...home zip codes—allowing us to control for the non-random assignment of individuals to facilities far better than any previous study. Relative to all other management types, for-profit management leads to a statistically significant increase in recidivism, but, relative to nonprofit and state-operated facilities, for-profit facilities operate at a lower cost to the government per comparable individual released. Cost- benefit analysis implies that the short-run savings offered by for-profit over nonprofit management are negated in the long run due to increased recidivism rates, even if one measures the benefits of reducing criminal activity as only the avoided costs of additional confinement. Since its beginnings in the mid-1980s, prison privatization in the United States has provoked several rounds of congressional hearings and hundreds of articles discussing its philosophical, organizational, economic, and legal implications. At year-end 2001, privately operated facilities held over 6.5 percent of America’s total adult correctional facility population, representing more than 90,000 adult offenders. And in late 1999, privately operated facilities held almost 30 percent of all juveniles in residential placement, representing more than...
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...Treatment or Punishment what works In our Juvenile Justice System. By Tina Grinnell Juvenile Justice July 20,2013 While prisons can be an eye opener for someone who has committed a serious crime,is it our responsibility to help our juveniles to be reformed or should they pay for their crimes in adult prisons. Putting our juveniles in adult prisons says that we believe they can’t be helped. In most cases are our juveniles really aware of their actions and the consequence that they have. Should they be sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole.Should the age of a juvenile differ from state to state on the way that they are punished. These are a couple of the issues that surround our juvenile system today. I will be looking at both sides to get a better understanding of why the laws today are the way that they are and could they be changed to help our younger generation. Juvenile delinquent’s have been around for decades and the way that our justice system has tried and helped our juveniles get on the right path and stay there has changed dramatically since the early nineteenth century ,Juvenile matters were handled by a variety of civil courts and non- legal institutions such as Welfare offices. The doctrine was referred to as the parens patriae. Which means parent of the country (Black,1990)...
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...Intermediate Sanctions: Theories of Discipline To define what intermediate sanctions means to hold the youth involved accountable for their actions and through interventions which are much more restrictive, along with being more intensive than the standard probation; yet it falls short of a secure long term incarceration. For the youths whom fall short to respond to informal sanctions by re-offending and for some violent or drug-involved who need constant supervision, plenty of structure in their day, and monitoring but not necessarily meaning being institutionalized either. There are alternatives which can be a bit more restrictive of intermediate sanctions, for example; Training schools and Boot camps they are most often considered to be equivalent to incarceration in the terms of being harsh and severe towards punishment. Meanwhile with being known as conglomerate-care facilities; the training schools and boot camps are very much long term choices for confinement fit for juveniles in a correctional system layout....
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...reliability of the people living within the five county-area of North Central Arkansas. The young teen programs provide information and protective services for different ranges of abuse, neglect, and truancy as these problems can lead to juvenile delinquency. The wide umbrella of the family protective interventions (AFPS) covers two different programs working to decrease the many causes leading to juvenile delinquency. The main goal of reducing juvenile delinquency shows within the Arkansas Sheriffs Ranches and Arkansas Youth Network Boot Camps for youthful offenders (McDaniel, 2012).. Youth Network Boot Camp Goals The purpose and goal of the YBC program show early intervention and prevention within this study. The grants for this program specified for more than 20 zip codes within the high incidence juvenile crime areas. The YBC supports different efforts, which enhances the positive turnaround of the youthful offenders. A special emphasis placed on the youth from 10 to 17 years by providing leadership training, cultural diversity group...
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...THE BUDGET COST AND EFFECTS OF PRISONS IN THE UNITED STATES Christina Adonia Turner June 15, 2013 Introduction to Public Administration TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Table Of Contents…………………………………………………………2 2. Executive Summary………………………………………………………..3 3. Scope and Statement of the Problem………………………………………4 4. Literature Review………………………………………………………….5 5. Methodology………………………………………………………………7 6. Analytical Results………………………………………………………....8 7. Discussion………………………………………………………………...10 8. Bibliography………………………………………………………………16 9. Appendix………………………………………………………………....17 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In summary, the cost of housing an incarcerated inmate does affect the budget of the United States. Whether, the inmate is sentenced to life imprisonment or the death penalty. The facts in this research paper leans heavily in favor of life imprisonment as a cheaper form of punishment verses an inmate being sentenced to death row. The judicial system and politicians have formed several alternatives to assist our country with the ability to lower the cost of housing an inmate in our prison system. For example, the United States detaining systems are concentrating more on issuing a fair sentence to nonviolent offenders, such as, substance abusers and prostitutes. They realize that the majority of the inmates are in need of drug rehabilitation and have a mental illness. Also, the research shows that women offenders are the most affected with drug addiction...
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... For someone who committed a serious crime, prison may be a revelation, but for our youth that commit such crimes, the results could be daunting, even detrimental to the development of the youth. In most instances, the youth does not even realize the consequences to their actions. The juvenile justice system began with the concept parens patriae, meaning when a parent is no longer fit to provide for the welfare of a child, the state must step in and embody that role and provide protection for the wayward or troubled child” (St. Mary’s Law Journal, 2013). The juvenile justice system’s core concept is rehabilitation or change of our youth to the right path. The goal of punishment is not one of revenge, but prevention that the crime will not happen again. Putting our youth in adult prisons, making them face the penalties of such crimes, but if we do this, are we just giving up on our youth, believing that they cannot be rehabilitated? We, the people, need protection for the child that does not know better than to join a gang, the troubled child that comes from a broken home, where both parents are absent or abusive. The people of this community need to make a change for these children so that they will have an opportunity to live a morally healthy life instead of a life of crime. Many questions come up with regard to prosecuting those juveniles that have committed a serious crime and how to rehabilitate or punish our youth, juvenile gangs and different rehabilitation...
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...period. Ultimately, juvenile sentencing changed from punishment to rehabilitation, something that continues to this day. This is an introduction to Juvenile Justice in America. Since the 1990s, youth crime rates have gone up . These falling crime rates have led many jurisdictions to rethink the juvenile justice practices that happen in the 1980s and 1990s. Today, states are using major reforms designed to reduce institutional confinement, closed old 19th century era reform schools, and expand community-based interventions.In the late 18th and early 19th century, courts punished and confined youth in jails and penitentiaries. Since few other options existed, youth of all ages and genders where often confined with hardened adult criminals and the mentally ill in large overcrowded institutions. At the same time, American cities were dealing with high rates of child poverty and neglect putting pressure on city leaders to find a solution to this growing social issue. In response, reformers Thomas Eddy and John Griscom, organized the Society for the Prevention of Pauperism, in stead of housing youth in adult jails and prisons and the creation of a new type of institution. Their work led to the establishment of the New York House of Refuge in 1825, the first institution designed to house poor youth who were seen by authorities to be on the path towards delinquency. The New York...
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...studies have shown a rise in criminal crime over the period of 5 years from 2010. But how are juvenile offenders being accounted for in the Justice System? Similar to criminal law the state and territory governments are responsible for dealing with children and young people who are involved in crime. Although each state and territory has its own legislation, policies and practices, the general processes by which young people are charged and sentenced and the types of legal orders available to the courts are similar. However by the time youth are 17 and 18, most Australians are focused on finishing school and planning the next stage in their...
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...start off getting some basic information about your child’s situation, we understand that this is a very difficult moment for you and your family and we will make everything in our power to help you. Has your child been arrested before? If your answer is yes, when and why? Assuming that the minor is a first offender we can try to minimize the sentence, and we can make sure that your child will be tried as a juvenile and not an adult. In this case any charges can be cleared (sponged) for his/her record at the age of 18 (American Civil Liberties Union Juvenile Justice). We also need you to understand that the minor is facing some serious charges, usually the sentences for something like this are 6 years in prison and or 200 hours of community service and 2 weeks the county’s boot camp. We want you to understand the steps in the juvenile justice process that your child might be facing: Intake Steps: • An officer of the juvenile court will determine if there is enough evidence against the minor. • An officer will be assigned to investigate the case in details and recuperate any evidence if necessary Detention: • The minor...
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...Patton In this essay I am going to address the differences between juvenile court and adult court. I am also going to talk about the definitions of delinquency and status offenses. I will briefly describe the variables that correlate to the juvenile crime rate and make recommendations for reducing juvenile crime. There are several differences between juvenile court and adult court. “According to the Department of Juvenile Services (2014) History of Juvenile Justice in the United States,” from a historical perspective the juvenile court systems is relatively new. It was stated that in the late 1960‘s that youth did not have constitutional rights. In 1967 the U. S. Supreme Courts ruled that even though juvenile courts were civil proceeding, individuals subjected to these proceedings still faced potential loss of liberty. The Supreme Court ruled that all youth offenders in juvenile court proceedings that faced possible confinement have the following constitutional rights: The right to receive notice of charges, The right to obtain legal counsel, The right to confrontation and cross – examination, The privileges against self – incrimination, The right to receive a transcript of the proceedings, and The right to have an appellate court review the lower court’s decision (The Department of Juvenile Services , 2014). However, many of these juvenile courts vary from state to state. One difference between juvenile court and adult court is one’s constitutional rights. In...
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...causation theories throughout history. However, with new trends comes new theories and with new theories comes a new wave of both rehabilitation techniques and designing those techniques to fit each juvenile personal needs; proving that change is in need throughout the different areas of the juvenile justice system. Community Community helps juveniles in different ways. Juvenile law will place them accountable for their actions. The community can help to hold the youths accountable for each of their delinquent actions. The community could help intervene by providing an effective intervention for the offender and to have the child protection protect the neglect or abused juveniles (The future of children). Each community should help develop different programs that will help with juveniles. Detention centers should become more productive to help the juvenile and prevention centers should develop more resources. The community could focus on fighting for more prevention programs like D.A.R.E, boys and girls club, youth leaderships, leadership programs, community centers, mentoring programs, different type of after-school programs, big brother big sister programs,...
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...Joycene Harrell CRM-430 Term Paper Week 5 Draft Summary for Prison Rehabilitation and Counseling Programs I chose to focus this term paper on the various programs offered to prisoners as part of their rehabilitation for introduction back into society. In today’s world there are many who believe that every one can be rehabilitated. The question should be asked; “does rehabilitation really work for everyone?” I will provide statistics on the success and failure rate, as well as which programs are most beneficial to prisoners. Whether rehabilitation and counseling works or not, something has to be done to assist prisoners in order for them to lead a normal life upon their release. I will discuss some of the many programs offered by various states ranging from “Pets in Prison” to obtaining college degrees. I will explain the various types of counseling offered to sex offenders, pedophiles and murderers. Those are a few topics I feel should have special interest in the counseling/rehabilitation area. I am sure most would agree that prisoners should receive some type of counseling and rehabilitation, but where do you draw the line on the rehabilitation services offered? Should the money from taxpayers be used to fund certain types of programs, how does the prison system decide who gets to participate in which programs, and how can counselors and judicial boards ensure there will be no regression? Those are just a couple of questions that will be answered...
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...In order to study the past, present and future implications of the probation and parole system, I had to study the history of both. I will begin with the history of probation and then talk about the history of parole. I will also talk about how probation and parole work in the present and how and what will happen to both probation and parole in the future. Probation comes from the Latin verb probare which means to prove, to rest. Probation was first introduced to the United States in 1841 when a boot-maker by the name of John Augustus attended court to bail out a drunkard. This offender was released to the custody of Mr. Augustus making him the first true probation officer, the offender was told to return to court in three weeks time for sentencing. During the time the offender was in the custody of Mr. Augustus he cleaned up his appearance and demeanor. Mr. Augustus had the belief that abusers of alcohol could be rehabilitated through the use of understanding, kindness, and sustained moral suasion not convictions and jail sentences. His beliefs were based on his affiliation with the Washington Total Abstinence Society, they abstained from alcohol. Augustus was a volunteer probation officer for 18 years. He began the practice of evaluating the prospective probationers paying close attention to whether the candidate would prove to be a successful candidate for probation. Things that were considered in a successful candidate were the character, age, and influences...
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...criminal justice system process. The ultimate goal for any convicted offender is to return to society a better person. There are several options in the prison system when it relates to a prisoners release such as parole, and mandatory release. Probation and community corrections are both options judges have at his or her disposal during the sentencing process. Current rehabilitation options, the parole process, the probation system, and community corrections are areas that often need to be reviewed or critiqued. Because the rehabilitation process is the most critical portion of an inmate’s life in prison, officials need to review every program to ensure its value and substance. Rehabilitation in Prison Each inmate will began the process in which he or she begins to improve him or herself. Rehabilitation is a programmed effort to alter the attitudes and behaviors of inmates and improve their likelihood of becoming law-abiding citizens again (Seiter, 2011). When a person is rehabbing, he or she is trying to obtain the personal qualities and character traits once contained before the life of crime. Some of the modern rehabilitation programs main objectives is to make the offender an even better person than he or she was prior to committing crimes. The origins of the rehabilitation in prison occurred during The Reformatory Era. This historical era was an environment emphasizing reformation that expanded education and vocational programs and focused...
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...Plan to Improve Correctional Facilities Patricia Saylor Dexter Levin Corrections November 10, 2013 In general, rehabilitation programs have been effective in reducing recidivism among prison convicts since they are mostly focused on treating the criminal causing behavior of prisoners by eliminating completely the factors or circumstances that drive them to commit criminal acts. Criminologists such as Martinson who conducted research on the effectiveness of rehabilitative programs such as educational, community based and transcendental programs noted that rehabilitative programs had a higher efficacy when they were oriented towards providing treatment to prison convicts so as to reduce recidivism. Martinson noted that both the educational and transcendental rehabilitative programs were designed to provide prisoners with life skills that they could use to manage their criminal causing behavior as well as equip them with technical skills that would improve the quality of their lives (Prison conditions, 2013). Rehabilitative programs that are focused on the principles of effective intervention are able to target the known factors of recidivism thereby necessitating change and also enabling the incorporation of cognitive or behavioral treatments to reinforce the behavior of the criminal offender by eliminating criminal thinking patterns. Principles of effective intervention ensure that rehabilitative programs are able to take into account the various characteristics of offenders...
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