...and Popular Central Brazil General Workers Confederation Spanish State Workers Democratic Organisation Morocco International Trade Unionism : we are building the future This call has been launched by trade unions from Europe, Africa, America and we have diverse affiliation or non-affiliation to the International Trade Union Confederation, the World Federation of Trade Unions. We also participate in various international trade union networks, etc. All our unions recognize the unionism of struggle, workers' democracy, self-organisation of workers and the need for social transformation. The crisis of the capitalist system has consequences in the world. Economic, financial, environmental and social crises interact and become self-reinforcing. The global crisis of capitalism shows a shared impasse based on increasingly unequal distribution of wealth produced, financial deregulation, free trade and the widespread disregard for ecological imperatives. To save the profits of the shareholders and owners, to ensure the future of banking and global institutions (the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, etc.), governments and employers place increasingly heavy burdens on workers' rights and workers. The current economic and political system organises the looting of many countries, forcing millions of people to leave their region of origin in order to survive ... and then they are denied all their rights because they are immigrants. The destruction of...
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...Success in any endeavor whether it be, personal, private enterprise, or at the governmental level will inevitably be impacted on by environmental factors. Organizations and firms involved in trading will experience that their marketing decisions are influenced by environmental factors domestically as well as internationally. This environmental paper will therefore, Focus on the Coco-Cola company as an organization whose domestic and global marketing decisions, are affected by environmental factors. In this paper specific areas such as the high level of domestic and global environmental factors that may impact the organization’s marketing decisions and the impact of technology also on the marketing decisions will be addressed. The paper concludes with the final section which will analyze the importance of social responsibility and ethics as related to Coco-Cola’s marketing offerings. A quick check on Coca-Cola’s website on an attractive home page, the slogan Welcome to the World of Coca-Cola greets a visitor. As an organization which has demonstrated its ability and capacity to trade successfully its products on the global market, the company has been able to satisfy its consumers on the domestic market while its global appeal has been soaring, thus making the coca-cola product the clear leader in the beverage industry. Some of the high level domestic and global environmental factors which could possibly impact on Coca-Cola’s marketing decisions are; economic influences, globalization...
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...Hand in assignment Week 3 Anne Sofie Lund Introduction of WTO principle trading system WTO agreements cover a wide range of business areas such as: agriculture, textiles/clothing, banking, telecommunication, government purchases, industrial standards and product safety, food sanitation regulations, intellectual property etc. The simple and fundamental principles are found in the multilateral trading system. Trade without discrimination 1. Most-favored –nation (MNF): treating other people equally MFN trading principals means it is not allowed discriminate other trading partners or to offer special favors such as lowering custom duty rate on one product for a specific country, all members need to have same duty rules for each product. 2. National treatment: Treating foreigners and locals equally Rules, which needs to be observed is that both locally and imported goods needs to be treated equally. The same rules apply for copyrights, patent and trademarks, for foreign and domestic services. The foreign should have same treatments as the local, which means treat foreign product, as you will treat your local product. National treatment applies only when a product or service or item of intellectual has entered the market. A country is although allowed to charge custom duty and tariffs on import product, which is not in market, and not charge custom on a locally produced market. WTO Encourages the trade through lowering the trade barriers, which includes custom...
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... RAYNAH FERNANDES 13 SRUSHTI GANGAN 14 NEHA GAONKAR 15 INDEX 1. WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION GATT Principles of WTO Objectives & Function 2. INDIA & WTO 3. INDIAN ECONOMY 4. INDIAN AGRICULTURE Agricultural Trade Agricultural Support Policies Importance Of Indian Agriculture 5. AGREEMENT ON AGRICULTURE The Three Boxes: Green, Amber and Blue Trend In Pattern Of Consumption Implication Of Agreement : Short Term and Long Term 6. WTO & INDIAN AGRICULTURE India’s Commitment India’s Agricultural Trade Under WTO Regime 7. A STUDY & ITS FINDINGS 8. SUGGESTIONS 9. BIBLIOGRPHY ACKNOWLEGEMENT We would like to acknowledge and express our sincerest gratitude for the efforts and timely guidance of our professor Mrs. Neelam Shetty of Managerial Economics for providing us the opportunity to study the impact of WTO agreements on the Indian economy especially focused on the agricultural sector. We would also like to thanks and express our gratitude towards professor Mr. Agnelo Menezes of economics from the Bachelors of Arts faculty and his student from XRCVC Master Prashant Lindayat. Each and every team member gave in his best to make sure that this report has all the necessary inputs and is completed on time. We definitely had a knowledgeful and enriching experience. WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION The WTO provides a forum for negotiating agreements aimed at reducing obstacles to international...
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...of this process both in the past and in the present as it includes three main characteristics, increases in international trade, investment and finance. Nayyar defines globalisation as a “deepening economic integration in the world economy” and is cautious to advise that this process is neither symmetrical nor new. Paradoxically he points out that whilst globalisation in the new era advocates free trade, this freedom is limited to the flow of goods and services whilst restricting the movement in labour. The period 1870-1914 was a true era of free trade, where the dominant ideology was economic liberalism. This was an era of rapid growth in international trade, finance and investment where statistics showed that Western Europe was the engine of this growth. In theory it was believed that trade liberalization was the sole variable responsible for the expansion in international trade. Nayyar points out that the increase in international trade was more the result of a strategy to increase trade between the developing world and the developed world than trade liberalization. Likewise international investment expanded rapidly between 1870 and 1914. This investment formed a significant part of the output for the developing and industrializing world and was a source of income for the net...
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...In popular opinion, globalization is a synonym for one or more of the following phenomena: -the pursuit of “free market” -policies in the world economy, “economic liberalization” -the growing dominance of western culture -the proliferation of new information technologies -humanity becoming one single unified community in which sources of social conflict have vanished, “global integration”. Covering a wide range of distinct political, economic, and cultural trends, the term “globalization” has quickly become one of the most fashionable contemporary debates. Moreover, sharp differences continue to separate participants in this ongoing debate. “The anti-globalization movement is critical of the globalization of capitalism. Participants base their criticisms on a number of related ideas”. Supporters of this movement stand in opposition to the unregulated political power of large, multi-national corporations and against the rules of the trade agreements. Specifically, corporations are accused of seeking to maximize profit at the expense of unregulated work safety conditions and standards, labour hiring and compensation standards, environmental conservation principles, and “the integrity of national legislative authority, independence and sovereignty”. Anti-globalization activists base their fundamentals generally on democratic representation, human rights and more egalitarianism among states. The US Global Justice Movement, the UK Trade Justice Movement and the Alter-globalization...
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...purpose of the original General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade have been discussed in this article. Also, the extent to which this purpose was achieved in the first 6 rounds of negotiations has been discussed. The reasons that drove President Reagan and his administration to propose the eighth round of negotiations are also featured in this article. Lastly, the reasons why there is still a significantly steep “effective” tariff hampering global free trade, despite fairly low tariffs on final goods have also been discussed in this article. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was formed in1947. This was after the United Nation conference whose aim was to create the International Trade Organization failed. The GATT came to an end in 1993. In 1995, the (World trade organization WHO) replaced GATT. GATT principal purpose was to boost fair trade by reducing and taking control of the trade tariffs amongst its member countries. In addition, it was responsible solving any trade disputes between the member countries. Before it ended, The GATT had become interested in the intellectual property rights and the effects of global trade on the environment. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade had a provision known “as the most favored nation status.” GATT refers the member states as the most favored nations when the member states are performing any trade transaction. This provision is not inclusive of any other treaties such as the European Nations. The United States refer...
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...BETTER FUNDING FOR STATE TOURISM ORGANIZATIONS An almost universal problem for state tourism organizations is the scarcity of funding. Budgets are tight with so many social and other problems plaguing the states. Also, there is some reluctance to fund the tourism promotion organization by those who feel mistakenly that it is mainly the tourist businesses that profit from the industry rather than the population in general. Competition for state funds by other agencies is intense and, as a rule, the tourism people do not as good as lobbying as other interest groups. In order to do something at this regard, the Governor appointed a 40-member tourism task force to investigate ways in which tourism promotion could be accomplished in a more adequate manner. The task force has come up with the following plan: they recommend that the state legislature establish a “tourism marketing order” to raise funds from assessments the industry makes upon itself about the way in which each business should contribute to funding. Businesses that would be assessed include transportation companies, travel agencies, cruise lines, rental car companies, accommodations, attractions, recreation facilities, restaurants, retail outlets, factory outlets, and bars/drinking places. All funds raised would be used for state-wide tourism promotion. In order to implement this plan, the state legislature must first authorize a statewide referendum that would be conducted by the industry among its members to...
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...To what extent do organizations like the IMF, WTO, and World Bank challenge the nation state’s ability to shape domestic economic and social policy? Over the years, the roles and responsibilities of international organizations have been affected seriously by national, regional and global events, as well as the defining and changing features of globalization. On the one hand, their roles in international affairs first, after the Second World War in the 1940s and secondly after the cold war in the 1990s have increased significantly as globalization and governance issues raise the bar for global problems and challenges. Over the 1990s, the IMF and the World Bank expanded the breadth and depth of conditionality they apply to borrowing members, including conditions on domestic governance and the institutional framework of economic policy-making. At the same time, in 1995 the establishment of the World Trade Organization created a new set of binding commitments on member states which extend (and are being further extended) into many areas of domestic legislation. International economic institutions now address issues which were previously dealt with at the level of national government. In other words, decisions and policies taken at the international level are increasingly affecting groups and people within states. Where previously these people could hold their national governments to account for policies, they must now look to international institutions where the decisions...
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...Walton International Relations 04-14-2013 “Major war will not occur in the future because the international community has created a set of international institutions that make it impossible.“ Many people believe that a major war will not happen again because international institutions would prevent it. I tend to agree with that notion because I believe that many things have changed since the last great power war in the 20th century. The League of Nations was the primary international institution after World War I. The United States however was not a member and the League of Nations, often failing to resolve conflicts in a diplomatic manner. Post World War II, many other international institutions were created which had the objective to manage the world economy and prevent another major war. These institutions included the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, the European Union, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and the World Trade Organization (WTO). The league of nations turned into the United Nations (UN), which today has a total of 193 member states. The UN suggests that every country has a desire to solve conflicts diplomatically first and not start a war immediately. In case a country has a conflict with another country , both can state their cases and opinions in front of the United Nations. The United Nations then tries to mediate between those countries and solve the conflict diplomatically without any military interactions. The other international...
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...Globalization Questionnaire MGT 448 Jim Engstrom Jan 7, 2013 Charlotte Johnson Globalization "Globalization pertains to the conversion towards a more incorporated and interdependent business world. Globalization has many aspects, including the globalization of markets and globalization of production, (Hill, 2004)”. Globalization is required in the entire world. The various hypotheses regarding the meaning of globalization of inspiration beyond the need of globalization’s progress as well as the world of technology will assist promote the requirement for globalization. Communities as well as companies also are influenced by globalization and smaller countries take advantage of the generosity of the members in the largest market throughout the world. A lot of theories presently support the idea of globalization. The rate applicable varies in one country to another. The price is correct, also referred to as the taxes which each country imports and exports. The government should pay a fee. The World Trade Organization (WTO) is accountable for all countries. Absolute advantage backs the idea of globalization; subsequently the idea helps make sure that a country can create a far better item that is more efficient compared to another countries product. To import or export of this item, or for people who use this item in the trade of other services or products. This assists the manufacturing countries to produce items more efficiently. The benefit is that the...
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... is not easily done using any single theory, the combination of the theories of, Mercantilism, Life-Cycle, Free Trade, New Trade and Porter's Theory do propose which influences are of importance to the international trade market and back the idea of globalization. Diminishing trade and investment obstacles, communication, technology, and demographic changes are the ultimate contributors to globalization. Trade barriers are being reduced, and have shifted the global economy from being primarily closed end to a more open end. The lowering of barriers to international trade enables firms to view the world, rather than a single country, as their market (Hill, 2009). Also, globalized production is a product of the trade barriers lowering in the past 60 years. According to data from the World Trade Organization, the volume of world trade has grown faster than the volume of world output since 1950 (Hill, 2009). Technology and communications have drastically increased with the accessibility of the internet, computer data bases, cellular...
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...introduction The world Tourism Organization announced a 10 year average growth rate of 4.5% of the global tourism industry. The Department of Tourism of the Philippines posted a growth rate of 10% in 2007 and the forecast in the next 5 years is even brighter. There were 903 million international tourist who travelled in 2007. By 2020, the figure is estimated at 1.6 billion. The number of tourism and hospitality workers is expected to grow proportionately. Tourism plays an extremely important role in a countries economy. According to data from the Department of Tourism, tourist arrival on Boracay Island which was earlier named as the world’s top island destination by the prestigious travel and leisure magazine alone reached 1,023; 429 from January to October this year 2012. The 10- month data for this year already surpassed the 908,574 tourist recorded last year. Not only has the number of tourist increased rapidly, the profile of foreign tourist coming to the Philippines has also changed. The influx of Asian travellers like Koreans, Taiwanese, Chinese, Americans and Australians has specifically rated the dynamic growth of the tourism market. To sustain this phenomenal growth in the hospitality and tourism industry, the need to provide quality service and product is at most importance. As kusluvan(2000) pointed out skilled, enthusiastic and committed workforce is vital to the success of firms in this industry. This service industry logicies frequent and intense face to face...
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...the 20th century, competition law has become global. The two largest and most influential systems of competition regulation are United States antitrust law and European Union competition law. National and regional competition authorities across the world have formed international support and enforcement networks. Modern competition law has historically evolved on a country level to promote and maintain competition in markets principally within the territorial boundaries of nation-states. National competition law usually does not cover activity beyond territorial borders unless it has significant effects at nation-state level.[1] Countries may allow for extraterritorial jurisdiction in competition cases based on so-called effects doctrine.[1][2] The protection of international competition is governed by international competition agreements. In 1945, during the negotiations preceding the adoption of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947, limited international competition obligations were proposed within the Charter for an International Trade Organisation. These obligations were not included in GATT, but in 1994, with the conclusion of the Uruguay Round of GATT Multilateral Negotiations, the World Trade Organization (WTO) was created. The Agreement Establishing the WTO included a range of limited provisions on various cross-border competition issues on a sector specific...
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...many new ideas and regulations that affect our everyday lives people across the world have a different view or understanding of the term globalization. Depending on others owe ethics, morals and ways of life create their own personal agreement or disagreement with global trade. Globalization has basically made the world a smaller place and also made ways for free trade and business to effectively communication between various parts of the globe. It has potential to make this world a better place to live in. It is changing major problems like unemployment and extreme poverty. Developing countries benefit the most and a lot from globalization as there is a sound flow of money and a decrease in the currency difference between every country with in the world. Free trade creates a mass competition base between many companies worldwide producing the same products, which give everyone worldwide many different options on what they would like to spend their own hard earned dollar on. With all those great positives for globalizing there are also many negatives about it. Globalization is causing citizens in many parts of the world to lose their jobs as work is being outsourced to other countries. The cost of labor in many other countries is extremely low as compared to a different country. As companies move their work across the boarders companies are opening their counterparts and ideas of their organization. This is resulting in the transfer of the quality of their products to other countries...
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