...Derivation is a process of word formation, in which one or more affixes is attached to a root to produce a new word known as derived word. This process of word-formation is also termed affixation for, whenever we produce a new word this way, we need to use an affix: a prefix or a suffix. Usually derivation will change the part of speech of the root to which a suffix is added. This process of word-formation is very productive, too. Classification of derivation There are two kinds of derivation: prefixation and suffixation. In former, a prefix is used while in latter a suffix is used. Generally speaking, prefixation will lead to a meaning alteration while suffixation will lead to word-class change. Classification of affixes 1. in terms of productivity Some affixes are more productive such as "un-", "dis-", "-able" while some other ones are less productive, for example, "mal-" and even the dead ones such as "for-" in the word forgive. 2. in terms of position The affixes which are added to the front part of a base are termed prefixes while those which are added to the back part of a base are termed suffixes. For example: ü Prefixes: un-, dis-, mis-, pre-, etc. ü Suffixes: -ance, -ment, -tion, -y, etc. 3. in terms of origin Some affixes are borrowed from other languages while some others are native ones. ü Native affixes: un-, mis-, be-, out-, over-,-less, -ness, -dom, etc. ü Foreign affixes: a. Latin ones: in-/im-/ir-/il, sub-, inter-, counter-, mini-, ex-...
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...prénoms - les katakanas et les hiraganas : forme syllabique de l’écriture (utilisé pour les particules (h) ou les mots étrangers (k)) le rōmaji : alphabet phonétique symbolique. B) la phonologie : Il existe 5 voyelles et chacune peut être longues ou courtes : [a] [e] [i] [o] et [u] La longueur de ces voyelles changent le sens du mot : - obasan (tante) / obãsan (grand-mère) - Seto (nom d'une ville japonaise) / sēto (élève) - ojisan (oncle) / ojĩsan (grand-père) - tori (oiseau) / tõri (rue) - yuki (neige) / yũki (courage) C) Morphologie -Forme agglutinante : EX : un mot 日本 | 人 | 達 | Radical | Affixe | Affixe | Japon | Personne | Pluriel | Nihon | jin | tachi | Les Japonais ou le peuple japonais | EX : une phrase 会い | た | くな | かった | radical | affixe | affixe | affixe | ai- | -ta- | -kuna- | -katta | répondre | désidératif | négatif | parfait | je ne voulais pas répondre | Les particules casuelle du japonais : La thematisation : wa Groupe thématisé | Phrase japonaise | Traduction | Sujet | Watashi wa furansuhitodesu | Je suis français. | Complément d'objet direct | Kono Moto wa, yonda koto ga arimasu ka | Avez-vous lu ce livre? | Complément circonstanciel de temps | Kyō wa nichiyōbidesu | Aujourd'hui, nous sommes dimanche. | Thème sans fonction grammaticale | Tanaka-san wa eigo...
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... the way to form words is by adding the affixes that can be categorized into suffix and prefix into the words. Derivational and Inflectional Affixation Generally, morphology has two rules of forming the words in English. The first rule is inflection. is the study that deals with syntactically determined affixation processes (Katamba, 1993, p.205). Inflectional morphemes, which are always suffixes in English, simply add a grammatical element to a word without changing its basic part of speech (Celce-Murcia and Larsen-Freeman 1999: 32). Indonesian morphology has little by way of inflectional affixation, i.e. affixation of the type of English plurals or past tense morphemes or third person singular endings. Meanwhile, derivation is the study of how affixes are combined with stems to derive new words (Akmajian, 1995, p.29). It is important to know that in this process, the part of speech of a word may change when it is attached by the affixes. In other words, when a derivational morpheme is added to a word, it “results in either a different part of speech or the same part of speech with a different lexical meaning” (Celce-Murcia and Larsen-Freeman 1999: 31). For example, –ment, as in the word achievement (achieve + ment), makes a noun from a verb, changing both the part of speech and the meaning. In Indonesian, affixes are derivational than inflectional, i.e. given a root, it is not possible to predict with certainty which affixes will go with it. Prefixes and Suffixes ...
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...И. В. АРНОЛЬД Лексикология современного английского языка Издание третье, переработанное и дополненное Допущено Министерством высшего и среднего специального образования СССР в качестве учебника для студентов институтов и факультетов иностранных языков Сканирование, распознавание, проверка: Аркадий Куракин (ark # mksat. net), сен-2004. Орфография унифицирована к британской. Пропущены страницы: 50-53, 134-139, 152-161, 164-171, 201-202, 240-243 Москва «Высшая школа» 1986 Мультиязыковой проект Ильи Франка www.franklang.ru ББК 81.2 Англ-923 А 84 Рецензент: кафедра английской филологии Оренбургского государственного педагогического института им. В. П. Чкалова (зав. кафедрой д-р филол. наук Н. А. Шехтман) Арнольд И. В. А 84 Лексикология современного английского языка: Учеб. для ин-тов и фак. иностр. яз. — 3-е изд., перераб. и доп. — М.: Высш. шк., 1986. — 295 с., ил. — На англ. яз. Учебник посвящен слову как основной единице языка, его семантической и морфологической структуре, особенностям английского словообразования и фразеологии. Английская лексика рассматривается как непрерывно развивающаяся система. В 3-м издании (2-е—1973 г.) обновлен теоретический и иллюстративный материал, расширены главы, посвященные теории слова и семасиологии. А 4602010000—443 001(01)—86 215-86 ББК 81.2 Англ-923 4И (Англ) © Издательство «Высшая школа», 1973 © Издательство «Высшая школа», 1986, с изменениями Мультиязыковой проект Ильи Франка www.franklang.ru CONTENTS ...
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...Building blocks: * Morpheme: smallest meaningful unit * Phoneme: The smallest contrastive unit of the language Ex: /t/ and /d/ – tot [tʰɑt] dot [dɑt] • Roots: part of the word that carries the core meaning • Affixes: Attach to the root/stem. Derivational or inflectional. • Derivational: affixes that changes meaning of a word (syntactical category) Ex: drink->drinkable Infect->disinfect • Inflectional: Does not change meaning (morphological category) Ex: Love->loves • Suffix: addition at the end of a root • Prefix: addition at the beginning of a root • Infix: addition in the middle of root • Reduplication: affix not specify for a particular word Ex: bili -> bi-bili • Resyllabification: Katab – CVCVC • Typology: system used for putting things into groups according to how they are similar • Analytic: express grammer with words Ex: Many house • Synthetic: Express various grammatical category Ex: Houses * Agglutinative: For each single morphological category, there is a vocabulary item Ex: Turkish = rats-plural-case * Fusional: strings of several morphological categories are commonly represented by single vocabulary item Ex: amigo (the –o = masculine & singular) * Polysynthetic: multiple roots and affixes (One huge word to form sentences) Ex:...
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...|1. Lexicology as a branch of |3. Etymological survey of the |4. Types of word meaning. Word |5. Change of meaning in English. |№ 6 Polysemy in English. |№ 7 Homonymy in English. Polysemy vs| |linguistics. Lexical units. |English lexicon. |meaning and motivation. |Word-meaning is liable to change in |1. The semantic structure of the |homonymy | |Lexicology (from Gr lexis ‘word’ and|The term “etymology” comes from |Types of word meaning |the course of the historical |word does not present an indivisible|Homonyms are words that sound alike | |logos ‘learning’) is the part of |Greek and it means the study of the |(classifications): |development of language. Causes of |unity, nor does it necessarily stand|but have different semantic | |linguistics dealing with the |earlist forms of the word. Now |According to the aspect relation of |Semantic Change |for one concept. It is generally |structure. The problem of homonymy | |vocabulary of the language and the |etymology studies both: the form and|a word to the components of the |extra-linguistic — various changes |known that most words possess a |is mainly the problem of | |properties of words as the main |the meaning of borrowed and native |situation where it is used: |in the life of the speech community,|number...
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...1 ETYMOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF MODERN ENGLISH VOCABULARY The modern English vocabulary falls into two main sets: native words and borrowings. Native words belong to the original English word-stock and are known from the earliest Old English manuscripts. It is customary to subdivide native words into those of the Indo-European stock and those of the common Germanic origin. The former have cognates in the vocabularies of all or most Indo-European languages, whereas the latter have cognates only in Germanic languages, but not in Romance, Slavonic or other languages of the Indo-European family. Several linguists are inclined to the opinion that there exist specifically English words which have no cognates in other languages and constitute the English proper element of the vocabulary. The degree of assimilation depends upon the length of period during which the word has been used in the receiving language, upon its importance for communication purpose and its frequency. Oral borrowings due to personal contacts are assimilated more completely and more rapidly than literary borrowings, i.e. borrowings through written speech. Loan words according to the degree of assimilation fall into three groups: a) completely assimilated loan words, b) partially assimilated loan words, c) unassimilated loan words or barbarisms. The group of partially assimilated words may be subdivided depending on the aspect that remains unaltered, i.e. according to whether the word retains features of spelling, pronunciation...
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...speaker is told to repeat a given sentence slowly, allowing for pauses. The speaker will tend to insert pauses at the word boundaries. However, this method is not foolproof: the speaker could easily break up polysyllabic words, or fail to separate two or more closely related words. Indivisibility: A speaker is told to say a sentence out loud, and then is told to say the sentence again with extra words added to it. Thus, I have lived in this village for ten years might become My family and I have lived in this little village for about ten or so years. These extra words will tend to be added in the word boundaries of the original sentence. However, some languages have infixes, which are put inside a word. Similarly, some have separable affixes; in the German sentence "Ich komme gut zu Hause an", the verb ankommen is separated. Phonetic boundaries: Some languages have particular rules of pronunciation that make it easy to spot where a word boundary should be. For example, in a language that regularly stresses the last syllable of a word, a word boundary is likely to fall after each stressed syllable. Another example can be seen in a language that has vowel harmony (like Turkish):[5] the vowels within a given word share the same quality, so a word boundary is likely to occur whenever the vowel quality changes. Nevertheless, not all languages have such convenient phonetic rules, and even those that do present the occasional exceptions. Orthographic boundaries: See below...
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...Tangible History: A Short Study in Mayan Languages and Writing The distinctive characteristics that set men apart from animals have always baffled the minds of scientists and philosophers alike. Amongst these characteristics, language in and of itself remains one of the key ingredients to the puzzle. As a species, we humans have the ability to not just form distinctive sounds (like most animals can), but words—not just one set, but many; thousands of languages have existed over the centuries, each one more unique and complex than the last. The ability to communicate is as old as the human race is itself, and while we may not be able to understand every language in certainty, it does not mean we are going to stop trying. The first written languages as a whole appeared in the Mesopotamian and Egyptian areas simultaneously about 15,000 years ago. (Coe 1992: 13) Since then, thousands have sprung—seemingly out of nothing. Languages influence and loan to each other, words that have very little change (whether in pronunciation or spelling) no matter what language they are in. (Wichman and Brown 2003: 57, Coe 1992: 50) Without spoken language, a writing system is impossible—verbalized languages are one of the key ingredients to achieving a written language. (Coe 1992: 21) And it is here that we come to perhaps one of the most important ideas about ancient peoples: without a written language, it is hard to know practically anything about ancient peoples. Without documentation...
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...English9(RJ) Morphology is the identification, analysis and description of the structure of a given language's morphemes and other linguistic units, such as root words, affixes, parts of speech, intonation/stress, or implied context (words in a lexicon are the subject matter of lexicology). Morphological typology represents a method for classifying languages according to the ways by which morphemes are used in a language—from the analytic that use only isolated morphemes, through the agglutinative ("stuck-together") and fusional languages that use bound morphemes (affixes), up to the polysynthetic, which compress many separate morphemes into single words.(One of the definitions for Morphology) While words are generally accepted as being (with clitics) the smallest units of syntax, it is clear that in most languages, if not all, words can be related to other words by rules (grammars). For example, English speakers recognize that the words dog and dogs are closely related—differentiated only by the plurality morpheme "-s", which is only found bound to nouns, and is never separate. Speakers of English (a fusional language) recognize these relations from their tacit knowledge of the rules of word formation in English. They infer intuitively that dog is to dogs as cat is to cats; similarly, dog is to dog catcher as dish is to dishwasher, in one sense. For example, English speakers recognize that the words dog, dogs and dog-catcher are closely related. English speakers recognize...
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...Business Law 1 Robert Wills Assignment 12 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ASSIGNMENT 1. DEFINE WHAT IS MEANT BY THE TERM COPYRIGHT. Copyright: The exclusive right of an author to publish, print, or sell a product of her intellect for a certain period of time. 2. UNDER CURRENT LAW, HOW IS A COPYRIGHT CREATED? Like patents and trademarks, copyrights can be registered – in the case of copyrights, with the U.S. Copyright Office, as opposed to the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. 3. DEFINE WHAT IS MEANT BY THE TERM TRADEMARK. Trademark: A distinctive mark, motto, device, or emblem that a manufacturer stamps, prints, or otherwise affixes to the goods it produces so that they may be identified on the market and their origins made known. 4. UNDER CURRENT LAW, HOW IS A TRADEMARK CREATED? A trademark may be established either by: (1) registering the mark with one or more states or with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office pursuant to the Lanham Act, or (2) prior use sufficient to warrant common law protection. 5. DEFINE WHAT IS MEANT BY THE TERM PATENT? Patent: A grant from the government giving an inventor the exclusive right or privilege to make, use, or sell his invention for a set period of time. 6. UNDER CURRENT LAW, HOW IS A PATENT CREATED? In order to obtain a patent, the inventor must convince the U.S. Patent and Trademark ...
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...Vol. 1 January 2012 IAMURE International Journal of Lesbian, Gays, Bisexual, and Transgender Studies Morphological Analysis of Gay’s Spoken Discourse ARIEL B. LUNZAGA abl.slsu.to@gmail.com HERMABETH O. BENDULO VIOLETA B. FELISILDA SOUTHERN LEYTE STATE UNIVERSITY Philippines Abstract The language of gays known as gayspeak has now earned respect from the community and observably been infused in the mainstream language of the society. Language is evolving and with its changing nature, existing language needs to be documented for posterity reasons. Gayspeak is not an exemption. It has to be analyzed especially its morphology. This study focused on the morphological analysis of the language of gays who were studying at SLSUTomas Oppus in SY 2009-2010. Specifically, it identified the common vocabulary of local gays and the corresponding meanings through a self-administered questionnaire and an informal conversation. Based from the information provided by 20 purposively selected college gays, it was learned that gayspeak is simply an adaptation of the mainstream language like English, Filipino, and Cebuano. For purposes of shielding from the chasms of the heterosexuals, gays construct their language through simple reversal, syllabic reversal, simple reversal with affixation, clipping with affixation, straight words with affixation, and connotation through images. It was concluded that the spoken discourse of college gays in the campus violates the rules of English grammar yet used...
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...Bound and free morphemes Free morphemes: o constitute words by themselves – boy, car, desire, gentle, man o can stand alone Bound morphemes: o can’t stand alone – always parts of words - occur attached to free morphemes cats: cat ( free morpheme -s ( bound morpheme undesirable: desire ( free morpheme -un, -able ( bound morphemes o affixes o prefixes – occur before other morphemes ▪ unhappy, discontinue, rewrite, bicycle, bipolar o suffixes – following other morphemes ▪ sleeping, excited, desirable o infixes – inserted into other morphemes ▪ Bontoc, a language in the Philipines – fikas ‘strong’ fumicas ‘to be strong’ kilad ‘red’ kumilad ‘to be red’ ▪ English full word obscenities into another word – in+fuggin+credible also+bloomin+lately o circumfixes – attached to another morpheme both initially and finally ▪ German Past participle of irregular verbs – ge+lieb+t Roots and Stems o morphologically complex words consist of a root + one or more morpheme(s) o root ▪ a lexical content morpheme that ...
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...ВЫСШЕЕ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЕ ОБРАЗОВ АНИЕ И. В. ЗЫКОВА ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЙ КУРС АНГЛИЙСКОЙ ЛЕКСИКОЛОГИИ A PRACTICAL COURSE IN ENGLISH LEXICOLOGY Рекомендовано Учебно методическим объединением по образованию в области лингвистики Министерства образования и науки Российской Федерации в качестве учебного пособия для студентов лингвистических вузов и факультетов иностранных языков 2 е издание, исправленное УДК 802.0:801.3(075.8) ББК 81.2Англ 3 я73 З 966 Р е ц е н з е н т ы: доктор филологических наук, профессор кафедры стилистики английского языка Московского государственного лингвистического университета Е. Г. Беляевская; доцент кафедры английского языка Московского государственного лингвистического университета Т. В. Тадевосян; кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры английского языка Московской государственной юридической академии А. В. Дорошенко Зыкова И.В. З 966 Практический курс английской лексикологии = A Practical Course in English Lexicology : учеб. пособие для студ. лингв. вузов и фак. ин. языков / Ирина Владимировна Зыкова. — 2 е изд., испр. — М.: Издательский центр «Академия», 2007. — 288 c. ISBN 978 5 7695 4062 2 Учебное пособие охватывает всю программу курса лексикологии анг лийского языка. В нем рассматриваются важнейшие проблемы лексико логии в свете ведущих принципов современной лингвистики. Введение в теоретические проблемы курса осуществляется на фоне обобщающего описания основ лексического строя английского языка. Каждый раздел пособия снабжен вопросами...
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...This term paper discusses the concept of language universals as proposed by two scholars, Noam Chomsky and Joseph H. Greenberg. Both of these scholars bring in their different points of view concerning their understanding of language universals and they stipulate the rules underlying their proposals. In the last part of this term paper we try to show the relationship between language universals and language acquisition. Language universals are a pattern that occurs systematically across natural languages potentially true for all of them. For instance, all languages have verbs and nouns and they have phonological aspects such as consonants and vowels The research in this area of linguistics is nearly connected to the study of linguistic typology and also intends to portray generalizations across languages such as cognition and perception of the mind. Noam Chomsky His arguments on language universals were mainly on grammar. He proposed that if human beings are brought up under normal conditions, then they will always develop language with a certain property e.g. distinguishing function words from lexical words. As a result this property, it is considered to be a property of universal grammar in the most general sense. He argued that there are theoretical senses of the term universal grammars well. The most general would be that universal grammar is whatever properties of a normally developing human brain cause it to learn languages that conform to the universal grammar. Using...
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