Economies of scale Economies of scale are the cost advantages exploited by expanding the scale of production in the long run. The effect is to reduce long run average costs over a range of output. These lower costs represent an improvement in productive efficiency and can feed through to consumers in lower prices. But economies of scale also give a business a competitive advantage in the market-place. They lead to lower prices and higher profits! The table below shows a simple representation
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I. DEFINITIONS Net Profit Margin (NPM) NPM of a firm is simply the percentage of net income (NI) from total operating revenue (TOR). This indicates, after subtracting tax, how much profit the firm has generated. For example, if IKEA accumulates, over a single period, total sales revenue of $100M, but recapitalizes part of that income (about $50M), and needs to pay tax of 40% of the earnings, it will end up with a free cash flow of $30M. NPM is simply $30M / $100M x 100%, which equals 30%.
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Edexcel OCR • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Unit 5 Unit 4 Unit 4388 Costs Law of Diminishing Returns Economies and Diseconomies of Scale Production Decisions The Objectives of Firms Efficiency Competitive Markets Oligopoly Contestable Markets Monopoly Competition Policy Price discrimination The Labour Market Poverty and Alleviation of Poverty Market Failure Cost Benefit Analysis Privatisation Regulation of Privatised Industries www.economicshelp.org 3 Costs • • • • • • • • Fixed Costs:
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Determination Topic Question numbers ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1. Real and nominal wage rates; trends 1-11 2. Purely competitive labor markets 12-46 3. Monopsony and imperfectly competitive labor markets 47-85 4. Union models and licensure 86-122 5. Minimum wage 123-130 6. Wage differentials; human capital 131-148 7. Pay and performance 149-162 Consider This 163-164 Last Word 165-167 True-False
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What is the Market INTRODUCTION: We will talk about the market in general way, so we will define the meaning of the market and its structure. The term market refers to the group of consumers or organizations that is interested in the product, has the resources to purchase the product, and is permitted by law and other regulations to acquire the product. The market definition begins with the total population and progressively narrows. So now we will describe the following terms: 1. Market
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convenient to the consumers because they can go anywhere and even reserve a driver for a day for an individual price. Market Structure There are four basic types of market structure. They are as followed; Perfect Competition, Oligopoly, Monopoly, & Monopsony. Uber is fundamentally a marketplace, where supply is controlled not by the company but by the legion of independent contractors and transportation providers with whom they work. (Gurley, n.d.) That being said, their market structure is an
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1.0 Introduction: The spectrum of competition ranges from perfectly competitive markets where there are many sellers who are price takers to a pure monopoly where one single supplier dominates an industry and sets price. We start our analysis of market structures by looking at perfect competition. Firms operate within their market, which consists of: Supply side: all of the firms producing similar products Demand side: all buyers willing to purchase the products Markets differ; the
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to. These include: Monopoly, Collusion, Asymmetric information, Externalities and Public good and the free rider problem. Monopoly A monopoly can be seen as a form of market failure and this is because unlike in perfect competition, firms with large market power have the ability to inflate their prices as they are usually the ‘price-makers’. The price at which something will be sold is usually determined by the interaction of the supply and demand within the market. A monopoly can either set the
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Theory of demand. Willingness to purchase any commodity----- >DEMAND< -----Power to purchase. Law of demand. If other things remain the same when price of a commodity decreases, the quantity demand of such commodity increases. Price 1α demand. ↓price -purchasing power↑-demand↑ Price | Q. Demand. | 10 | 2 | 8 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 8 | Price | Q. Demand. | 4 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 8 | 4 | 10 | 2 | Assumptions: 1. Income of consumer remains constant. 2
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Course: - Edexcel HND in Business Module: - Business Environment Assignment Prepared by: Lecturer: Mr Term: Sepember-December2012 Course Start date: September2012 (Birmingham Central Campus) Introduction: This Assignment is about Business Environment and I have to complete the flowing tasks for the purpose of the assignment: Task 1 1. Types of Business Organisations, their purposes: There are three
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