...“Hepatitis B is a virus that infects the liver; it can be acute or chronic. Having chronic hepatitis B can increase your risk of developing liver failure, liver cancer or cirrhosis — a condition that causes permanent scarring of the liver”. (© 1998-2014 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. All rights reserved.) “In the United States, approximately 1.2 million people have chronic Hepatitis B. Unfortunately; many people do not know they are infected. The number of new cases of Hepatitis B has decreased more than 80% over the last 20 years. An estimated 40,000 people now become infected each year”.(http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hbv/pdfs/hepbgeneralfactsheet.pdf) Many experts believe this decline is a result of widespread vaccination of children when the liver cannot remove harmful toxins from the blood, fight infection, also help digest food, store important nutrients and vitamins a person is not capable of living without a liver. Hepatitis B infection may be either short-lived (acute) or long lasting (chronic). Acute hepatitis B infection lasts less than six months. Your immune system likely can clear acute hepatitis B from your body, and you should recover completely within a few months. Most people who acquire hepatitis B as adults have an acute infection, but it can lead to chronic infection. Chronic hepatitis B infection lasts six months or longer. When your immune system can't fight off the acute infection, hepatitis B infection may last a lifetime, possibly...
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...Hepatitis C Non-A hepatitis; Non-B hepatitis Hepatitis C is a viral disease that leads to swelling (inflammation) of the liver. Causes, incidence, and risk factors Hepatitis C infection is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). People who may be at risk for hepatitis C are those who: * Have been on long-term kidney dialysis * Have regular contact with blood at work (for instance, as a health care worker) * Have unprotected sexual contact with a person who has hepatitis C (this risk is much less common than hepatitis B, but the risk is higher for those who have many sex partners, already have a sexually transmitted disease, or are infected with HIV) * Inject street drugs or share a needle with someone who has hepatitis C * Received a blood transfusion before July 1992 * Received a tattoo or acupuncture with contaminated instruments (the risk is very low with licensed, commercial tattoo facilities) * Received blood, blood products, or solid organs from a donor who has hepatitis C * Share personal items such as toothbrushes and razors with someone who has hepatitis C (less common) * Were born to a hepatitis C-infected mother (this occurs in about 1 out of 20 babies born to mothers with HCV, which is much less common than with hepatitis B) Symptoms Most people who were recently infected with hepatitis C do not have symptoms. About 1 in 10 have yellowing of the skin (jaundice) that gets better. Of people who get infected with hepatitis C...
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...Hepatitis A * What is the infectious agent (pathogen) that causes this infectious disease? For example, the name of the bacteria, virus, or parasite? The nick names for the infectious agent that causes infectious disease names are; hepatitis Immunization, Havrix, VAQTA. Hepatitis is an acute infectious disease that can harm the liver. Several diseases of the liver, collectively known as hepatitis, are caused by viruses. The viruses involved, five of which have been reasonably well characterized, come from a wide range of virus families. Hepatitis A virus is a picornavirus, a small single strand RNA virus * How is this infectious agent transmitted through food or water? Normally, it is spread when a person eats food or drinks water that has come in contact with infected stool. For example, when an employee who works at a restaurant with hepatitis A, doesn't wash his or her hands well after using the bathroom and then prepares food. The disease can also spread in day care centers. Children, especially those in diapers, may get stool on their hands and then touch objects that other children put into their mouths. And workers can spread the virus if they don't wash their hands well after changing a diaper. Some things can raise your risk of getting hepatitis A, such as eating raw oysters or undercooked clams. If you're traveling in a country where hepatitis A is common, you can lower your chances of getting the disease by avoiding uncooked foods and untreated tap water...
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...Abstract Hepatitis A is a serious disease. It can be found in the liver. This disease was discovered by Steven M. Feinstone in 1973. The Hepatitis A virus is a small non-enveloped single-stranded RNA virus. This disease normally causes inflation in the liver. Histologic regression of both necroinflammation and fibrosis has been demonstrated in paired liver biopsy samples in SVR-achieving patients. The first description of hepatitis A is generally attributed to Hippocrates and outbreaks of hepatitis A has been recognized for centuries,affecting both military and civilian populations.Major geographical differences in endemicity of hepatitis A are closely related to hygienic and sanitary conditions and other indicators of the level of socioeconomic...
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...Hepatitis B What is hepatitis B? Hepatitis means the inflammation of the liver. Hepatitis B, “formerly called serum hepatitis (Richard Adler)”, is caused by a serious liver infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and the infection has two phases: acute and chronic (eMedicineHealth). Acute hepatitis B is short-term and occurs after being exposed to the virus and only few develop fulminant hepatitis which is very severe and life threatening. Chronic hepatitis can lead to “liver failure, liver cancer, or cirrhosis” (MayoClinic.com). Chronic hepatitis is long-term and an infection with HBV that lasts longer than 6 months and once it becomes chronic it may never go away (eMedicineHealth). Is hepatitis B infectious? Yes it is. “Hepatitis B is the most widespread of the hepatitis viruses, infects an estimated 300,000 people every year in the United States alone (Time Life Books)”. Can hepatitis B be treated or cured, and is there a vaccine? With acute hepatitis B there is no medication available to treat it. Doctors recommended rest, adequate nutrition, and fluids (CDC Division of Viral Hepatitis). Only few people are hospitalized due to acute hepatitis B and those who are, it is the result from the loss of fluids and electrolytes that then need to be restored. Most commonly acute hepatitis B will usually go away by itself (eMedicineHealth). Those with chronic Hepatitis B should seek care from a doctor, “they will need to be monitored regularly for signs of liver disease and elevated...
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...Hepatitis Cinthia Yee Grand Canyon University Concepts in Community and Public Health NRS-427V LaStassia Williams October 22, 2015 Hepatitis Hepatitits B is an infection of the liver, it’s caused by the hepatitis B virus also known as (HBV). This virus can be transmitted from person to person via blood, semen and other body fluids. Some common ways that (HBV) is transmitted is by sexual contact, having unprotected sex or being in contact with any bodily fluids from an infected person. Sharing needles such as getting a tattoo with equipment that wasn’t sterilized correctly and or accidental needle sticks are other forms of transmission of (HBV), people that share IV drugs are at higher risk for hepatitis B as well. Healthcare workers are at higher risk for transmission of this disease, due to the exposure they have to blood and bodily fluids, that’s why it’s so important to use precautions when dealing with these and making sure that any accidental needle stick gets reported immediately in order to take the necessary steps for treatment if needed. Another way Hepatitis B can be transmitted is by mother to child, pregnant women can transmit the infection during childbirth and although these babies get vaccinated for Heptatitis B after birth to avoid getting infected special precautions must be taken from the expecting mother and getting tested for hepatitis B during pregnancy is recommended. Hepatittis B can be acute and chronic, acute infections can last for a short...
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...Hepatitis A Kyndra Cockrell SCI/163 July 4, 2011 Mark Levit There are several food borne illnesses that we can develop such as salmonella, staphylococcus or Giardia, but the one I want to discuss is Hepatitis A. There are several forms of Hepatitis (Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C) but Hepatitis A is the most common type. Hepatitis A is a highly contagious infection that affects the liver and causes the liver to become inflamed and function improperly. Hepatitis A can be contracted several ways; the most common way is through food that has been contaminated by fecal matter or through contaminated water. Another way is through intravenous drug use or sexual activities with an infected person through oral-anal contact. People who work in daycare centers or senior living facilities are at a higher risk of contracting Hepatitis A because of the frequent diaper changes and assisting seniors with wiping themselves after bowel movements. Also people who travel to other countries such as Asia, South or Central America where water treatment is not sufficient (NIH, 2011). Symptoms of Hepatitis A usually do not show up for 2-7 weeks after being exposed. The symptoms are usually mild but they may last for several months after being exposed, especially in adults. The symptoms include, dark urine, loss of appetite, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, yellowing of the skin, clay like stool, muscle aches, and pain on the right side of the belly (WebMD, 2010). You can only...
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...Running head: EPIDEMIOLOGY PAPER - HEPATITIS B 1 Epidemiology Paper - Hepatitis B Concepts in Community and Public Health NRS-427V-0102 EPIDEMIOLOGY PAPER - HEPATITIS B Epidemiology Paper - Hepatitis B 2 ―Communicable disease‖ means an illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host‖ ("CDC," 2010, p. 1). Hepatitis B is one of the communicable diseases which are a contagious liver disease that results from infection with the Hepatitis B virus (HBV). CAUSES ―Exposure may occur: After a needle stick or sharps injury - Hepatitis B is a concern for health care workers and anyone else who comes in contact with human blood If any blood or other body fluid touches your skin, eyes or mouth People who may be at risk of hepatitis B are those who: Unprotected sex with an infected partner – one may become infected having unprotected sexual contact with an infected partner whose blood, saliva, semen or vaginal secretions enter your body. Receive blood transfusions (not common in the United States) Have contact with blood at work (such as health care workers) Have been on long-term kidney dialysis Get a tattoo or acupuncture with unclean needles Share needles during drug use - HBV is easily transmitted through needles and syringes contaminated...
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...writing my paper on Hepatitis A. It is a Hepatitis A virus (HAV) it is an acute infectious disease caused by Hepatitis A virus an RNA virus (picornavirus). Hepatitis A is an infection that causes inflammation of the liver. The liver removes harmful chemicals from the blood, fights infection; helps digest food, stores nutrients and vitamins, stores energy. You cannot live without a liver. Anyone can get hepatitis A if you travel to different countries, live with someone who has active Hepatitis A, use illegal drugs, have unprotected sex with an infected person. Men having sex with other men are more likely to get Hepatitis A. You can contract Hepatitis A through food or water. If you come in contact with an infected person’s stool, eat food made by an infected person who didn’t wash his/her hands after using the bathroom, drinking untreated water, or eating food wash in untreated water, placing your finger or object in your mouth that came in contact with an infected person’s stool, having close personal contact with an infected person such as through unprotected sex. There was a real life out break in 2003. The largest out break of Hepatitis A in United States history. Richard Miller was a 57 year old male who worked as a railroad superintendent. He went to Chi-Chi’s in Beaver, PA after church one Sunday where he dipped into the house salsa that came with his meal. What he didn’t know was the imported Mexican green onions in the salsa carried the deadly hepatitis A virus. The next...
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...Daniella Braude CAUSE The Hepatitis B virus is the most common liver infection in the world and is caused by the hepatitis B virus. The hepatitis B virus enters the body and travels to the liver via the bloodstream. In the liver, the virus attaches to healthy liver cells and multiplies. This replication of the virus then triggers a response from the body’s immune system. People are often unaware they have been infected with the hepatitis B at this stage. The liver is the main site of hepatitis B viral multiplication. Hepatitis B infection can lead to cirrhosis, liver cancer or liver failure if it is not diagnosed and managed. [1] TRANSMISSION Hepatitis B is found in blood and body fluids including saliva, semen, vaginal secretions and breast milk. The most common ways hepatitis B is spread include sexual contact, sharing of injecting equipment, needlestick injuries in the health care setting, reuse of unsterilised or inadequately sterilised needles, child-to-child transmission through household contact such as biting, sharing personal items such as razors, toothbrushes or nail clippers and Mother passing on to child. [2] HOST RESPONSE When a person is first infected with the hepatitis B virus, this is called an “acute infection.” Most adults will fight off the virus, and recover without any problems. If the virus remains in the blood for more than six months, a person is then diagnosed with having a “chronic infection” or “chronic hepatitis B.” 90 percent of adults will...
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...Reversing liver damage Liver Basics The liver is one of the only organs in the body that is able to replace damaged tissue with new cells rather than scar tissue. For example, an overdose of acetaminophen (Tylenol) can destroy half of a person's liver cells in less than a week. Barring complications, the liver can repair itself completely and, within a month, the patient will show no signs of damage. However, sometimes the liver gets overwhelmed and can't repair itself completely, especially if it's still under attack from a virus, drug, or alcohol. Scar tissue develops, which becomes difficult to reverse, and can lead to cirrhosis. Liver transplants Liver Basics Liver transplants are considered only when a patient might die from liver disease. This is sometimes the case when a patient has liver cancer or when someone has advanced liver disease and the liver has stopped functioning properly. Being considered for a liver transplant does not mean that a patient is in danger of dying right away. Liver transplantation is a long process that involves a lot of medical care. After a transplant, a patient needs lifelong drugs to keep the body from rejecting the new liver, and lifelong follow-up care from a specialist. Survival rates after a transplant are higher than 90% at 1 year, and patients usually have a good quality of life after their recovery. Keeping your liver healthy Liver Basics Here are some things to remember about keeping your liver healthy: · Don't have unsafe...
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...Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia is a condition characterized by an accumulation of abnormal lymphocytes (a type of white blood cells), in the blood and bone marrow. Hepatitis C is another type of cancer that will be affecting primarily the liver. There is not a cure for either of these diseases but the chances of survival have improved greatly over the years. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) and Hepatitis C (HCV) are both forms of cancer so you cannot treat one without worsening the damage of the other. CLL is a lymphoid malignancy that occurs in a heterogeneous patient population. Lymphoid malignancy is a term used to describe a cancerous tumor that can spread and invades surrounding lymph nodes. CLL is caused by the overproduction of abnormal b lymphocytes. This is in contrast to the term begin, which references conditions are not necessarily invasive and do not spread throughout the body. Heterogeneous can be described as the diversity of nearly anything whether its population, classrooms, or collections. Patients may be risk stratified into low, intermediate, and high-risk categories based on prognostic factors, which may influence the approach to treatments. Differences in cell morphology, immunophenotype, cytogenetics, and molecular characteristics impact the clinical courses of disease and individual patient response. Cell morphology is essential in identifying the shape, structure, form, and size of cells. In cancer, for instance, cell morphology pertains to the shape...
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...Hepatitis B- Benchmark Brandy Barlow Grand Canyon University: NRS-427V-O508 January 11, 2015 Hepatitis B- Benchmark Hepatitis B is a viral infection that targets the liver and is caused by the hepatitis B virus. It can cause both acute and chronic disease within the body. Hepatitis or Hep B is an infection of the liver that can be deadly. It causes inflammation of the liver and is a major health problem all over the globe. Chronic liver disease and chronic infections put people at higher risk of death from cirrhosis of the liver and or liver cancer. The majority of people with Hep B do not have any symptoms during the actual infection phase. There are those however, that experience jaundice (yellowing of the skin), dark colored urine, increased fatigue, nausea, with or without vomiting, and abdominal pain. Symptoms of hepatitis B may not show up for 6 months after the initial infection. Early onset of symptoms may include: loss of appetite, fatigue, low grade fever, muscle and joint pain. An infected person may have no symptoms, they may feel sick for a day up to weeks, or they may become very ill very quickly. This is called fulminant hepatitis. (Hepatitis B, 2013, pg. 1). Complications may arise in some people causing a chronic liver infection that can become cirrhosis or liver cancer. At least ninety percent of healthy adults that contract the Hepatitis B virus recover and are rid of it within six months. Hep B can be transmitted to others even if the infected...
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...Hepatitis-C is an infectious disease primarily affecting the liver. It is spread through blood-to-blood contact, generally associated with intravenous drugs, transfusions, or badly sterilized medical equipment. Hepatitis-C is the leading cause of liver transplants. Routine screening for hepatitis C is not typically performed unless you think you have come in to contact with a person infected with hepatitis C or if you were born between 1945 and 1965 (baby boomer screening). (WebMD, 2014). Treatment requires close monitoring with frequent blood tests and may require additional medications to combat side effects. Treatment is usually provided by someone experienced with treatment of hepatitis C, such as a hepatologist or infectious diseases specialist. However, due to the increasing number of people infected with Hepatitis C, more and more primary care doctors are being trained to manage Hepatitis C. People who may be at risk for hepatitis C are those who: * Have been on long-term kidney dialysis * Have regular contact with blood at work (for instance, as a health care worker) * Have unprotected sexual contact with a person who has hepatitis C (this risk is much less common than hepatitis B, but the risk is higher for those who have many sex partners, already have a sexually transmitted disease, or are infected with HIV) * Inject street drugs or share a needle with someone who has hepatitis C * Received a blood transfusion before July 1992 * Received a tattoo...
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...Hepatitis C is a virus, and like all virus, there is no way to vanish the virus from your body. For instance Herpes, once you have it, you are stuck with it. There are at least six viruses known to cause liver disease: hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, and G, which vary in their severity and characteristics. Hepatitis C can lead to serious, permanent liver damage, and in many cases, death. Hepatitis attacks only the liver, because many viruses only attack certain cells, like pneumonia – it only attacks the human lungs. It causes some flu-like symptoms for a short period of days; so many victims are unaware that they are experiencing the effects of Hepatitis C, because they pass it off as the flu. In the beginning of the attack of Hepatitis C, it is referred to as acute hepatitis C. But it begins to slowly worsen to chronic Hepatitis where the symptoms are so severe that a liver transplant is needed. According to John Henkel of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, “Hepatitis C is the major reason for liver transplants in the United States, accounting for 1,000 of the procedures annually. The disease is responsible for between 8,000 and 10,000 deaths yearly.” Those with acute Hepatitis C have a 75% chance of developing chronic hepatitis C.| Hepatitis C was not discovered until 1989, but the patients whom I have spoke with mentioned contracting the disease in the early 80’s. This means that most of the people that I have spoken with has chronic Hepatitis. Most of them sounded horrible...
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