The Long Drive: Link the points together to show reasons for the development of the Long Drive.

|Due to the American Civil War many cowboys went off to fight for the | |Cattle in Texas reproduced and when the cowboys returned there were 5 million|
|south against the north. | |cattle. |
| | | |
|Demand for beef in the East meant that cattle could be sold for $50 | |Homesteaders stopped cattlemen who tried to drive their cattle across the |
|per head as opposed to $5 in Texas. | |Plains. They did not want their animals catching Texas fever or their crops |
| | |damaged. |
| | | |
|Charles Goodnight and his business partner, Oliver Loving drove a | |The construction of the Transcontinental Railway (completed 1869) solved this|
|cattle herd up to a US army fort to sell beef. This journey led to | |problem as cattle could be transported more easily to the East. |
|the Goodnight-Loving trail. | | |

Open Range:
One reason for open range ranching was because of John W Iliff. Iliff discovered that the cattle could survive the harsh winters on the Plains. Furthermore, the harsh winter actually killed tics which carried Texas fever. This is important because it meant that the vast area of grassland on the Plains could now be used for the homesteaders.

Furthermore, ranching also developed because there was more space on the Great Plains. By the 1870s and 1880s many buffalos had been killed and many Plains Indians were moved onto the reservation. This meant that there was less competition for the cattle ranchers and more grass for the cattle.

The railroad was a further reason for the development of open range ranching. The Transcontinental Railroad ran across the Plains and was completed in 1869. This meant that cattle could now be transported more directly to the East and to the slaughter houses in Chicago using the refrigerator cars that had been developed by this stage.

End of the Open Range:
Colour code reasons to do with: Natural causes - Reasons within the cattle industry - Technology
| | | |
|Overgrazing |Fall in beef prices in the East |Wind pumps |
| | | |
|The winter of 1886-87 |Barbed wire (developed 1874) |Drought |

Explain one reason for the end of the open range:
One reason open range ranching ended was because of overgrazing. Overgrazing was caused by too many cows being moved onto the Great Plains. For example overgrazing was particularly bad in 1883 when round this time more cattlemen wanted to go into open range ranching because they wanted to make more money. This is important because too many cows meant that the grass could not grow sufficiently leaving them not enough grass to eat. As a result the cows would become weaker and thinner due to the lack of food.

Crime:
Explain why the geography of America and the political nature of America (ie. There were not enough law officers for the new towns that were growing) link together to explain why crime was common in the American West.
One reason why crime was common in the American West is because of political factors. For example there were many train robberies in the 1890s. Robbery became most common in the west, this is important because it was due to the lack of law enforcers as cow and mining towns grew rapidly. As a result this left crimes like this undealt with allowing people to take matters into their own hands which often led to violence and sometimes murder.

Yr 10 Homework – Unit 3

Give definitions for the following words:
Identify the words related to the Cattlemen/cowboys in one colour and Law and Order in another colour.

Abilene: A town set up to provide rest for cows and the cowboys before they went east. (Cow Town)

American Civil War: A war fought from 1861 to 1865 to determine the survival of the Union (North) or independence for the Confederacy (South).

Branding: A way cattlemen/cowboys claimed ownership of their cattle

Cattle Barons: Cowboys/cattlemen who owned large scale ranches

Charles Goodnight: One of the 2 men that first developed the Long Drive

Claim jumping: Near gold and silver mines people tried to steal each other’s land

Drought: The water levels dropped and the ground became dry

Johnson County War: Established the rights of homesteaders and small ranchers over the large cattle barons

John W. Iliff: One of the earliest ranchers on the plains who also discovered that cattle could survive the weather on the plains

Line Riding: Stayed alone on the ranch. They rode all around the perimeter to watch over the cattle and make sure they are all there and safe

Long Drive: The name given to the route taken by the cowboys transporting their cattle from Texas to the railroads running across America

Lynching: Hanging someone without a trial

Oliver Loving: One of the 2 men that first developed the Long Drive

Open Range: Unfenced land which was free for anyone to use and cowboys also farmed on

Over-grazing: Overgrazing was caused by too many cows being moved onto the Great Plains leaving not enough grass for them to eat

Racial tensions: Chinese immigrants, ex slaves, Mexican and Native Americans were subjects to vicious attacks

Round-up: When cowboys rounded up their cattle

Rustling: Stealing already branded cattle from other cattlemen

Small Ranchers: Small scale cattle ranching

Texas Fever: A disease/fever carried by tics which were a threat to homesteaders and their crops

Tics: Fleas that cows carried around that carried Texas fever

Vigilantes: A group of people who take the law into their own hands as there were only 3 judges per state. They would lynch people in big groups

Use the pictures below to describe the types of crime committed in the West and the reasons for each crime.

[pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic]Cattle Rustling Theft/Gambling Robbery Claim Jumping Shootings Fence Cutting Race Attacks