............................................................................................ 8 5. Discrete Probability Distributions............................................................................................. 11 6. Continuous Probability Distributions ....................................................................................... 13 7. Sampling and Sampling Distributions ...................................................................................... 15 8. Interval Estimation .................................................................................................................... 17 9. Hypothesis Testing.................................................................................................................... 18 10. Statistical Inference about Means and Proportions with Two populations............................. 22 14. Simple Linear regression ........................................................................................................ 25 15. Multiple Regression...
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...Problem Statement In order for Hertz to expand into the hourly rental market segment and gain market share they will need to find a new way to appeal to a new customer segment. Analysis Plan / Data Used / Key Assumptions I will be using the SFAS Matrix, figure 1, to evaluate Hertz’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats when entering the short term rental car market to compete with Zipcar. In addition, I will be using the TOW’s matrix, figure 2, to hypothesize business strategies for Hertz to use to overcome their threats and weaknesses by leveraging their strengths and opportunities. The TOW’s matrix helps brainstorm business strategies Hertz can use to compete in the new market segment without having to copy Zipcar’s current business model. The areas I focused research on were on market size and target markets. Data Analysis and Tool Use In 2012, the rental car market industry was broken down into 4 segments, Car sharing, leisure car rental, business car rental and car leasing. Car sharing only accounted for 6% of the rental car industry; however, IBIS world estimates that car sharing is expected to grow over the upcoming years as consumers become more aware of their existence. Hertz’s current revenue stems from business and leisure customers; 43% of Hertz’s yearly revenue comes from the business segment and the remaining 57% comes from leisure customers. Whereas, Zipcar’s short term car rental strategy is targeting an “urbanite” which is a city dweller, environmentally...
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...Running Head: A TEXTBOOK EVALUATION A Textbook Evaluation: Honors Calculus for an Eleventh Grader Using four different evaluation tools, three different math textbooks were evaluated for use within an honors eleventh grade calculus classroom. This report will include the results recorded for each textbook, and will then indicate which textbook was evaluated as the most suitable for an eleventh grade reader. The Fry readability graph was the first method used for the evaluation of each textbook. The graph was developed in the 1960’s and later revised by Edward Fry in 1977. The original version was created for African teachers who taught English as a second language. After the revision it also included explanations, directions and an extension to the 17th grade level. The Fry readability graph is used to determine the appropriate grade level for a chosen textbook. During this evaluation a total of three passages were used; two passages from the beginning of the text and one passage from the end. After choosing the three different 100 word-count passages, the number of sentences in each passage were counted and then averaged. The syllables in each of the 100 word-count passages were also counted and then averaged. The Flesch-Kincaid grade-level score was the second method used in determining the readability statistics. was formulated with the use of technology. For this report, Microsoft Word 2007 was used to determine the readability statistics. After...
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...CHAPTER 26 Marginal Costing and Cost Volume Profit Analysis Meaning Marginal Cost: The tenn Marginal Cost refers to the amount at any given volume of output by which the aggregate costs are charged if the volume of output is changed by one unit. Accordingly, it means that the added or additional cost of an extra unit of output. Marginal cost may also be defined as the "cost of producing one additional unit of product." Thus, the concept marginal cost indicates wherever there is a change in the volume of output, certainly there will be some change in the total cost. It is concerned with the changes in variable costs. Fixed cost is treated as a period cost and is transferred to Profit and Loss Account. Marginal Costing: Marginal Costing may be defined as "the ascertainment by differentiating between fixed cost and variable cost, of marginal cost and of the effect on profit of changes in volume or type of output." With marginal costing procedure costs are separated into fixed and variable cost. According to J. Batty, Marginal costing is "a technique of cost accounting pays special attention to the behaviour of costs with changes in the volume of output." This definition lays emphasis on the ascertainment of marginal costs and also the effect of changes in volume or type of output on the company's profit. FEATURES OF MARGINAL COSTING (1) All elements of costs are classified into fixed and variable costs. Marginal costing is a technique of cost control and decision making...
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...CHAPTER 26 Marginal Costing and Cost Volume Profit Analysis Meaning Marginal Cost: The tenn Marginal Cost refers to the amount at any given volume of output by which the aggregate costs are charged if the volume of output is changed by one unit. Accordingly, it means that the added or additional cost of an extra unit of output. Marginal cost may also be defined as the "cost of producing one additional unit of product." Thus, the concept marginal cost indicates wherever there is a change in the volume of output, certainly there will be some change in the total cost. It is concerned with the changes in variable costs. Fixed cost is treated as a period cost and is transferred to Profit and Loss Account. Marginal Costing: Marginal Costing may be defined as "the ascertainment by differentiating between fixed cost and variable cost, of marginal cost and of the effect on profit of changes in volume or type of output." With marginal costing procedure costs are separated into fixed and variable cost. According to J. Batty, Marginal costing is "a technique of cost accounting pays special attention to the behaviour of costs with changes in the volume of output." This definition lays emphasis on the ascertainment of marginal costs and also the effect of changes in volume or type of output on the company's profit. FEATURES OF MARGINAL COSTING (1) All elements of costs are classified into fixed and variable costs. Marginal costing is a technique of cost control and decision making...
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... | | | | Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 IT SYSTEM CHARACTERIZATION 2 3 RISK IDENTIFICATION 6 4 CONTROL ANALYSIS 8 5 RISK LIKELIHOOD DETERMINATION 11 6 IMPACT ANALYSIS 13 7 RISK DETERMINATION 15 8 RECOMMENDATIONS 17 9 RESULTS DOCUMENTATION 18 LIST OF EXHIBITS Exhibit 1: Risk Assessment Matrix 18 List of Figures Figure 1 – IT System Boundary Diagram 4 Figure 2 – Information Flow Diagram 5 List of Tables Table A: Risk Classifications 1 Table B: IT System Inventory and Definition 2 Table C: Threats Identified 4 Table D: Vulnerabilities, Threats, and Risks 5 Table E: Security Controls 6 Table F: Risks-Controls-Factors Correlation 8 Table G: Risk Likelihood Definitions 9 Table H: Risk Likelihood Ratings 9 Table I: Risk Impact Rating Definitions 13 Table J: Risk Impact Analysis 13 Table K: Overall Risk Rating Matrix 15 Table L: Overall Risk Ratings Table 15 Table M: Recommendations 17 1 INTRODUCTION Risk assessment participants:...
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...financial analysis of Microsoft Corporation. The firm’s financial status is evaluated using ratio analysis and suggestions on improvement are provided. The risk and return of Microsoft common stocks are studied and the fundamental value of stock is estimated…… Company Profile Microsoft is a high tech company providing computer software products worldwide. The firm is founded in 1975 by ……. Financial Analysis Comparing to its competitor – Apple, Microsoft’s assets have higher liquidity and also high returns (See table 1)...... Stock Analysis Microsoft now has about 9 billion outstanding common shares. Table 2 shows that the average monthly return from July 2004 to August 2009 is 0.32% with a standard deviation of 7.21%....... Corporate Governance Microsoft stocks are mainly held by institutions and mutual funds. 63% of the company’s common shares are held by institutions and mutual funds, and 12% of the company’s common shares are held by insiders …… Corporate Policies – Payout Policy Microsoft as a growth firm didn’t pay dividend until 2003. Before that, the firm split stocks several times (see Table 3)……. Conclusion Based on the analysis presented above, Microsoft appears to have a good financial standing……. Appendix: Table 1: Financial Ratios Ratio Analysis 2009 2008 Liquidity Ratios Current Ratio x x Quick Ratio x x Asset Management Ratios Inventory Turnover x x Days Sales Outstanding x x ...
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...financial analysis of Microsoft Corporation. The firm’s financial status is evaluated using ratio analysis and suggestions on improvement are provided. The risk and return of Microsoft common stocks are studied and the fundamental value of stock is estimated…… Company Profile Microsoft is a high tech company providing computer software products worldwide. The firm is founded in 1975 by ……. Financial Analysis Comparing to its competitor – Apple, Microsoft’s assets have higher liquidity and also high returns (See table 1)...... Stock Analysis Microsoft now has about 9 billion outstanding common shares. Table 2 shows that the average monthly return from July 2004 to August 2009 is 0.32% with a standard deviation of 7.21%....... Corporate Governance Microsoft stocks are mainly held by institutions and mutual funds. 63% of the company’s common shares are held by institutions and mutual funds, and 12% of the company’s common shares are held by insiders …… Corporate Policies – Payout Policy Microsoft as a growth firm didn’t pay dividend until 2003. Before that, the firm split stocks several times (see Table 3)……. Conclusion Based on the analysis presented above, Microsoft appears to have a good financial standing……. Appendix: Table 1: Financial Ratios Ratio Analysis 2009 2008 Liquidity Ratios Current Ratio x x Quick Ratio x x Asset Management Ratios Inventory Turnover x x Days Sales Outstanding x x ...
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...by Kevin Wayne Copyright © 2005 Pearson-Addison Wesley Copyright © 2013 Kevin Wayne http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~wayne/kleinberg-tardos Last updated on Sep 8, 2013 6:30 AM 4. G REEDY A LGORITHMS I ‣ coin changing ‣ interval scheduling ‣ scheduling to minimize lateness ‣ optimal caching Coin changing Goal. Given currency denominations: 1, 5, 10, 25, 100, devise a method to pay amount to customer using fewest number of coins. Ex. 34¢. Cashier's algorithm. At each iteration, add coin of the largest value that does not take us past the amount to be paid. Ex. $2.89. 3 Cashier's algorithm At each iteration, add coin of the largest value that does not take us past the amount to be paid. CASHIERS-ALGORITHM (x, c1, c2, …, cn)...
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...Standup and Stabilization of the Inverted Pendulum by Andrew K. Stimac Submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology June 1999 © 1999 Andrew K. Stimac All Rights Reserved. The author hereby grants permission to MIT to reproduce and distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part. Signature of Author: ............................................................................................................ Department of Mechanical Engineering May 5, 1999 Certified by: ......................................................................................................................... David L. Trumper Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering Thesis Supervisor Accepted by: ........................................................................................................................ Ernest G. Cravalho Chairman, Undergraduate Thesis Committee Department of Mechanical Engineering Standup and Stabilization of the Inverted Pendulum by Andrew K. Stimac Submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering on May 5, 1999, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering. Abstract The inverted pendulum is a common, interesting control problem that involves many basic elements of control theory...
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...designed to plan facility layouts, based on optimizing certain objectives, can be useful only for determining some guidelines for the planners. While these models can be used for planning alternative layouts, considerations of qualitative and personnel factors should be given during the layout finalization phase. INTRODUCTION One of the tasks in layout planning is assigning relative locations to a set of facilities. The best layout plan is often the one that results in the highest overall effectiveness of transactions between the facilities. Cost considerations can be a major factor in choosing a given alternative layout plan for implementation. The problem of facility layout is well covered in the literature. Some models are based on the analysis of the relative location of facilities. A graphical approach, a quantitative procedure and a quadratic assignment algorithm were developed by Buffa[1], Wimmert[2] and Hillier & Connors[3], respectively. A large mixed-integer goal-programming model...
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...risk associated with business decisions, making it more important to have a sound information base. To do well in such an environment, one will need to understand how to identify quality information and recognize the solid, reliable research on which one‟s high-risk decisions as a manager can be based. One also needs to know how to analyze the research findings. The study of quantitative techniques provides one with the knowledge and skills needed to solve the problems and the challenges of a fast-paced decisionmaking environment. Managers make decisions on a day to day basis and it is necessary for them to be able to analyze the data so as to be able to make optimal decisions. This module has ten lesson which cover matrix algebra, markov analysis, Linear programming, differentiation, applications of differentiation to cost, revenue and profit functions, integral calculus, inventory models, sampling and estimation theory, hypothesis testing and chi-square tests. iii MODULE OBJECTIVES By the end of the course, the student should be able to:- 1. Perform various operations on matrices matrix algebra, 2. Apply the concept of matrices in solving simultaneous equations, input-output analysis and markov analysis, 3. Formulate and solve Linear programming using the graphical and simplex method 4. Differentiate various functions and apply to cost, revenue and profit functions 5. Apply...
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...Math Review for the Quantitative Reasoning Measure of the GRE® revised General Test www.ets.org Overview This Math Review will familiarize you with the mathematical skills and concepts that are important to understand in order to solve problems and to reason quantitatively on the Quantitative Reasoning measure of the GRE revised General Test. The following material includes many definitions, properties, and examples, as well as a set of exercises (with answers) at the end of each review section. Note, however, that this review is not intended to be allinclusive—there may be some concepts on the test that are not explicitly presented in this review. Also, if any topics in this review seem especially unfamiliar or are covered too briefly, we encourage you to consult appropriate mathematics texts for a more detailed treatment. Copyright © 2012 by Educational Testing Service. All rights reserved. ETS, the ETS logo, LISTENING. LEARNING. LEADING. and GRE are registered trademarks of Educational Testing Service (ETS). Table of Contents ARITHMETIC .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Integers.................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Fractions ................................................................................................................................ 3 1.3 Exponents...
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...Turn in Part 1 (15 points), Question 1(20 points), Question 2 (20 points), Question 3 45 points). Part 1 MULTIPLE CHOICE [3 point each] 1. In Least squares regression, the regression line is obtained by minimizing, a) The total variation in the dependent variable. b) The sum of squares for error (SSE). c) The sum of squares for regression (SSR) d) The sum of squares for total (SST). e) None of the above 2. In a simple regression analysis involving 25 data points, the standard error of estimate is calculated as S( = 2.0 and the Fts = 10, then the information from regression line (SSR) should be, a) 60 b) 50 c) 40 d) 30 e) None of the above 3. In a statistics course, a linear regression equation was computed to predict the final exam score from the first quiz score. The equation obtained was Y = 10 + 0.9 X, where Y is the final exam score and X is the first quiz score. A prediction interval for Al Bundy who scored 95 on the first quiz and on the final exam scored 98 was computed. Also a confidence interval for mean score of 95 on the first quiz was computed. From this we can conclude: a) Al Bundy’s prediction interval in wider than the confidence interval. b) Al Bundy’s prediction interval in shorter than the confidence interval. c) Al Bundy’s prediction interval is equal in length to the confidence interval. d) None of the above 4. Excluding an outlier point from your data in simple regression analysis, in general...
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...(ACT): towards unifying the constructs of attack and defense trees Arpan Roy* , Dong Seong Kim and Kishor S. Trivedi Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, U.S.A. ABSTRACT Attack tree (AT) is one of the widely used non-state-space models for security analysis. The basic formalism of AT does not take into account defense mechanisms. Defense trees (DTs) have been developed to investigate the effect of defense mechanisms using measures such as attack cost, security investment cost, return on attack (ROA), and return on investment (ROI). DT, however, places defense mechanisms only at the leaf nodes and the corresponding ROI/ROA analysis does not incorporate the probabilities of attack. In attack response tree (ART), attack and response are both captured but ART suffers from the problem of state-space explosion, since solution of ART is obtained by means of a state-space model. In this paper, we present a novel attack tree paradigm called attack countermeasure tree (ACT) which avoids the generation and solution of a state-space model and takes into account attacks as well as countermeasures (in the form of detection and mitigation events). In ACT, detection and mitigation are allowed not just at the leaf node but also at the intermediate nodes while at the same time the state-space explosion problem is avoided in its analysis. We study the consequences of incorporating countermeasures in the ACT using three case studies (ACT for...
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