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Información de Pasta Base

Coordinación SIDA, Gob. De la Ciudad de Buenos Aires

La pasta base es un derivado del proceso de elaboración de la cocaína. La cocaína se extrae de las hojas del arbusto de la coca (Erythroxylon coca), originario de la región andina de América del Sur. Esta planta posee más de 14 alcaloides y el principal es la cocaína.

Elaboración

En una primera fase mezclan las hojas con carbonato potásico, o potasa, para disolver los alcaloides. Luego lo rocían con queroseno y ácido sulfúrico, y lo filtran. Agregan al producto más ácido sulfúrico que deja sobrenadando el queroseno sobre un sedimento con los alcaloides de la coca. Con más carbonato de potasio se precipitan estos alcaloides con restos de hojas maceradas. El nuevo filtrado da una pasta terrosa que se conoce como "pasta base", que aún incluye hidrocarburos y restos tóxicos de los solventes utilizados. Agregando ácido clorhídrico a la pasta base se produce clorhidrato de cocaína, el que precipita en sal agregando bicarbonato de sodio y éter es un polvo blanco “cocaína”.

El crack se obtiene sobreagregando a la cocaína bicarbonato de sodio, y luego agua, calentando hasta obtener un precipitado en forma de cristales que se llaman crack , por el sonido crepitante que producen cuando se calientan para inhalar sus vapores. En latinoamérica muchas veces se le denomina crack a la pasta base

HOJAS DE COCA

Keroseno Acido sulfúrico Bases Alcalinas Otros

PASTA BASE

Ácido clorhidrico Acetona

CLORHIDRATO DE COCAÍNA

Bicarbonato Calor Otros

CRACK

Características generales

. La pasta base, por lo tanto, es un subproducto del proceso de fabricación del clorhidrato. Su apariencia es la de un polvo terroso de color amarillento, según la sustancia con que ha sido mezclada. Además de cocaína, está compuesto en gran parte por residuos propios del proceso de elaboración del clorhidrato. Por ello es sumamente tóxico

El consumo de pasta base produce una sensación inicial de bienestar e excitación que dura poco tiempo. Esta es seguida de un estado de angustia y bajón que empuja a volver a consumir para restablecer el estado anterior

Cuando se la fuma, su efecto es muy rápido e intenso (es similar al de uso inyectable). Esto es asi porque va directo del pulmón al cerebro Se necesita entre 8 a 40 segundos para que éste aparezca, durando sólo unos pocos minutos. Como ejemplo: mientras que el efecto de la pasta base tiene una duración de aproximadamente 5 minutos el de la cocaína es entre 25 y 40 minutos.

Los efectos de fumar Pasta Base dependen de muchas variables: el tipo de preparación, la dosis, la frecuencia de consumo, forma de uso (social, recreativo, individual), las impurezas y adulteraciones, la motivación (estimulante, búsqueda de placer, antidepresiva, situaciones), entre otras. Como toda sustancia psicoactiva, la coca y sus derivados, genera una alteración a nivel del comportamiento Los efectos a nivel del sistema nervioso, bloquean el efecto de sustancias neurotrasmisoras como noradrenalina, dopamina y serotonina.

El efecto que produce el consumo de pasta base se puede dividir en cuatro etapas. Las características que vamos a describir no son taxativas, pueden estar presentes o no, pueden darse todas o algunas de ellas, dependiendo de las características de la persona que consume, del nivel de consumo, del contexto y de la calidad de la droga:

▪ A- Etapa de euforia:
1. Euforia
2. Disminución de inhibiciones
3. Sensación de placer
4. Éxtasis
5. Intensificación del estado de ánimo
6. Cambios en los niveles de atención
7. Hiperexcitabilidad
8. Sensación de ser competente y capaz
9. Aceleración de los procesos de pensamiento
10. Disminución del hambre, el sueño y la fatiga
11. Aumento de presión sanguínea, la temperatura corporal y el ritmo respiratorio.

▪ B- Etapa de disforia:
1. Sensación de angustia, depresión e inseguridad.
2. Deseo de seguir fumando
3. Tristeza
4. Apatía
5. Indiferencia sexual

▪ C - Etapa en que la persona empieza a consumir ininterrumpidamente cuando aún tiene dosis en la sangre, para evitar la disforia.

▪ D - Etapa de alucinaciones: El consumo de pasta base puede provocar pérdida con el contacto con la realidad, la que puede darse después de varios días o semanas de fumar con frecuencia y durar semanas o meses. La alucinaciones pueden ser visuales, auditivas, olfativas o cutáneas. Puede haber pensamientos e incluso delirios paranoicos “persecuta”,

▪ Otros efectos físicos que se pueden observar por el consumo de pasta base son:
1. Pérdida de peso
2. Palidez
3. Taquicardia
4. Insomnio
5. Verborrea
6. Midriasis (dilatación de las pupilas)
7. Nauseas y- o vómitos
8. Sequedad de la boca
9. Temblor
10. Hipertensión arterial
11. Falta de coordinación
12. Dolor de cabeza
13. Mareos picazón

Otras complicaciones derivan de sustancias agregadas al alcaloide como son los hidrocarburos y otros solventes presentes en la pasta base.

Algunas sustancias agregadas a la droga con fines de adulteración, para obtener mayores beneficios económicos, también producen efectos agregados. Los denominados “cortes” , son sustancias agregadas a la cocaína que llevan a que el consumidor que compra la droga por gramos, nunca reciba más allá del 50% del producto puro.

Los llamados cortes inactivos se destinan a aumentar el peso, utilizando lactosa, talco, manitol, o borato de sodio. Es característico el efecto laxante de estas sustancias (manitol o lactosa), que se observa luego de consumir cocaína adulterada.

Para compensar la potencia perdida de la droga se realizan los llamados cortes activos, que consisten en agregar sustancias para disimular la carencia de droga, imitando sus efectos. El efecto adormecedor de la mucosa orofaríngia propio de la cocaína, se remeda utilizando novocaína o benzocaína, que son anestésicos locales. El agregado de anfetaminas es frecuentemente utilizado para producir el efecto similar de euforia, con más tolerancia al cansancio, y mayor rendimiento laboral y – o deportivo. A tal punto se extendió este tipo de adulteración que se comprueba que en muchos usuarios existe una mayor adicción a las anfetaminas que al propio alcaloide de coca.

▪ La pasta base suele fumarse en latas de gaseosa o cerveza, pedazos de antena o algún otro tipo de pipa; mezclado con tabaco o marihuana.

Recomendaciones de Reducción de Daños para trabajar con usuarios

La cocaína es vasoconstrictora lo que lleva a que en el contacto con ella se mueran células, facilitando así la aparición de micro lastimaduras. Por otra parte el metal (usado para pipa) puede quemar los labios Estas heridas facilitan la transmisión de enfermedades que se transmiten por sangre como VIH, hepatitis B y C. Para no quemarse se aconseja cubrir con una cinta o goma la punta de la pipa y para evitar la transmisión no compartir la pipa. También enjuagar la boca con agua tibia después de haber fumado para sacar los restos que hallan quedado

A veces se usa virulana como filtro ésta, como las pipas de aluminio, al quemarse produce efectos tóxicos por lo cual se recomienda no utilizarlos. Tampoco utilizar plástico

El fumar pasta base puede dañar el tracto respiratorio por lo que se sugiere consultar al médico ante síntomas como tos con expectoración o tos con sangre.

El consumo con continidad trae falta de apetito, pérdida de peso y mayores riesgos de salud, por eso es útil poner incapié en no olvidarse de comer y dormir .

La mezcla con el alcohol aumenta la toxicidad por esto se aconseja no utilizarlos juntos . Además las mezclas en general dificultan el control de lo que se consume

En el caso de que la persona usuaria de esta droga esté en tratamiento antirretroviral, el consumo de droga no es un impedimento para seguirlo. Desde el punto de vista farmacológico no existen interacciones entre la cocaína y los antiretrovirales. Sí existen con los opiáceos, el éxtasis, las benzodiacepinas y el alcohol, dependiendo en este último caso del nivel de consumo. El consumo activo de droga puede interferir en la adherencia (continuidad del tratamiento) por lo cual es importante pensar en regímenes de ARV sencillos y en estrategias de trabajo diferenciadas para esta población.

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...Reflective Essay One: My Leadership Manifesto What type of leader am I? I’m not a very good leader right now. I usually try to avoid the spotlight when possible. There are times when I am the lead tech on shift though. I try to lead by example. I don’t like to just sit around when there are jets to be fixed. I like to take initiative to figure out a plan for us to complete our work on time. What type of leadership style do I use? The transactional leadership style is probably the one that I use the most. I don’t like micromanaging at all though. I hate when leadership comes and checks on you every 5 minutes. Just let me get my work done without distractions. I would love to be a transformational leader but I just don’t have the dedication and work ethic to become one at this moment in my life. I just like to focus on the task at hand. I come into work and find out what needs to get done. Then I prioritize it all and get everything accomplished as efficiently and timeliness as I can. What type of NCO am I (want to be)? I want to be in expert in my AFSC and be someone my fellow airman can look up to. Someone that they can come to with any problem without fear of reprisal. I want my subordinates to follow what I say because they want to and not because they have to. I also want to be able to stick up for my fellow airman when they need it. I don’t like NCO’s that just care about their own careers and throw others under the bus. What are my strengths? It’s hard...

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...H61M-VGS R2.0 / H61M-VS R2.0 User Manual Version 1.0 Published September 2011 Copyright©2011 ASRock INC. All rights reserved. 1 Copyright Notice: No part of this manual may be reproduced, transcribed, transmitted, or translated in any language, in any form or by any means, except duplication of documentation by the purchaser for backup purpose, without written consent of ASRock Inc. Products and corporate names appearing in this manual may or may not be registered trademarks or copyrights of their respective companies, and are used only for identification or explanation and to the owners’ benefit, without intent to infringe. Disclaimer: Specifications and information contained in this manual are furnished for informational use only and subject to change without notice, and should not be constructed as a commitment by ASRock. ASRock assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions that may appear in this manual. With respect to the contents of this manual, ASRock does not provide warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, including but not limited to the implied warranties or conditions of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. In no event shall ASRock, its directors, officers, employees, or agents be liable for any indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages (including damages for loss of profits, loss of business, loss of data, interruption of business and the like), even if ASRock has been advised of the possibility of such damages...

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