...Human Resource Accounting Human Resource Accounting Literatur Review To measure human value as a part of the goodwill, HRA was introduced in the accounting literature in the 1960s (Flamholtz, 1985). In 1968 Brummet, Flamholtz & Pyle used the term “human resource accounting” for the first time. In 1973 the American Accounting Association’s Committee on Human Resource Accounting defined HRA as “the process of identifying and measuring data about human resources and communicating this information to interested parties. It provides information about human resource costs and values, serves to facilitate to decision making, and motivates decision makers to adopt a human resource perspective (Sackmann et al., 1989,). Research to examine the way in which human resource variables affect the efficiency of firms could be performed in a number of ways including analyzing the association between different aspects of human resources and firm performance (Bassi & McMurrer, 1998; Boudreau & Ramstad, 1997; Grojer, 1998). Looking at different proposals (Conner, 1991), the resource theory considers human resources in a more explicit way. This theory considers that the competitive position of a firm depends on its specific and not duplicated assets. The most specific (and not duplicated) asset that an enterprise has is its personnel. It takes advantage of their interdependent knowledge. That would explain why some firms are more productive than others. With the same technology, a solid human...
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...such that m(8) m(77') That is, the standards if and only if 77R77'. are used to single out a most preferred alternative. Using the standards, we are able to compare any two accounting alternatives and decide which of the two is superior or whether they are equally desirable. Presumably, the comparisons are also transitive. One way of describing such a choice process, which we adopt, is to view the standards as providing a hypothetical numerical ranking for each of the alternatives. Note, however, that the domain of this ranking function is limited to E itself, without any reference to the individual's preferences and beliefs. A fundamental question now arises: does any such function, m(.), exist? In selected settings the answer is, no doubt, affirmative. But, in general, the answer is negative. This is discussed below. THE IMPOSSIBILITY RESULT max A E(U I y, 7, ay*)D(y | X7EXc YEY (2) (2) Observe that this characterization of the choice, or specification, of an accounting alternative is but an expected utility variant of the situation initially discussed. We provide for comparison of any pair of alternatives; and our comparisons are transitive. We place these comparisons in an expected utility format simply because it is convenient. Reliance on standards to specify the most preferred accounting alternative follows a somewhat different tack. The purpose is to select the preferred alternative, but the method of analysis does not...
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...Professional Knowledge and Abilities American Accounting Association Introduction The following will describe the American Accounting Association (AAA), the ability the organization can attribute to my professional career and knowledge, and how this knowledge can be an attribute to my career success. How it will also help me to develop strategies and skills that will in the long run allow me to be a great asset to any agency in which I choose to work for . Describe AAA The American Accounting Association promotes worldwide excellence in accounting education, research, and practice (AAA, 2010). The AAA, founded in 1916, was first known as the American Association of University Instructors in Accounting until 1936 when the association name was changed. The American Accounting Association is composed of voluntary persons and professionals that are interested or involved in accounting, accounting education, and research (AAA, 2010). American Accounting Association Mission The American Accounting Association mission is “to further the discipline and profession of accounting through education, research, and service” (AAA 2010). The Association acknowledges that its members share a number of common values, which include the importance of their personal integrity, their objectivity, sense of community, open communications, respect for each other, high ethical values and personal behaviors, and an obligation to serve important stakeholders, including the broader society...
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...© 2000 American Accounting Association Accounting Horizons Vol. 14 No. 2 June 2000 pp. 235-250 Earnings Management: Reconciling the Views of Accounting Academics, Practitioners, and Regulators Patricia M. Dechow and Douglas J. Skinner Patricia M. Dechow is an Associate Professor and Douglas J. Skinner is a Professor, both at the University of Michigan. SYNOPSIS: We address the fact that accounting academics often have very different perceptions of earnings management than do practitioners and reguiators. Practitioners and reguiators often see earnings management as pervasive and probiematic—and in need of immediate remediai action. Academics are more sanguine, unwiiiing to beiieve that earnings management is activeiy practiced by most firms or that the earnings management that does exist should necessarily concern investors. We explore the reasons for these different perceptions, and argue that each of these groups may benefit from some rethinking of their views about earnings management. INTRODUCTION Despite significant attention on earnings management from regulators' and the financial press,^ academic research has shown limited evidence of earnings management. While practitioners and regulators seem to believe that earnings management is For example, SEC Chairman Levitt delivered a major speech on earnings management in the fall of 1998 in which he advocated a niunber of initiatives to improve the quahty of financial reporting (Levitt 1998). As part...
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...ISSUES IN ACCOUNTING EDUCATION Vol. 24, No. 1 February 2009 pp. 63–76 Assessing Information Technology General Control Risk: An Instructional Case Carolyn Strand Norman, Mark D. Payne, and Valaria P. Vendrzyk ABSTRACT: Information Technology General Controls (ITGCs), a fundamental category of internal controls, provide an overall foundation for reliance on any information produced by a system. Since the relation between ITGCs and the information produced by an organization’s various application programs is indirect, understanding how ITGCs interact and affect an auditor’s risk assessment is often challenging for students. This case helps students assess overall ITGC risk within an organization’s information systems. Students identify specific strengths and weaknesses within five ITGC areas, provide a risk assessment for each area, and then evaluate an organization’s overall level of ITGC risk within the context of an integrated audit. Keywords: internal controls; general control; ITGC; risk assessment. INTRODUCTION he Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX 2002) and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) Auditing Standard No. 5 (PCAOB 2007) require that the organization’s chief executive officer (CEO) and chief financial officer (CFO) include an assessment of the operating effectiveness of their internal control structure over financial reporting when issuing the annual report. External auditors must review management’s internal control assessment as part of an annual integrated audit...
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...XYZ CONSTRUCTION CO., INC. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER SAMPLE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ACCOUNTANTS' REVIEW REPORT Page 2 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS | | Balance Sheet | Page | 3 | Statement of Income and Retained Earnings | Page | 4 | Statement of Cash Flows | Pages | 5 - 6 | Notes to Financial Statements | Pages | 7 - 13 | SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION Schedules of Earnings from Contracts and Contract Costs Schedules of General and Administrative Expenses and Other (Income) Expense Schedule of Contract Revenues, Costs and Profits Page 14 Page 15 Page 16 JONES, HENLE . SCHUNCK THOMAS N. HENLE. CPA KARL E. SCHUNCK, CPA JOHN S. PALMER, CPA MICHAEL R. HUHN, CPA JAMES KEPKE, CPA CRAIG A. CLEVELAND, GLEN A. THOMAS, CPA D. YORK. CPA The Board of Directors XYZ Construction Co. Danville and California We have reviewed the accompanying balance sheet of XYZ Construction Co., Inc. as of December 31, and the related statements of income and retained earnings, and cash flows for the year then ended, in accordance with Statements on Standards for Accounting and Review Services issued by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. All information included in these financial statements is the representation of the management of XYZ Construction Co., Inc. A review consists principally of inquiries of company personnel and analytical procedures applied to financial data. It is substantially less in scope than...
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...XYZ CONSTRUCTION CO., INC. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31,20X1 SAMPLE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ACCOUNTANTS' REVIEW REPORT Page 2 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Balance Sheet Statement of Income and Retained Earnings Statement of Cash Flows Notes to Financial Statements Page Page 3 4 Pages 5 - 6 Pages 7 - 13 SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION Schedules of Earnings from Contracts and Contract Costs Schedules of General and Administrative Expenses and Other (Income) Expense Schedule of Contract Revenues, Costs and Profits Page 14 Page Page 15 16 JONES, HENLE . SCHUNCK THOMAS N. HENLE. CPA KARL E. SCHUNCK, CPA JOHN S. PALMER, CPA MICHAEL R. HUHN, CPA JAMES F. KEPKE, CPA CRAIG A. CLEVELAND, CPA GLEN A. THOMAS, CPA CHRISTOPHER D. YORK. CPA The Board of Directors XYZ Construction Co. Inc. Danville and Irvine, California We have reviewed the accompanying balance sheet of XYZ Construction Co., Inc. as of December 3 1, 20x1 and the related statements of income and retained earnings, and cash flows for the year then ended, in accordance with Statements on Standards for Accounting and Review Services issued by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. All information included in these financial statements is the representation of the management of XYZ Construction Co., Inc. A review consists principally of inquiries of company personnel and analytical procedures applied to financial data. It is substantially less in scope than an audit in accordance with generally...
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...20X1 SAMPLE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Page 2 Balance Sheet Page 3 Statement of Income and Retained Earnings Page 4 Statement of Cash Flows Pages 5 - 6 Notes to Financial Statements Pages 7 - 13 ACCOUNTANTS' REVIEW REPORT FINANCIAL STATEMENTS SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION Schedules of Earnings from Contracts and Contract Costs Page 14 Schedules of General and Administrative Expenses and Other (Income) Expense Page 15 Schedule of Contract Revenues, Costs and Profits Page 16 JONES, HENLE . SCHUNCK THOMAS N. HENLE. CPA KARL E. SCHUNCK, CPA JOHN S. PALMER, CPA MICHAEL R. HUHN, CPA JAMES F. KEPKE, CPA CRAIG A. CLEVELAND, CPA GLEN A. THOMAS, CPA CHRISTOPHER D. YORK. CPA The Board of Directors XYZ Construction Co. Inc. Danville and Irvine, California We have reviewed the accompanying balance sheet of XYZ Construction Co., Inc. as of December 3 1, 20x1 and the related statements of income and retained earnings, and cash flows for the year then ended, in accordance with Statements on Standards for Accounting and Review Services issued by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. All information included in these financial statements is the representation of the management of XYZ Construction Co., Inc. A review consists principally of inquiries of company personnel and analytical procedures applied to financial data. It is substantially less in scope than an audit in accordance with generally...
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...ACC 410 Assignment 1 Financial Statement / Audit Report Review Follow Below Link to Download Tutorial https://homeworklance.com/downloads/acc-410-assignment-1-financial-statement-audit-report-review/ For More Information Visit Our Website ( https://homeworklance.com/ ) Email us At: Support@homeworklance.com or lancehomework@gmail.com Assignment 1: Financial Statement / Audit Report Review Due Week 4 and worth 240 points Select one (1) local government in your state or area and review the financial statements and audit report for the county or municipality. The financial statements of the government you selected should have at least three (3) funds. Refer to the continuing problem homework for Weeks 1 through 3 for this assignment. Write a three to five (3-5) page paper in which you: 1.Compare and contrast the comprehensive annual financial report (CAFR) of the selected local government entity with the city of Austin report from Week 1 homework. In your comparison, include: a.Publication method of the CAFR b.Audit and budget information in the CAFR c.The type of audit report issued d.Existence or non-existence of an internal audit function within the government entity 2.Prepare the analysis for the selected local government entity, including information on the introduction, financial section, and statistical section prepared in the city of Austin’s CAFR from chapter 2. 3.Analyze the methods used by the selected local government entity in comparing...
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...at its 333th meeting, revised the syllabus in a comprehensive manner in the following papers of Intermediate (IPC) and Final Course(s) as annexed herewith (shown in Bold cum Italics): Intermediate (IPC) Course Paper 1: Accounting (Group I) Paper 2: Business Laws, Ethics and Communication (Group I) Paper 5: Advanced Accounting (Group II) Paper 6: Auditing and Assurance (Group II) Final Course Paper 3: Advanced Auditing and Professional Ethics (Group I) Paper 4: Corporate and Allied Laws (Group I) Director, Board of Studies Annexure SYLLABUS PAPER 1: ACCOUNTING (One paper – Three hours – 100 Marks) Level of Knowledge : Working Knowledge Objectives : (a) To lay a foundation for the preparation and presentation of financial statements, (b) To gain working knowledge of the principles and procedures of accounting and their application to different practical situations, (c) To gain the ability to solve simple problems and cases relating to sole proprietorship, partnership and companies and (d) To familiarize students with the fundamentals of computerized system of accounting. Contents : 1. A General Knowledge of the framing of the accounting standards, national and international accounting authorities, adoption of international financial reporting standards Accounting Standards Working knowledge of: AS AS...
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...Accounting, 8th Edition Chapter 1 – Decision Making and the Role of Accounting 1. Economic Decisions Many of the decisions that we make involve the use of economic resources for consumption or investment purposes. Other factors that need to be considered when making decisions are: 1. Personal taste. 2. Social factors. 3. Environmental factors. 4. Religious and/or moral factors. 5. Government policy. Steps in the decision making process: 1. Establish goals. 2. Gather available information on alternatives. 3. Determine consequences of alternatives. 4. Choose a course of action. In a complex society decision makers have to rely on data supplied by specialists. The accountant (as a specialist): o Is involved in steps 2 and 3 of the decision making process; o To offer advice regarding step 4; and o To measure the outcomes or consequences of the decision-making process. 2. Accounting Defined “The process of o Identifying - observing economic events and determining which of those events represents economic activities relevant to a particular business; o Measuring; o Recording – classification and summarisation; and o Communicating – preparing and distributing accounting reports economic information to permit informed judgements and economic decisions by users of the information”. 3. Users of Accounting Information The first objective of accounting is to provide information in reports which can be used by internal...
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... |Accounting Information Systems I | Copyright © 2009, 2007, 2005, 2004, 2003, 2001 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course is designed to provide accounting students with the proper mix of technical information and real-world applications. Areas of study include fundamental concepts and technologies (what computers can do for business), the Internet, intranets, electronic commerce, information systems development, basic project management principles, decision support systems, and the benefits of computer and human synergy. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. • Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Bagranoff, N. A., Simkin, M. G., & Strand, C. S. (2008). Core concepts of accounting information...
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...Accounting, 8th Edition Chapter 1 – Decision Making and the Role of Accounting 1. Economic Decisions Many of the decisions that we make involve the use of economic resources for consumption or investment purposes. Other factors that need to be considered when making decisions are: 1. Personal taste. 2. Social factors. 3. Environmental factors. 4. Religious and/or moral factors. 5. Government policy. Steps in the decision making process: 1. Establish goals. 2. Gather available information on alternatives. 3. Determine consequences of alternatives. 4. Choose a course of action. In a complex society decision makers have to rely on data supplied by specialists. The accountant (as a specialist): o Is involved in steps 2 and 3 of the decision making process; o To offer advice regarding step 4; and o To measure the outcomes or consequences of the decision-making process. 2. Accounting Defined “The process of o Identifying - observing economic events and determining which of those events represents economic activities relevant to a particular business; o Measuring; o Recording – classification and summarisation; and o Communicating – preparing and distributing accounting reports economic information to permit informed judgements and economic decisions by users of the information”. 3. Users of Accounting Information The first objective of accounting is to provide information in reports which can be used by internal...
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...Lethbridge – Faculty of Management MANAGEMENT 3100 Intermediate Financial Accounting I Course Outline – Fall 2014 Instructor: Carla Carnaghan, Ph.D., CISA, CMA Office & Hours: Calgary Campus office, 5:00 – 6:00pm Thursdays. Please email for appointment, and for alternative times. Office hours may be done in person, with Webex, or by phone, and for smaller issues with email. E-mail: Carla.Carnaghan@uleth.ca (emails received in the evening, particularly after 10 PM, may not be responded to until the next day) Telephone: 1- 403-329-2351 (Lethbridge office – Please use e-mail where possible) Class Times: Y Section: Th 1800-2050 (S6013A) Course Web Page: on Moodle Course Pre-requisites* Prerequisites: MGT 2400; ECON 1010 and 1012 and STAT 1770 or admission to the CA Bridging Program/Professional Diploma in Accounting; a minimum C- grade is required in all prerequisite courses; MGT 3040 (co-requisite) * It is the responsibility of students to check the prerequisites for courses before registration. If students are registered in a course for which they do not have the prerequisites, and they have not received prior permission from the appropriate program chair, they can be de-registered. If this occurs after the drop/add date, tuition will not be refunded. Course Objectives Building from MGT 2100, this course examines the accounting concepts, principles, judgments, and techniques used in recording business...
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...responsibilities of CPAs, deferred taxes, cash flow statements, balance sheet preparation, restructuring of troubled debt, and the intricacies of comprehensive income. Week 1 - Topic 1: Reporting Issues Objectives Differentiate among the services provided by auditors. Explain procedures for reporting accounting changes and error corrections. Describe the professional responsibilities of accountants in financial reporting. Compare and contrast the forms of business structure. Explain the methodology used to determine deferred taxes. Materials SUPPLEMENT: Week One Content Outline SUPPLEMENT: Week One Mind Map SUPPLEMENT: Week One Student Road Map SUPPLEMENT: Sample Final Exam EBOOK COLLECTION: Auditing and Assurance Services, Ch. 1 EBOOK COLLECTION: Intermediate Accounting, Ch. 19 EBOOK COLLECTION: Intermediate Accounting, Ch. 22 EBOOK COLLECTION: Advanced Accounting, Ch. 7 EBOOK COLLECTION: Financial Accounting Theory and Analysis, Ch. 17 Assessment Individual Assignment: CPA Report As the CPA for a large organization, your manager has asked you to provide information to outside CPAs who are examining a subsidiary that has been set up as a corporation. As part of their review, the CPAs have asked you to provide them with the following explanations: The methodology used to determine deferred taxes The...
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