...Zach Shook Professor Donaldson PSY 210 13 October 2013 Application Paper The movie, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, was centered around a man named Randle McMurphy who was admitted to the Oregon State Hospital against his will. He quickly made it obvious that he would not comply with the rules and made an enemy named Nurse Ratched. His deviance inevitably led to the sealing of his own fate when his actions became more pronounced and more severe. Throughout his stay, he was denied many of his rights as a mental patient and was subjected to wrongful treatment from the staff of the institution. According to the text, abnormality can be defined by comparing the behavior of the person in question to a set of criteria. This set of criteria consists of: Unusualness, Social Deviance, Faulty Perceptions or Interpretations of Reality, Significant Personal Distress, Maladaptive or Self-Defeating Behavior, and Dangerousness (Nevid et al. 5-7). These criteria are only useful in deciding whether or not someone is exhibiting abnormal behavior if the behavior is appropriate for that specific situation. For example, if someone is depressed after the loss of a loved one, then that would be appropriate for the situation and would not be considered abnormal. Similarly, if someone is depressed for no apparent reason, then it would be within the realm of possibility that the person is exhibiting abnormal behavior (Nevid et al. 5). Unusualness is a relatively simplistic term used to...
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...2006 Litzky, Eddleston and Kidder 91 The Good, the Bad, and the Misguided: How Managers Inadvertently Encourage Deviant Behaviors by Barrie E. Litzky, Kimberly A. Eddleston, and Deborah L. Kidder* Executive Overview Recent estimates of the costs associated with deviant behavior in the workplace are staggering. While part of the managerial function requires the establishment of rules and policies that promote good customer service and product consistency, managers who lead with a firm hand or place too much pressure on sales quotas, may be unknowingly contributing to their employees’ deviant behaviors. Managers must learn to identify the role that they play in triggering employee deviance. Once recognized, there is much that managers can do to ameliorate the triggers that encourage otherwise honest employees to engage in deviant behavior. M “I wouldn’t say what I did was unethical. Rather, it was more, say, questionable. But hey, my manager says, ‘The customer is always right.’ So basically, I was following her orders.” “Come on – everybody does it. It’s almost expected. I bet even my manager did it when he had my job.” “Considering how much money I bring into this place, I deserve it. They should be paying me more anyway.” anagers often face employees like these who try to justify their actions after being caught behaving inappropriately. Some managers may terminate these employees in an attempt to rid the organization of such unscrupulous individuals...
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...Defining Abnormality Lizbeth Escobar, Tandy Noonan, Charlie Fritz, Holly Keeling, and Velinda Chandler PSY/410 March 18, 2012 Melda Jones Defining Abnormality Psychologist, for years have given their theory on normal and abnormal behavior, but all the studies they have done seems to give more evidence to prove what make each individual do what they do and why. In the normal and abnormal behavior we use all research and take all of its studies into consideration and apply it to why such behaviors have occurred. Reading this paper you can see that there are many experiments that challenge the theory of behavior no matter if it’s normal or abnormal. We will clarify some of the challeges as we define and classify both normal and abnormal behavior when we look at the challenges in Culture, gender and sexual preferences/practices and religion. Cultural normal and abnormal behaviors Culture is a challenge to abnormal behavior because these behaviors establish through socio-cultural traditions. The sociocultural perspective explains that abnormal behaviors are a result of family influences and social forces. Similar to the behavioral perspective, socio-cultural theorists believe mental disorders are learned behaviors. They tend to focus on social class, gender, and ethnicity in the explanation of mental disorders. An understanding of one’s sociocultural forces is also taken into consideration concerning...
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...University of Phoenix Material Appendix C Models of Abnormality Psychologists use several different models to explain abnormal behavior. These different models have created shifts in values and beliefs as well as improvements in clinical research. These differences in ideas mean that the different models are sometimes in conflict with one another. People who follow one model often point out where another model fails in its interpretations, investigations, and treatment methods. Read the brief profile of Willard and follow the directions to complete the chart: Willard is an angry man. He often gets his way by bullying and berating others. The following is a list of proposed causes for Willard's behavior. Each cause was presented by a psychologist with a different theoretical perspective. Match the psychologist to the cause he or she is likely to present and to the treatment he or she is most likely to recommend. Psychologists: Dr. Smith, Biologist Dr. Mullen, Psychoanalyst Dr. James, Behaviorist Dr. Allen, Cognitivist Dr. Bates, Humanist Dr. Frank, Socioculturist Treatments: Medication Community treatment Client-centered therapy Challenging dysfunctional thoughts Operant conditioning Free association and catharsis |Proposed Cause |Psychologist |Treatment | |Willard has been rewarded for his bullying |Dr. James, Behaviorist...
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...Congenital Abnormalities Every year, thousands of infants and new born babies’ lives are taken away; both from them and their parents. Imagine the pain a family encounters after carrying a child for nine months and once the water breaks, being informed that there is a congenital defect with the new born child. The term alone would horrify a mother without being aware of the definition or even cause of the problem the child has encountered. A congenital defect is a birth defect that can be defined as problems that occur while a fetus is developing in the womb. Congenital defects can affect the way the body looks or functions and range from mild to severe. Some defects such as cleft lip or palate can be easily and safely treated, however, defects such as Down syndrome, heart or brain defects, and things along those lines may need life-long treatment to manage. The most severe congenital defects prove fatal and lead to infant death. In 2005, 5,571 infants died as a result of congenital defects. Birth defects are generally grouped into one of three major categories, structural or metabolic, congenital infections, or “other.” Being that this is such a broad break down of categories, it is made evident that not only is it unclear whether a child is born with an abnormality until various tests are done to come to the conclusion that there may be something wrong with a child. Structural or metabolic abnormalities include heart defects and neural defects where some part of the body...
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...Abnormal Psychology (Task 1 of 2) Assignment 1 – Defining Abnormality 1) Explain statistical infrequency as a means of defining abnormality If a persons thinking or behaviour is statistically unusual or rare then it is classed as abnormal behaviour. 2) Give an example to illustrate how this definition could be used. Mother Teresa is a good example of someone who falls under the category of statistical infrequency. A person who is a millionaire could be classed as abnormal because the number of people in the world that are millionaires is low compared to the rest of the population so being a millionaire is a rare position to be in, and it occurs infrequently. Another example is how anxiety is measured; it is considered that if you score either low or high when measured for levels of anxiety that you are considered as abnormal. You could also say that in Britain that it is understood that most people wash themselves on a daily basis so therefore according to this definition, it is abnormal not to wash on a regular basis, because it is classed as a statistical infrequency. 3) Explain at least two criticisms of this definition First criticism The first criticism of this definition is that it is a bit ambiguous as to how rare does a persons behaviour have to be before it is classed as abnormal behaviour. How rare is too rare. Second criticism This definition doesn’t consider social desirability of the ‘abnormal behaviour’, some statistically infrequent...
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...by the Secretariat 1. The report aims to inform the discussion on birth defects, including definition, epidemiology, burden of disease and interventions for prevention and care, as well as indications of how these interventions might be integrated into existing health services. An earlier version of this report was considered by the Executive Board at its 126th session,1 following which the Board adopted resolution EB126.R6. DEFINITION 2. The International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, tenth revision (ICD-10), includes birth defects in Chapter XVII: Congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities. Birth defects like inborn errors of metabolism and blood disorders of prenatal origin appear in other chapters. Birth defects can be defined as structural or functional abnormalities, including metabolic disorders, which are present from birth. The term congenital disorder is considered to have the same definition; the two terms are used interchangeably.2 The eleventh revision of the classification provides an opportunity for a review of the current entry. 3. Irrespective of definition, birth defects can cause spontaneous abortions and stillbirths and are a significant but underrecognized cause of mortality and disability among infants and children under five years of age. They can be life-threatening, result in long-term disability, and negatively affect individuals, families, health-care systems and societies. BIRTH DEFECTS...
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.... Felicia Asenso Grand Canyon University: HLT-302 June 1, 2015 This is a case study analysis concerning the issue of a fetus with abnormalities. The four people in this study are Jessica and husband Marco, Dr. Wilson and Aunt Maria. The couple have been told that their unborn baby is developing abnormally. Dr. Wilson have discussed with them that abortion in this case is scientifically and medically sound. In this situation all present has a moral and belief system that would influence their action by the realization of the fetal abnormality. Based on the reading from the case study, it is apparent that Jessica and Aunt Maria have chosen to take a Christian ethical approach in the circumstances. Aunt Maria is pleading with Jessica to let the pregnancy take its course and to sue her maternal place to protect her unborn baby. She prays to God which also symbolism her faith. Jessica intends to keep her baby referring to the fact that all life is sacred, in Psalms 139:14 (English Standard Version) the verse refers to the fact that man is fearfully and wonderfully made in the image of God. Marco on the other hand is worried about what the impact of a disable child will have in their life but all the same very supportive of his wife and intends to go with whatever decision she makes. My personal theory is the Christian approach in this case. I agree with a paragraph that Christians have our belief in the notion that every person is created individually by...
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...Model of Abnormality In psychology, there are numerous models that have been created to treat and explain abnormalities. These models include biological, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, humanistic, existential, family-social, and multicultural. Within each of these models, there are specific key techniques, goals and a different role played by a therapist. If I were to create my own model of abnormality, it could be considered a biopsychosocial theory, as it contains parts from each model. Seeing as these abnormalities are focused on humans, my model would have a biological foundation. I believe a good portion of abnormal behavior is caused by brain chemistry and genetics. It is no secret that psychotropic medications have been a great advancement and advantage in the treatment of abnormal behavior. It is also scientifically proven to be a primary cause and there has been strong scientific research to back up the claim. Although effective for many sufferers, a disadvantage of this portion of my model is that not all biological theories and treatments work for everyone. Secondly within my model is a portion of the behavioral model. I believe everyday of our lives we react and respond to our environment and can always change by learning. It is my belief that individuals can be conditioned, whether through operant, model or classical conditioning, to correct and/or desensitize themselves and their behaviors. There is strong research in the field to confirm the advantages...
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...Understanding Abnormality In Psychology, a model is defined as a set of assumptions and concepts that help scientists explain and interpret observations. There are a number of varying models that have come to be respected throughout the study of behavioral abnormality, all designed by highly intelligent scientists. The most famous of these models is the psychodynamic model, first generated by Sigmund Freud. Freud believed that the mind is made up of three parts, the conscious, subconscious, and the unconscious. The unconscious is believed to contain significant and disturbing material which we need to keep out of awareness because they are too threatening to acknowledge fully. Personally, I find this model the most applicable when trying to understand psychological abnormality. It is based on the concept that psychological illnesses develop out of repressed emotions and thoughts from experiences in the past, and as a result of this repression, alternative behavior replaces what is being repressed. A patient is considered cured when he or she can admit what is being repressed. The main cure for illnesses under this model is free association. This is a technique where the patient is free to describe any thoughts or feelings that may come to mind, despite how useless they may seem. During this time, a psychiatrist tries to interpret where the trouble areas are. This model is often quite successful, especially when the patient feels comfortable and at ease with the doctor. ...
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...of their condition be on various parts of the gait cycle? antalgic gait a limp adopted so as to avoid pain on weight-bearing structures, characterized by a very short stance phasehttp://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/antalgic+gait. Antalgic gait refers to the way one walks, usually with a limp, to avoid pain. It’s a form of gait abnormality where the stance phase is shortened relative to the swing phase. There are many types of gait, but antalgic gait is the result of pain. The patient tries to minimize the amount of weight placed on the painful leg, knee, ankle or foot while walking or running. The stride is shortened on the injured side, affecting the posture or style of the patient’s normal gait cycle. Antalgic gait can come on suddenly or gradually due to a disease or damage to the nerve or musculoskeletal system. It can be mild, moderate or severe, temporary or permanent. Antalgic gait can affect anyone at any age, but seniors and athletes seem to suffer from it more often and it is seen in men more than women. http://www.footanklehealth.com/health/antalgic-gait.html A limp is a type of asymmetric abnormality of the gait. When due to pain it is referred to as an antalgic gait which has a shortened duration in which the foot is in contact with the ground, in severe cases there may be a refusal to walk. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limp In antalgic gait, the stance (weight-bearing) phase is shorter on the affected side [14], resulting in shorter stride...
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...PSY 410 Defining Abnormalities Gender and sexual preferences/practices Gender and gender roles have different influences. Prenanatal exposure to androgen or the media both show influences (Kenyon, 2006). To be in consideration of normal a boy child should play with a truck and a girl a doll. Many children like to experiment, such as a little boy who wants to try on his “mommy’s” shoes. The able normal behavior occurs if the little boy prefers mommy’s clothing over that of his specific gender. Although in society no one seems to look twice at a women wearing men’s clothing. It is difficult to define what normal and abnormal behavior by gender and sexual preferences or practices in a changing world. The DSM-II defines sexual orientation disorders as a person who is in conflict with his or her own sexual identity, disturbed by the sexual identity, or a desire to change his or her own sexual identity (DSM-II Homosexuality_Revision.pdf, 1973). This should not be in confusion with homosexuality. Homosexuality is the sexual activity between two members of the same gender (Lecture 21, 2010). Homosexuality was historically a sexual deviation disorder according to the DSM-II. However, during the 60s and 70s the definition of homosexuality was reexamined and was no longer thought to be a disorder. The reexamination states defining homosexuality as a disorder was on a basis of values not on the collection of data. The DSM-III made the changes necessary to form a new category...
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...Personal Worldview Inventory Elizabeth Benni Grand Canyon University: HTL310 Spirituality in Nursing November 1, 2015 Spirituality Spirituality can be defined in many ways. Spirituality is a common human experience that affects each and every one of us. It is looking for something more than what can be found in the physical world. It is a personal relationship a person has with God. Spirituality is usually a concept that was considered when people formed their worldviews. Dualism In the modern Western worldview we can look at dualism as an example. Dualism as the word suggests refers to two parts. In this perspective “good and evil are two independent entities locked in eternal conflict” (Shelly and Miller, 2006). It shows us contrasting concepts paired together: sweet-sour, yin-yang etc. Many medieval scholars interpreted this worldview by saying that the “good” would be heaven and the “evil” was earth. They had put more emphasis onto the supernatural side of the matter. Scientism Another worldview would be scientism which practically disregards all spirituality. In this worldview everything can be explained by empirical science (Shelly, 2006). This completely contradicts with the postmodern worldview which many people argue is our current worldview. In this viewpoint there is “an increasing recognition that science cannot give meaning to life”. The world is what we see and how we describe it to be. ...
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...Three Definitions of Abnormality 1. Deviation from social norms Abnormality can be defined as a deviation from social norms This means that we label people as abnormal if their behaviour is different from what we accept as the norms of society. Some social norms are explicit, which means they are legal written laws. While other social norms are implicit and are unwritten, or unspoken rules in society. If people break these rules, then they are deviating away from social norms and therefore, could be labeled as abnormal. This definition of abnormality can be applied to certain behaviours. For example, a type of behaviour that breaks implicit rules could be standing too close to another person in a face to face conversation, or dressing to a particular dress code. While explicit rule breaking can also include criminal behaviour. According to this definition anyone who break a social norm is abnormal. Limitations • Behaviour might deviate from social norms due to ‘eccentricity’ rather than abnormality. Therefore according to this definition people who break implicit social norms may be wrongly labelled abnormal. • Behaviour may appear to deviate from social norms because it has been taken out of context, rather than being due to abnormality. This is a problem because it may lead to individuals being wrongly identified as abnormal. • Social norms change over time and therefore it is problematic to determine abnormality as a deviation from social...
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...What is Conformity? Conformity is a type of social influence involving a change in belief or behavior in order to fit in with a group. This change is in response to real (involving the physical presence of others) or imagined (involving the pressure of social norms / expectations) group pressure. Conformity can also be simply defined as “yielding to group pressures” (Crutchfield, 1955). Group pressure may take different forms, for example bullying, persuasion, teasing, criticism, etc. Conformity is also known as majority influence (or group pressure). The term conformity is often used to indicate an agreement to the majority position, brought about either by a desire to ‘fit in’ or be liked (normative) or because of a desire to be correct (informational), or simply to conform to a social role (identification). Jenness (1932) was the first psychologist to study conformity. His experiment was an ambiguous situation involving a glass bottle filled with beans. He asked participants individually to estimate how many beans the bottle contained. Jenness then put the group in a room with the bottle, and asked them to provide a group estimate through discussion. Participants were then asked to estimate the number on their own again to find whether their initial estimates had altered based on the influence of the majority. Jenness then interviewed the participants individually again, and asked if they would like to change their original estimates, or stay with the group's...
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