...First edition 2000 Second edition 2001 Third edition 2002 Fourth edition 2007 Published by EnglishforResearch.com The Whole World Company Press, Cambridge, CB7 5EQ, England © Stephen Howe and Kristina Henriksson 2000–2007 Printed by Biddles Limited, King’s Lynn, England The authors hereby assert their moral rights to be identified as the authors of the PhraseBook. You may not remove or alter the authors’ names, publisher’s name, copyright notice, disclaimers or, from the digital version, the End User Licence Agreement. All rights reserved worldwide Copyright is reserved in English and all other languages and countries of the world. PhraseBook for Writing, EnglishforResearch.com, EnglishforStudents.com and EnglishforSchool.com are worldwide trademarks and/or service marks of The Whole World Company Limited. Microsoft and Microsoft Word are trademarks or registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. All other trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners and are hereby acknowledged. Do not make illegal, unauthorized copies of the PhraseBook. The PhraseBook and digital version are protected by copyright law and international treaties. The publisher and authors have striven to ensure the accuracy and correctness of the PhraseBook; however, they can accept no responsibility for any loss or inconvenience as a consequence of use, information or advice contained in the PhraseBook. PhraseBook versions ISBN 978-1-903384-02-2...
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...How to write a great research paper Simon Peyton Jones Microsoft Research, Cambridge Why bother? Fallacy we write papers and give talks mainly to impress others, gain recognition, and get promoted Good papers and talks are a fundamental part of research excellence Papers communicate ideas Your goal: to infect the mind of your reader with your idea, like a virus Papers are far more durable than programs (think Mozart) The greatest ideas are (literally) worthless if you keep them to yourself Writing papers: model 1 Idea Do research W rite paper Writing papers: model 2 Idea Do research W rite paper Idea W rite paper Do research Forces us to be clear, focused Crystallises what we don’t understand Opens the way to dialogue with others: reality check, critique, and collaboration Do not be intimidated Fallacy You need to have a fantastic idea before you can write a paper or give a talk. (Everyone else seems to.) Write a paper, and give a talk, about any idea, no matter how weedy and insignificant it may seem to you Do not be intimidated Write a paper, and give a talk, about any idea, no matter how insignificant it may seem to you Writing the paper is how you develop the idea in the first place It usually turns out to be more interesting and challenging that it seemed at first The purpose of your paper The purpose of your paper is... To convey your idea ...from your head to your reader’s...
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...Current Paediatrics (2002) 12, 414 ^ 418 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd c doi:10.1006/cupe.2002.0319, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on Writing a research paper Malcolm Chiswick Professor of Child Health & Paediatrics, University of Manchester and Consultant Paediatrician, St Mary’s Hospital for Women and Children Whitworth Park, Manchester M13 0JH, UK KEYWORDS human, writing, science, journalism Summary The aim of this article is to help those embarking on research to communicate e¡ectively through writing, and to improve their chances of getting a paper published. The quality of a paper’s research content is judged by originality importance and , scienti¢c validity Advice should be sought on a project’s potential for high-quality re. search content before taking up the research.When readers have di⁄culties in understanding a paper, the problem more often lies with presentation and structure than with its scienti¢c content. Readers expect information to be presented in a certain way and when this does not happen they may misinterpret whatthe writer intended. 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd c PRACTICE POINTS Preparing the ¢rst draft K agree early on who are the contributors to the paper K choose a lead writer K choose a working title before commencing the ¢rst draft K follow precisely the journal’s ‘instructions for authors’ K aim to complete the ¢rst draft in one sitting Getting the message across emphasize information by placing it at the end of the...
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...Converting Ideas to Third Person for College Level Writing by Professor Adri-anne Jones In most instances, college freshmen enter college knowing how to write their ideas in first person, I and second person, you but have had little if any experience with third person writing. Therefore, many first-year college students are not prepared to write the typical academic essay and research paper. For the most part, the purpose of writing in the academic environment is to inform, to report, and to persuade. Therefore, the writing style is expected to be formal since students will be engaged in writing research papers, essays, book reports, critiques, proposals, and responses to literary writings. In these formal and academic writing situations—in most cases—the focus is on the subject and not the writer. Therefore, it is crucial that college freshmen learn to master third person writing before they complete their course requirements for freshman composition. Even though argument and persuasive writing is based on the writer’s personal opinion or position on an issue, the writer’s opinion is most often presented in third person. Rather than to write I think . . . or I believe . . . or I feel . . ., the writer should simply state his or her opinion without making a first person reference. For example, the academic writer should avoid such statements like I feel that the restoration of prayer in public schools could likely remedy the lack of discipline in classrooms...
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...Graduate-Level Writing Paper University of Phoenix Professor Erin Cobb COM/600 So you have reached that time in your educational pursuit that marks the beginning of the next chapter. No more days of last minute, crunch-time paper writing with minimal proofreading. There is no room for error at this next stage in the game. You are now a graduate student and it is time to behave like one. Graduate level writing is what one should be practicing and striving to perfect. It may not seem like a big difference for those that already practice to write at a graduate level, however, for some this can be a difficult task. Hopefully by the end of this paper one can have a better understanding of what is expected at the graduate level, and what to avoid to make sure that as few mistakes as possible are made. Let us dive in to see exactly what some of the characteristics of graduate level writing are and how they can differ from other forms of writing. The big thing about writing on the graduate level is that one’s paper is constructed so that the reader can take something away from the paper. Graduate level writing should be informative to the reader and should be written without bias. Being a graduate is one step closer to being a professional in one’s chosen career. When one is training to be a professional, one should conduct their work as a professional whether in the workplace or in the classroom. The other obvious difference is how your papers will be graded at the graduate...
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...Because this is a “building” assignment, it is very important to complete each step and review all instructor feedback very carefully. Here is the organizational structure that you must follow: Paragraph #1 – Introduction Provide an introduction to the given topic. You may do this by providing an interesting quotation, a story, or using another way to get your reader’s attention. End the introduction with a solid thesis statement that previews the rest of the essay. Paragraph #2 – Summary Summarize the article that you chose (and your instructor approved) in Module/Week 4. Cover the main points of the article with your summary and connect it to your overall topic. Do not forget to cite any paraphrased or summarized information. Paragraph #3 – Reflection Reflect on the content of the article. What have you learned from reading the article? Did it surprise you? Challenge you? Do you feel that the conclusions provided in the article are accurate when compared to other course material and to Scripture? Why or why not? Support any opinion with credible sources and/or Scripture. Paragraph #4 – Application How will you apply what you have learned about this topic to your role as an online student? What steps will you take to apply what you have learned about this topic to your life and, more specifically, to your role as an online student? Paragraph #5 – Conclusion Conclude with some final thoughts on your topic. What conclusions can you draw from the article, other...
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...PROCEDURE FOR WRITING A TERM PAPE A term (or research) paper is primarily a record of intelligent reading in several sources on a particular subject. The task of writing such is not as formidable as it seems if it is thought out in advance as a definite procedure with systematic perpetration. The procedure for writing such a report consists of the following steps: 1. Choosing a subject 2. Finding sources of materials 3. Gathering the notes 4. Outlining the paper 5. Writing the first draft 6. Editing the paper Now let's look at each of them. CHOOSING A SUBJECT Most good papers are built around questions. You can find subjects in any textbook. Simply take some part of the text that interest you and examine it carefully. Ask yourself the following things about it to see if you can locate a question to answer in your paper. Does it tell you all you might wish to learn about the subject? Are you sure it is accurate? Does the author make any assumptions that need examining? Can two of the more interesting sections in the text be shown to be interrelated in some useful way? Your paper is an attempt to write a well-organized answer to whatever question you decide upon, using facts for the purpose of proving (or at least supporting) your contention. The most common error made by students in choosing a subject for a term paper is to choose one that is too general. (The most specific subject will always have enough aspects to furnish a long paper, if you think...
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...The Process of Research Paper Writing Ramell Miles COMM 102 July 30, 2012 Carol Amato Introduction Ramell Miles wrote a paper on “Personal Responsibility” for a class she had recently taken. In this paper the first discussion is how the topic selected, including research sources, organization, composition, and approach. The next discussion will be about selecting appropriate topics for the audience, analyzing the audience, and source credibility for a particular audience. Finally, conferring with the book Research Matters will examine various strategies, such as organizing drafting and revision and how to use them in other writings. Previous Paper Written The subject for the aforementioned research paper was already decided by the professor. The process of locating good sources began with an Internet search for the topic of “Personal Responsibility’, including a definition of the title, the correlation between it and college success and one’s process to attain achievement in college and through life. The paper was organized by writing an outline based on the criteria given from the professor. The composition of the paper began by answering the questions in short answer form. Next, each answer was expounded upon by supporting documentation...
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...While writing a Nursing critique paper, attention should be paid to the qualitative and quantitative figures in the findings, in order to analyze the context of such findings. This aspect of critiquing nursing research is crucial, in that it enables nurses to provide the highest quality care to their patients. There are various approaches used in the critique of a nursing article. For instance, the best approach requires an individual to begin with an introduction where the purpose of critiquing such an article is stated. They then state the job together with other details of the author of the nursing study. This is done in order to prove whether, or not, the given author has credibility in the nursing world. The next step followed in writing a nursing critique paper is commenting on the title of the article. This gives a clear outline of the topic, depending on whether it properly characterizes and covers the presented content, together with the subject matter. This step could also include details on whether the presented research is supporting a particular need in the health sector. If such an article is able to meet the key points stated above, then it will make a high quality nursing document. The third step followed, in order to write a good nursing critique paper, is ensuring that all the stated case studies have participants with great records and achievements in the medical sector. The other step that is followed, in this case, includes judging the abstract on the basis...
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...Goal: Little Known Ways to Make Ghost Writing Work for You Word count in this document:1447 Title: Little Known Ways to Make Ghost Writing Work for You When we hear the term "ghost writing" many of us think of novel writing for some reason. We think about novelists putting a fake name, or no name at all, on their books so that people don't know who they actually are. Now, that is true and it does happen, but that's not the only kind of ghost writing out there. There are many forms of ghost writing that people aren't aware of. Ghost writing can be done through articles for blogs and companies. Copywriters are assigned topics and then write and submit the articles. Their names usually aren't put with the articles, though--and that's ghost...
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...Stupid,” the internet and social media also causes negative effects on our everyday life. Even though these two essays, both written around the year 2010, have different topics and there are certainly differences in the authors’ writing styles, they still have some similarities. These two essays share a similar theme: that the internet and social media diminish our human capabilities to think and make friends. Some differences occur in how Carr and Schaub approach their readers’, one author uses personal examples and the other shows differences in word meanings. In Carr’s article, he includes his own examples to show readers how the internet has changed his capability of reading longer texts; now his attention span has greatly decreased because he is used to short style of text on the internet. At the beginning of Carr’s essay there is a short part of Stanley Kubrick’s 2001: A Space Oddyssey which Carr uses to show readers how far we have come with technology. Carr not only uses his own example of how technology changed him (for example, he is impatient and craves information instantaneously) but also shows how technology changed Friedrich Nietzsche’s writing style when he started using a typewriter in 1882. One of Nietzche’s friends realized how his writing changed: “His already terse prose had...
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...three challenges that might arise when writing a paper. Write a second paragraph of at least 200 words explaining the strategies you will use to overcome those challenges. Some people may face many challenges that may arise when writing a paper. Three challenges I believe a writer may face are writing anxiety, not knowing where to begin, and making your writing flow. Many people may face writers anxiety. I personally have this issue. This challenges may occur when a writer is adjusting to a new form of writing, limited time, or dealing with stresses at home, not related to school. Not knowing where to begin when writing is another challenge. After he or she gathers sources, the challenge may arise on where to begin on their paper. Some begin with the introduction, others may begin with a conclusion. I believe it all depends on the topic. Sometimes certain topics will be easy to gather, and organize to begin a well written paper. Others however, may be a task. Last, a challenge may be making your writing flow. A writer may lose focus on specific area’s such as attention and detail. This problem can occur from no organization between the sentences or the paragraphs. No organization, or flow may lose the attention of your readers, causing your work to be boring and or confusing. Facing these challenges, I would consider some time and effort. There are way’s to overcome the challenges we face when writing. In the paragraph before, I mentioned...
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...Writing Essay This essay is about a class that I took while I was at HSSU. It was a wonderful class even though it was online but the teacher made it clear and telling us that the only way we can learn in this class is if we read the textbook. The textbook got a lot of information in it; that made it so clear that I couldn’t put the book down after I got used to reading it, and I am thankful for this class o relate to the real world now. So I am not going to waste all the details in the introduction and I am going to let you read this essay. Ethics is the study of what is right or wrong, good or bad, in which we are responsible for our actions in areas such as etiquette, professional codes, legal and religious codes. Ethics also can be a thought of an attempt or reasonable manner to basic questions. An example of ethics is just like going to play the guitar other than getting your mother a birthday gift or giving her the trip of her dreams to make her happy. The best thing to do is the right thing and not the wrong thing. At the end you would want your mother to have the best and the world in many different ways. Ethics involve a clear mind of goals and personal events that help you through things to get a better understanding. Ethical issues a problem or situation that requires a person or organization to choose between alternatives that must be evaluated as right (ethical) or wrong (unethical). Psychological egoism is good to tell things and argue them. A lot of people...
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...have ones for writing, math, computer skills, exam prep and plenty more. Some other resources are the Center for writing excellence and the Center for mathematics, there are grammar tutorials and plagiarism tutorials and a plagiarism checker as well to help make sure your papers have the proper grammar and the plagiarism checker reviews your paper and tells you how much similarities there is with your paper and other papers so you don’t accidentally plagiarize your paper. Riverpoint writer is a tool to help make sure you are citing your papers properly. In the center for mathematics center they have running start which gives you a review of math concepts to help you brush up on your skills, build math confidence gives you tips to deal with math anxiety it also has study tips, test tips, worksheets and videos. They also have live online math coaching which is only available two weeks before your math class starts through the end of your class. Hope reading about all these resources makes you want to come to the University even more. gotta go talk later. Hello Everyone, I want to review some of the great resources available here at the University of Phoenix. First off I want to go over the workshops that are available to you. There are all kinds of workshops, they are 3 days long and they cover subjects like writing, math, computer skills, exam preparations, and many more. Another resource is the Center for Writing Excellence, some of the tools there are writing and style guidelines...
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...go fuck urself Paper is a thin material mainly used for writing upon, printing upon, drawing or for packaging. It is produced by pressing together moist fibers, typically cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. Paper is a versatile material with many uses. Whilst the most common is for writing and printing upon, it is also widely used as a packaging material, in many cleaning products, in a number of industrial and construction processes, and even as a food ingredient – particularly in Asian cultures. Contents [hide] 1 History 2 Papermaking 2.1 Chemical pulping 2.2 Mechanical pulping 2.3 Deinked pulp 2.4 Additives 2.5 Producing paper 2.6 Finishing 3 Applications 4 Types, thickness and weight 5 Paper stability 6 The future of paper 7 See also 8 References and notes 9 External links History Main article: History of paper Further information: Science and technology of the Han Dynasty and List of Chinese inventions Hemp wrapping paper, China, circa 100 BCE.The oldest known archeological fragments of paper date to 2nd century BC China. Papermaking is considered one of the Four Great Inventions of Ancient China, and the pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd century AD Han court eunuch.[1] With paper an effective substitute for silk in many applications, China could export silk in greater quantity, contributing to a Golden Age. Paper spread from China through the Islamic...
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