...'Issues in cities are the same across the world' Issues are views or concerns that people may hold about a feature or event which may be beneficial or problematic. Examples of urban issues are crime, pollution and overpopulation. Overpopulation is an issue which is rapidly affecting cities across the globe, and can have a detrimental impact on urban areas. Hyper-urbanisation is a problem which can stem from this. This is caused when a city’s population increases at a faster rate than the growth of economic and industrial development, which results in a strain on resources. This is a problem which has greatly affected Sao Paulo. The population of Sao Paulo has doubled from 6 million in 1970 to nearly 12 million today, with a current population density of 9000 people per square kilometre. As a result of this vast increase in population, the city is unable to support its entire population, leading to the development of favelas. Favelas, known as slums in other parts of the world, are generally in very poor condition, with no water supply, plumbing or electricity. Spread of disease is common and often unavoidable, with poor sanitation putting the areas at risk to infestations from rats, for example. Overpopulation affects developed countries, as well as those which are developing. Portsmouth, a city in the UK, is a prime example of this. Portsmouth has the highest population density of any city in Europe, estimated at 5100 people per square mile. This presents a number of...
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...The difference between a city in the U.S. and a village in a third world country are night and day. Many of the advancements that we carry here in the U.S. lack in third world villages. For example, advancements of technology, luxuries, environment, and even day to day social life. One might be lead to believe that the city life is better than village life. However there are so many advantages and disadvantages in city life and village life. City life is more comfortable and offer more opportunities for people to progress. There are a lot of facilities for people in the city and they have more opportunities to establish monetary funds for themselves. Children living in the city can get a higher education, because there are better overall schools in a city as oppose to a village. When a person becomes sick there are both public and private hospitals to recieve treatment from. People in the city have better transport facilities compared to a village. In the city there is electricity, highway, communication, telecommunication, plumbing and sewage. All of these things make a comfortable and enjoyable life for people living in the city. Although living in the city has many advantages there are a few disadvantages as well. Living in the city can be very costly and overpopulated, which can leave you feeling clustered. The environment is polluted with dust, smoke, garbage and dioxide gases from factories. The crime rate is substantial as oppose to the village therefore, many thefts...
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...Assess how cities reduce their impact on the physical environment by the way they deal with waste, and consider the implications for sustainability. (10 marks) For cities to be considered sustainable, a key aspect of this is to manage their waste efficiently and cause the least possible damage to the environment. England and Wales collectively produce a total of 400 million tonnes of waste every year, and the way in which this waste is dealt with is vital to the future of urban cities. Waste management methods vary widely, from landfill to recycling, and each one has its positive and negative impacts. In the UK, the EU and UK government produced targets for local authorities to reduce the amount of municipal waste not recycled, and were willing to introduce fines to encourage this. In an LEDC like India, cities such as Bangalore have far more advanced recycling methods than an MEDC due to the economic and environmental incentives that the process offers. In 2006, statistics showed that landfill was the main waste management method used in the UK at 65%. Only 27% of waste was recycled. Using old quarries and mines, a large hole in the ground is used to bury waste. Once full, it is capped with soil. There are over 1,500 landfill sites across England and Wales, holding 100 million tonnes of waste every year. It is a convenient and cheap way of getting rid of waste, and doesn’t require any complex processes such as sorting the rubbish. As 2/3 of the landfilled waste is biodegradable...
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...Why have cities declined since World War II? Leading up to World War II the growth of United States cities was paramount to the success and progression of the industrial revolution. Ultimately the increasing population density of early cities supplied the labor and consumption that was necessary to fuel the economic fires which in turn pushed the nation into global supremacy. In a sense the size of population and economic success were circularly entwined. After World War II the United States, its veterans, and citizens were riding the high of an international war hero. Prosperity, federal economic stimulus, and a growing need to escape the urban lifestyle lead to a decline of cities in the years following the war. “1945 through 1970 was a pinnacle in the history of suburbanization” (Nicolaides 216). Postwar prosperity contributed to the decline of urban cities because for the first time in the history of the United States more than just the rich could be land and home owners. Working-class citizens were afforded the credit necessary to move out into the suburb and the government encouraged this exodus because it portrayed strength on the global stage. “The suburbs signified the continued possibility of upward mobility, expanding opportunity, rising standards of living and income, and the latest technologies of the good life” (Nicolaides 216). During this time frame “hundreds of thousands of working-class as well as middle-class people” were able to by suburban homes and almost...
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...Class Project #1 - Climate Profiles of Cities Around The World Luis Gonzalez GEOG 1301 - Physical Geography Bryant Evans This essay will discuss three cities, Houston, Texas, Alice Springs, Australia and Bridgetown, Barbados. It will emphasize the similarities and differences between them. There will be five factors that will be discussed which are average monthly high and annual temperatures, average monthly low and annual temperatures, average monthly and annual precipitation, average monthly and annual wind speeds, and average monthly and annual evening relative humidity readings. Houston Texas is my birth place. In Houston we have nearly four hundred events throughout the year. There’s fun for all the family from and is a diverse city which contains many cultures. Here are some of the interesting places that this wonderful city has to offer; there is NASA which is 25 miles southeast of downtown. It is like a museum for me but of things from present times, communications and space artifacts. Also, we have Discovery Green which is in downtown Houston. This park is in down town which attract all ages to gather and enjoy the outdoors. Facts: * Houston was founded on August 30, 1836 by brothers Augustus Chapman Allen and John Kirby Allen * Population-2,099,451 * Houston's latitude is 29 degrees 45 minutes north and its longitude is 95 degrees 22 minutes west * Houston is 43 feet above sea level. Sites- http://www.houstontx.gov/abouthouston/houstonfacts...
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...World cities Lesson preparation sheets Topics and syllabus outline The global pattern: millionaire cities, mega cities and world cities. Economic development and change related to urbanisation. Contemporary urbanisation processes Urbanisation: characteristics, causes and effects. Suburbanisation: characteristics, causes and effects. Counter-urbanisation: characteristics, causes and effects. Re-urbanisation: characteristics, causes and effects. Planning and management issues. Contrasting case studies within countries at different levels of economic development to demonstrate the above. Urban decline and regeneration within urban areas Characteristics and causes of urban decline. Urban regeneration: gentrification, property-led regeneration schemes, partnership schemes between local and national governments and the private sector. Retailing and other services The decentralisation of retailing and other services – causes and impacts. One case study of an out-of-town centre retailing area. The redevelopment of urban centres – impacts and responses, including one case study of an urban centre that has undergone redevelopment. Contemporary sustainability issues in urban areas Waste management: recycling and its alternatives. Transport and its management: the development of integrated, efficient and sustainable systems. |Topic: World Cities - Economic development and change related to |Unit 3 –World Cities– Contemporary geographical issues ...
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...developing countries Robert Cervero University of California, Berkeley a e mobility challenges of the developing world are considerably different than those in wealthier, advanced countries, and so are the challenges of coordinating transportation and land use. Rapid population growth, poverty and income disparities, overcrowded urban cores, poorly designed road networks, spatial mismatches between housing and jobs, deteriorating environmental conditions, and economic losses from extreme traffic by congestion are among the more vexing challenges faced by developing cities that could be assuaged through improved coordination of transportation and urban development. is is underscored by examples reviewed in this paper from South Asia, Southeast Asia, China, India, Africa, and South America. It is concluded that whatever is done to improve transportation and land-use integration must be pro-poor. e cardinal features of integrated and sustainable transport and urbanism everywhere—accessible urban activities and safe, attractive walking and cycling environs—are particularly vital to the welfare and prosperity of urbanites in the world’s poorest countries. Abstract: Keywords: Urban transportation; land use; Developing cities; Air quality; Poverty 1 The challenges of rapid growth in developing cities e mobility challenges of the developing world are considerably different than in wealthier, advanced countries, and so are the challenges of coordinating transportation...
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...Everything in this world has its own merits and demerits. Nothing is perfect in this world. Perfection lies only in God. So, town life and country life have also their own advantages and disadvantages. Things, pleasures, scenes entertainments and recreations which one finds in cities are not available in country side and vice versa. City life has its pleasures and pains, its comforts and discomforts and its charms and horrors. To these who live in villages and towns, city life has special appeal, and they desire to visit a city repeatedly. And likewise, city dwellers want to enjoy the simple pleasures if a village away from maddening complexities of city life. For those who live in the rural areas and small towns, life in a big city in surely very attractive. They are happily surprised and sometime as stupefied to find high-rise, multi-storied buildings on the two sides of broad and busy roads. The shape, size and colors of the building structures, whether they are trade centers plazas, government or private offices or residences of rich people are all enchantingly beautiful and impressive. Surely, the fashionable, comparatively newly-built areas of the big cities in other and our countries are tastefully constructed, attentively decorated and carefully maintained. To look at the sky-kissing buildings one feels like being in a city built at the order of Aladdin subbing his magic lamp. If you would know and not be known, live in a city. (Colton) A typical big city with lots...
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...Settlements: The Worlds Largest Unknown Population In talking to many of my peers around the Missouri State campus, I wanted to know what people thought were some of the worlds largest populations. While gathering several answers, the questions asked were never necessarily specific. Answers ranged from religious populations, ethnic populations, and country populations. The reason for the questionnaire was so that people could be informed about one of the worlds largest populations; the residents of squatter settlements all around the world. With the world population nearly reaching 7 billion, almost 1/6th of these people have found a way to live in illegally built cities. While some of these cities have found ways to create peace and fluency, such as the Favelas of Brazil, many have planning issues that planners hope to one day solve. Although they are not the typical modern day cities, squatter settlements have formed some of the most fluent new urban ways of life around the world. Louis Wirth, author of one of planning’s earliest journal articles “Urbanism as a Way of Life” (actually a sociology journal), stated that there were three basic principles when it came to defining urbanism. Population size, density, and the heterogeneity of an area is how new urbanism is built. In this paper we will use these three principles, rational thinking, and the basic planning process to view how over 1 billion squatters around the world have built such astonishing cities, and how people...
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...Globalization on Urban and Rural Spaces The world is experiencing the largest wave of urban growth in history. For the first time ever, more than half of the world’s population lives in cities. This rapid urbanization trend is fueled by globalization and should concern all of us because it will continue to effect the way we live for many years to come. In order to survive in the globalizing world we need to become educated of the global economy and figure out how to benefit from it. With this in mind we first need to understand how the globalizing economy impacts cities and rural places worldwide. Many cites around the globe are continuing to expand and integrate themselves into the global economy. Likewise, processes related to economic globalization continue to extend and affect even the remotest rural places. Thus, challenging the distinction between urban and rural spaces. To understand how the globalization economy impacts cities we need to be familiar with the economic globalization. This term refers to the process which integrates economies between cities which has lead to the emergence of a global market. In other words it’s the rapid increase of interdependence between national economies worldwide facilitated by the increasing movement of goods, services, technology and capital internationally. The new global economy calls for highly specialized markets and firms which are concentrated in global cities. This makes cities places of power that control the global economy...
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...first the chicken or the egg? Urbanization and growth rely on each other, however; does there come a point in which the diseconomies start to outweigh the benefits of agglomeration? Annez and Buckley state in Urbanization and Growth: Setting the Context that “Urbanization is necessary to sustain growth in developing countries.” Annez and Buckley point out that urbanization affects the growth process through the enhanced flow of ideas and knowledge attributable to agglomeration in cities. They drew in evidence from Landes (1969 cited in Willamson 1987, p. 6) whom believes “Urbanization is an essential ingredient in modernization”. (Anez & Buckley p. 1 & 2) Industrialization is triggered by urbanization which leads to modernization. Modernization leads to economic development which allows people to use current technology. Part of the modernization process is education and creation of a centralized bureaucracy. These creations enable their people to advance and compete in the modern world. All these concepts are related and rely on each other. Annez and Buckley show in several graphs as countries become urbanized their GDP rises. In almost every graph as urbanization increases so does wealth. In 109 countries with urbanization of more than 1 million people, both per capita income and urbanization rose between the 60s and 03. Yet, there were 25 countries were income growth was negative and outpaced by urbanization. (Annez & Buckley p. 6) Most of the time...
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...IMAGE OF THE CITY KEVIN LYNCH Lynch influenced the field of city planning through his work on the theory of city form, and studies relating to human perceptions of the city y y , g p p y on the perception of the city environment and its consequences for city design. Lynch says "Looking at cities can give a special pleasure, however y y g g p p , commonplace the sight may be. Like a piece of architecture, the city is a construction in space, but of a vast scale, . . . perceived only in the course of long spans of time . . . At every instant, there is more than the eye can see, more than the ear can hear, a setting or view waiting to be explored. , , g g p Nothing is experienced by itself, but always in relation to its surroundings, the sequences of events leading up to it, the memory of past experiences . . . Every citizen has had long associations with some part of his city, and his image is soaked in memories and meanings . . . “ g g Theory of Kevin L h K i Lynch IMAGE OF THE CITY KEVIN LYNCH Image of the city 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The Image of the Environment Three cities The city Image and Its elements City Form A new Scale Book contents Appendices 1. 1 Some references to orientation 2. The Use of the methodology 3. Two examples of analysis IMAGE OF THE CITY KEVIN LYNCH Methodology of working: Make visual plan Analyze the existing form and public image of the area. Understand the critical problems, opportunities and image elements and use them...
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...earth’s inhabitants would reside in urban centers towards the end of 2008 (United Nations). Intimately connected to the processes of modernization, industrialization and rationalization, the phenomenon has it genesis in the Renaissance period. Continuous attacks by the Turks caused the Christians to migrate from the east to the west of Europe. Consequently, the volume of trade rose and European cities besides the coastline progresses impressively. An additional push was given to urbanization upon the advent of the Industrial Revolution; the population density of European and American cities continued to intensify. For instance, the city of Chicago saw it population rise from fifteen individuals to over twenty million in a timeframe of seventy eight year. Yet, the phenomenon took hold of the Asian and African region only after sovereignty from colonial subjugation; in the first and second half of the 20th century, respectively (Howard Gillette Jr.). As mentioned before, the process of urbanization takes place when individuals abandon their rural lifestyle and migrate to developed cities in anticipation of a superior standard of living. This is typically the case with developing nations; residents of rural localities fall prey to volatile weather conditions and have to put up with natural disasters such as floods and droughts which have the potential to wreck havoc in their lives. As a result, the vast majority of farmers have started to move to developed...
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...(2014) Street Design: The Secret to Green Cities and Towns. New Jersey, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Summarize literature: Dover and Massengale’s theory consists of creating and improving streets to suit the need of citizens. They support their statements with evidence through examples of successful streets from around the world and provide new theories as a guideline to enhance existing streets and communities. In addition, the authors support their argument by studying their own designs and evaluating historic street examples. They analysed their favourite cities, interviewed their colleagues for their list of favourite cities and travelled to a number of cities around the world to examine the current situation in each city to support their argument. How your study relates to the article: This book includes the principles needed to create better spaces for humans. It reveals key elements that many modern street designs lack by examines hundreds of examples of street designs around the world. For instance, it argues that Kensington High Street is a successful street. It demonstrates how the street can be transformed from a traffic-dominated street to an innovative public space. This book explores the elements of a traditional street and historical urban design. Therefore, it will help in providing background information for the extended essay. Furthermore, it will support the argument of the essay as it examines successful cities. Although this paper is useful in analysing...
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...So far I have found five credible resources that talk about sustainability in cities. General speaking I will talk about how the planet Earth is deteriorating drastically. Global Warming plays a huge part on not keeping the planet “Green” Greenhouse gasses; emissions of carbon dioxide often released with gas emission vehicles/engines don’t escape into space causing it to increase temperatures’. I will narrow down the research question to cities in specific, such as big metropolitan cities in the United States. I want to do a primary work on how cities in the U.S. could set knowledge of guiding principles, and good ethics on being ecofriendly. If we look back one to two hundred years back in history, the world was less populated and obviously there were no cars running up and down like there like today in the modern world. Huge cities like New York, Los Angeles, Miami, and Houston have a greater power to change the environment....
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