Enzymology and Catalytic Mechanisms GRT3 Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions. They are catalyst. Without catalyst, chemical reactions would still take place, but at a slower rate and the body wouldn’t benefit. All enzymes possess two essential properties. First, enzymes accelerate the rate of chemical reactions without being consumed and/or changed by the reaction. Second, enzymes accelerate reaction rates without changing the chemical equilibrium among reactants and products
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COMMENTARY Open Access Understanding the complex-I-ty of metformin action: limiting mitochondrial respiration to improve cancer therapy Alba Luengo1, Lucas B Sullivan1 and Matthew G Vander Heiden1,2* Abstract Metformin has been a first-line treatment for type II diabetes mellitus for decades and is the most widely prescribed antidiabetic drug. Retrospective studies have found that metformin treatment is associated with both reduced cancer diagnoses and cancer-related deaths. Despite the
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Fermentation and Cellular Respiration How will Temperature Affect the Rate of Fermentation? Amy Smith Biology Lab 121 November 21, 2013 Partner: Courtney Sargent Professor: Dr. Marietta Wright Introduction: Fermentation is a process that yeast uses to make carbon dioxide. This occurs in an anaerobic setting filled with fluid (Vullo and Wachsman, 2005). This type of fermentation produces energy. Through glycolysis some of glucose is broken down, but the molecule that is formed cannot
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2012). Yeasts use organic material as a means of making energy, which make them chemoorganotrophs (Smith & Smith, 2012). Carbon is procured primarily from hexose sugars, such as fructose and glucose. Yeast need either oxygen for aerobic cellular respiration or for species that are anaerobic, but also have aerobic methods creating energy (Smith & Smith, 2012). There are no species of yeast species that are known to grow only anaerobically. Yeasts thrive in an environment with a slightly acidic
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energy’s life cycle is powered by the Sun, and produces energy like ATP. Chapter 8 Carbon dioxide produces glucose, which goes through the process of photosynthesis. This process uses the energy of light which converts into glucose. During cellular respiration, it happens vice versa; in which glucose breaks down to carbon dioxide and the energy that is stored, initially resulting after sunlight, is free and merged into ATP to be exploited through the cell because of its energy. Both procedures are
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types were being recognized by several scientists. (Ernster and Schatz 1981) In 1890, Richard Altmann, who was a cytologist, used a dye technique to detect the granules and termed them as “bioblasts.” He speculated that they were the basic units of cellular activity. (Ernster and Schatz 1981) It was in 1898 when Carl Benda gave these bioblasts a new the Greek name “mitochondria” meaning thread granules. Discovery of the mitochondrion however, cannot be limited to just a few people. Over decades of
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Biology 119, Spring 2015 Review sheet for Exam 1 The exam is worth 100 points total. It will consist of approximately 47 multiple-choice questions worth 2 point each and 3-4 short essay questions. Bring a scantron and pencil to the exam. The best way to study is to review the posted lecture notes. I suggest printing of a blank copy and filling them in referring to your book and notes as little as possible. Continue this process until you can fill them in without assistance. Exam 1 will cover
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MICROBIOLOGY 2051 BRINNINSTOL Characteristics of Cells: true of all living cells * Communicate with environment * Molecules being exchanged—recognized by other cells—causes cell to do something (releasing toxins; move) * Growing—one cell divides and becomes two cells (binary fisson) * Some form appendages—form differently, look dfrnt, function dfrnt—spores, cysts, flagella * Evolve—ancestral cell Microbial Communities Table 1.1 More water than land
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Introduction Metabolism is a chemical process that consists of obtaining energy through cellular respiration. This metabolic process involves converting organic matter, such as carbohydrates obtained from diet, along with oxygen, in order to create adenosine triphosphate (ATP), as well as carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). ATP is an asset in metabolism as it is often described as the ‘energy currency’ of an organism because it supplies energy for several bodily functions such as biosynthesis
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WEEK 3 INDIVIDUAL Sandy Edwards SCI/230 NOVEMBER 13, 2011 DAVID HALE WEEK 3 INDIVIDUAL We need constant energy to carry out all the required functions like breathing, motion, growth, and cognitive processes. It is burning the energy through the process of metabolism, which is the reaction of all things necessary in life. The energy is released through growth whether it is for new cells or tissues, our body will produce sweat to eliminate the excess heat and energy that is accumulated this
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