diagnosis and treatment will be critical to professionals working with women. This paper will also discuss how clinicians should be cautious when making diagnosis in women who present with DPD and knowing what gender and culture factors that exists. Dependent Personality Disorder in Women Clinical Definition of Dependent Personality Disorder According to the DSM-IV-TR (2000), Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD) is characterized by a pervasive and excessive need to be cared for by another person that usually lead to clingy and fears of separation. DPD as outlined in the DSM-IV-TR is considered the formal diagnosis of DPD needed for insurance, research, and communication...
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...1 Introduction to Clinical Applications Objectives In this chapter we will study • various approaches to the study of disease; • the role of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; • common causes of disease; • the distinction between signs and symptoms of disease; • terms used to describe the time course of a disease; and • common abbreviations for medical specialists and specialties. Homeostasis and Disease The body’s tendency to maintain internal stability is called homeostasis. Examples include the body’s relatively stable temperature, blood glucose concentration, hormone levels, acid-base balance, and electrolyte balance. When physiological variables deviate too much from their set point, the body activates negative feedback loops that tend to restore stability and maintain health. In some cases, such as the stoppage of bleeding, positive feedback loops are activated to bring about rapid change. If the attempt to regain homeostasis fails, disease results. There is a strong emphasis in medicine today on promoting wellness through prevention. However, this manual focuses on what happens when prevention fails, homeostasis is disrupted, and disease occurs. The Study of Disease Disease (illness) is any deviation from normal that interferes with correct, life-sustaining bodily function. Literally, the word means dis-ease, the opposite of ease (comfort and normal function). Disease may have underlying structural foundations, such as a broken bone, and its...
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...free encyclopedia | This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably. Please consider splitting content into sub-articles and using this article for a summary of the key points of the subject.(October 2010) | Clinical trials are a set of procedures in medical research and drug development that are conducted to allow safety (or more specifically, information about adverse drug reactions and adverse effects of other treatments) and efficacy data to be collected for health interventions (e.g., drugs, diagnostics, devices, therapy protocols). These trials can take place only after satisfactory information has been gathered on the quality of the non-clinical safety, and Health Authority/Ethics Committee approval is granted in the country where the trial is taking place. Depending on the type of product and the stage of its development, investigators enroll healthy volunteers and/or patients into small pilot studies initially, followed by larger scale studies in patients that often compare the new product with the currently prescribed treatment. As positive safety and efficacy data are gathered, the number of patients is typically increased. Clinical trials can vary in size from a single center in one country to multicenter trials in multiple countries. Due to the sizable cost a full series of clinical trials may incur, the burden of paying for all the necessary people and services is usually borne by the sponsor who may be a governmental organization, a pharmaceutical...
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...DSM-IV Evaluation PSY/270 University of Phoenix Case Study 1 – Schizoid Personality Disorder There are several believed causes for schizoid personality disorder. Cognitive theorists believe that individuals have a deficiency in the way they think, causing them to not relate and understand others normally, in turn making them withdrawn from others around them. Another believed cause is from the viewpoint of psychodynamic theorists. They believe people suffer from this disorder because of an unsatisfied need for human contact that they did not receive growing up (Comer, 2011). With these types of individuals being so withdrawn from the public, it can make it rather difficult to treat with therapy. There are several forms of therapy that do help assist in treatment however. Therapists try to have the individual experience more happy thoughts and better interact socially (Comer, 2011). They have individuals think about different emotions and write down memories that were happy ones. Also, they try various role paying techniques to teach individuals how to interact socially with others. Group therapy can also be beneficial in exposing individuals to social interaction (Comer, 2011). Case Study 2 - Narcissistic Personality Disorder Luis in the second case study clearly displays a narcissistic personality disorder, trying to show he is better than others regardless of his current standing in society. There are several proposed causes for this disorder. Psychodynamic theorists...
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...In this particular case health and disease was the issue. Syphilis was a disease that played a major role in their society. If they were sick and not healthy they couldn't work. Many picked cotton or did manual labor if they couldn't work they had no income, the people they worked for had no workers which effected their income, if product wasn't being produced then that would eventually effect their local economy. In a sense it has a ripple effect. Its like one big machine. All the parts have to work together and properly for it to function and be effective. In conclusion I don't feel as though the experiment was ethical. Could it has been beneficial? Yes, if the proper treatment was given like promised but morally I do not agree with the experiment because many lives were lost that could have potentially been saved if they were treated equally. The disease is a human disease, not a black disease so I wish if they felt the need to experiment that they would have experimented on humans, not a particular race and treated accordingly and given equal treatment and care. That would have been more...
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...medication just doesn’t seem to work for them. For reasons as such, people turn to complementary and alternative medicine to ease the pain, specifically acupuncture therapy. For reasons not quite fully understood, this therapy helps to treat headaches in positive outcomes for the majority of people. Acupuncture therapy is an alternative to the normal standard form of treatment that can virtually have no side effects, is much less invasive, and has no need drugs that need to be metabolized by the body. Acupuncture: What You Need To Know. (2014, November 1). https://nccih.nih.gov/health/acupuncture/introduction#hed3 According to the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, acupuncture is defined as a “technique in which practitioners stimulate specific points on the body—most often by inserting thin needles through the skin.” This Internet source article reviews what acupuncture is and what it can be used for in alternative medicine. For headache treatments, acupuncture may help relieve the pain from headaches and the amount of headaches one gets. In 2009, some studies were reviewed showing that acupuncture compared to drugs helped people with tension-type headaches. Also in 2012, studies were conducted to show the effectiveness of acupuncture on migraine and tension headaches, which in fact reduced the frequency and severity of the pain. Cady, R. K., & Farmer, K. (2015). Acupuncture in the Treatment of Headache: A Traditional...
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...Diagnosis: Major depressive disorder (MDD) Treatment: Sequence Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) Justification for Diagnosis: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by the presence of five symptoms of the disorder appearing for a two week period and for there to be a change from previous normal mood. It must also be accompanied by depressed mood or loss of interest in activities. The case study gives insight from Gary saying he has felt sad “all the time” since the past month and this is supported by his son, whom states Cary has “not been himself” in recent months. These signs are indicative of a change in Gary’s regular demeanour as described by his son and also the symptom of MDD that includes experiencing depressed mood for nearly every day for more than a two week period...
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