...Malia Lambert A. A key argument in support of the Fifteenth Amendment was that it provides protection against racial discrimination in voting, which was a significant victory for African Americans who had been fighting for their right to participate in the political process since before the Civil War. They felt that they deserved equal rights, the same as their white rivals. Having fought for their freedom in the Civil War, they believed that they deserved full citizenship and voting rights as a reward for their services. This victory was crucial for African Americans as it marked a turning point in their fight for equal rights and justice. A key argument in opposition to the Fifteenth Amendment was that for over a decade Women's rights activists...
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...Discrimination in Cleveland: The Consequences of Racial Discrimination on African-Americans in Cleveland Abstract Discrimination is not something that can be rationalized by any argument, but we can track down the consequences of it for African Americans in Cleveland. Our ancestors a century ago laid the ground work for a segregated city by the lake and split it right down the middle with the Cuyahoga River. The east side of Cleveland has been where African Americans lived with the injustices of discrimination against them for a century now and while discrimination is not still potent, you can see the consequences it laid out for the African American community today. While some argue that discrimination has nothing to do with lack of employment or deplorable housing situation, the real truth is that the people who discriminated against them created these circumstances for African Americans. Discrimination in Cleveland: The Consequences of Racial Discrimination on African-Americans in Cleveland Consider the following scenario: A country formed on freedom and rights of individuals eventually deeming one race of individuals as unworthy of those freedoms and rights. This certain race would not be worthy of equal opportunities eventually leading to costs in the quality of life for this race for centuries. It is a curious outcome that an entire country could be built on uplifting ideals and then have double standards in its belief system. This is a scenario that unfolded...
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...Are African American Males Victims of the Criminal Justice System? Institution Tutor Name Date Table of Contents Chapter One 3 Chapter One Introduction The United States of America is credited to have the largest criminal justice framework globally, as at 2011, seven million people were under various programs within correctional facilities and programs. Among these people, 2.2 million were incarcerated in federal, state as well as local correctional facilities. Such incarceration rates dwarf the rates of all other countries globally. However, its magnitude is not void of challenges. The criminal Justice System is ailing form a vast array of challenges. Of importance to us with regard to this context is racial disproportionality within the criminal Justice system. By definition, racism is the perception that inherent differences between various racial groups consequently lead to the superiority of certain races and discrimination of other groups. This is the perception that great men such as Booker. T. Washington, as well as Martin Luther King, fought against during the 1960’s in a bid to end racism. For years these men under the African- American Civil Rights movement advocated for equality for all leading to the ‘end’ of racist perceptions. Today, the belief that their efforts halted racism stands to be questioned, on further examination of this subject it is eminent that racism is still existent in the twenty- first century. Racism has simply found ways...
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...Another theorist that supports our argument is Patricia Hill Collins. Hill Collins believes that gender cannot be marked as separate to race. Hill Collins theory of race, gender, and class asks us to think about race, class, and gender as interlocking systems of oppression. Multiple levels of domination are experienced through people being oppressed and discriminated. Hill Collins introduces this dominant theory of multiple levels of domination that involves gender as a site of identity and politics that sometimes involves African people. Collins believes that Afrocentric feminism is ultimately anchored in the unique experiences and struggles of ordinary African American women. Gender is always gender when spoken about in any race or nationality....
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...and open competition and should be prohibited from being exercised at any publicly funded educational institution. Affirmative action in its very essence was intended to make services accessible which were currently or formerly restricted from minorities due to racial discrimination. The measure would assist minority groups by providing greater opportunities for them to succeed alongside peers from the majority racial category. Affirmative action achieves this by giving preference to minority applicants for admission into institutions of higher education. Through these method individuals, who may be better qualified for admission than a member of the minority group, could potentially be denied access to the college of their choosing. This serves as the reasons as to why I feel that affirmative action is not fair and diminishes open competition. Affirmative-action started as a tool to address the discrimination against African-Americans and 1960s. President Lyndon B. Johnson expanded on the importance of affirmative action to achieving true freedom for African-Americans. He stated nothing is more freighted with meaning for our own destiny than the revolution of the Negro American...In far too many ways American Negroes have been another nation: deprived of freedom, crippled by hatred, the doors of opportunity closed to hope...But freedom is not enough. You do not wipe away the scars of centuries by saying: Now you are free to go where you want, and do as you desire, and choose...
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...“Equal in Sports” The names of the three articles that are being used are “Minorities Coaches Do Not Face Discrimination in Hiring,” “Decision Making in Hiring: Intercollegiate Athletics Coaches and Staff,” and “Tackling Unconscious Bias in Hiring Practices: The Plight of the Rooney Rule.” The authors of the article that I am refuting, “Minorities Coaches Do Not Face Discrimination in Hiring,” are Roger Clegg and Greg Franke. This article was published in Opposing Viewpoints: Sports and Athletes in 2005. Also, there are two peer-reviewed articles that I am using to support my argument. The authors of one the editorials, “Decision Making in Hiring: Intercollegiate Athletics Coaches and Staff,” are Keith Harris, Richard E. Lapchick, and Neza K. Janson. This editorial was published in New Direction for Institutional Research in the winter of 2009. The author of the last piece of writing, “Tackling Unconscious Bias in Hiring Practices: The Plight of the Rooney Rule,” is Brian Collins. This piece of writing was published in New York University Law Review in June 2007. “Minorities Coaches Do Not Face Discrimination in Hiring” simply explains what its title says; that minorities coaches do not face discrimination in the hiring process for coaching job. Meanwhile, the two peer-review articles, “Decision Making in Hiring: Intercollegiate Athletics Coaches and Staff” and “Tackling Unconscious Bias in Hiring Practices: The Plight of the Rooney Rule”, explains in greater details that the...
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...about the nature of these differences and how the races respond to various arguments against the penalty. To explore such differences, we embedded an experiment in a national survey in which respondents are randomly assigned to one of several argument conditions. We find that African Americans are more responsive to argument frames that are both racial (i.e., the death penalty is unfair because most of the people who are executed are black) and nonracial (i.e., too many innocent people are being executed) than are whites, who are highly resistant to persuasion and, in the case of the racial argument, actually become more supportive of the death penalty upon learning that it discriminates against blacks. These interracial differences in response to the framing of arguments against the death penalty can be explained, in part, by the degree to which people attribute the causes of black criminality to either dispositional or systemic forces (i.e., the racial biases of the criminal justice system). he conventional wisdom on public opinion toward the death penalty in the United States, as summarized nicely by Ellsworth and Gross, is that people “feel strongly about the death penalty, know little about it, and feel no need to know more” (1994, 19). As a consequence of these feelings, the authors argue, attitudes tend to be relatively crystallized and, therefore, unresponsive to question phrasing or arguments that are contrary to an individual’s belief. We must wonder, then, why views...
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...of reparation and how it will affect America with African Americans. The author of this article has three separate parts of the reparations, the idea that comes from it, explaining about the Conyers bill, and the positives and negatives of reparations. For the idea that comes from it, the article explains that it started before the civil war where a General ordered 40 acres of land and a mule for each family that were slaves, however it was rejected twice. There were several other reparations over time, with one the author points out mostly; and that was the second part of the article, Conyers bill. It was in November 1989, where a representative of state named Conyers have created his bill and according to the article the bill’s purpose is, “to acknowledge the fundamental injustice, cruelty, brutality and inhumanity of slaver in the United States and the 13 American colonies between 1619 and 1865 and to establish a Commission to examine that institution slavery, subsequent de jure and de facto and economic discrimination against African-Americans, and the impact of these forces on living African-Americans, to make recommendations to the Congress on appropriate remedies, and for other purposes” (Costly)....
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...as such. Unfortunately, people are often judged simply by the color of the skin or by the gender. For many years, both African Americans and American women are mistreated and abused based solely on the skin and gender. As two greatest civil rights leaders and victims of racial and gender discrimination, Martin Luther King and Elizabeth Cody Stanton have effectively demonstrated to the government and audience that treating blacks and women as “slaves” are unfair and morally wrong. The two speeches they write, "I have a dream" and “Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions” are not only the greatest moving speech masterpiece, they are also the best arguments of the century. In the speech, Dr. King and Stanton have successfully employed appeal of logos and pathos to convince the audiences and objectively justify that social segregation based on the color of skin or the sex of a person must be abolished in order to live in an ideal society, respectively. Martin Luther King first incorporates logos in his speech by using vivid evidences to prove his points. In the speech, he claims “American had signed the Emancipation Proclamation, but the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and chains of discrimination after one hundred years later” (King 687). Dr. King argues that African Americans are still living in the flames of racial discrimination. This so-called Emancipation Proclamation has not been exercised by the government. Then Dr. King points out a vivid...
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...for Reparations,” Ta-Nehisi Coates makes the case for why African Americans should be paid back for all of the injustices they had to, and continue to, endure. Granting reparations would be more than just handing out money to blacks to make up for the astronomical wealth gap certain discriminatory actions and policies have created, though. Coates said that making “reparations to those on whose labor...
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...Racial & Ethnic Short-Answer Questions (15) Should reparations be paid to the descendants of victims of slavery? • Some reject the decision made in the Bakke case that providing a remedy for the effects of racial discrimination is unconstitutional. They argue that the idea of reparations is rooted in international law. • Affirmative Action is inadequate, the ‘Maafa’ (meaning disaster, i.e., slavery) is a crime against humanity, and therefore compensation is required. • In the past 50 years apologies and financial compensation has been given to a wide range of groups, including survivors of the Jewish holocaust (as well as descendants of the victims), Japanese-Americans who were imprisoned during the Second World War and native Americans who had their land illegally seized in the USA. • African Americans have been demanding compensation for slavery since the end of the American Civil War. Immediately after the abolition of slavery, the demand was for 40 acres and a mule to ensure they would not be dependent on their former slave-owners. Then, between 1890 and 1917, there was a movement to lobby the government for pensions to compensate for their unpaid labour under slavery. Since 1989, Congressman John Conyers Jnr (Michigan) has introduced a bill every year to study the case for reparations. Each of these initiatives has been largely ignored by the political establishment. • Reparations would ensure full recognition of the scale of the Maafa and, at the same time...
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...Grace Elizabeth Hale’s Making Whiteness demonstrates how the culture of segregation came to be. In the second half of her book, Hale argues the contradictions embedded in the culture of segregation that Southern whites have created and the way lynching had modernized and perfected violence which would then be used as a means for consumer culture. This paper will begin with a short summary of Hale’s arguments; next it will touch upon the importance of violent display on the phenomenon of public lynching. Altogether it will become evident that participation and consumer culture of lynching was used as a method for Southern whites to preserve their superior status. After emancipation African Americans were now free to purchase and consume goods in the same space as whites. This...
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...specifically as social class. Although this is a part of it, there are many other factors such as gender and racism that contribute to this matter. Furthermore, the overall thesis for this paper is that the causes of socio-economic inequality are caused by more than solely economic factors. The arguments that will support this thesis will be: 1) Gender inequality in the workplace; 2) Discrimination towards age and race 3) Unequal access to education and power; and 4) How the social behaviors of members of society, through forms of discrimination, affect the attitudes of others. This topic has a social relevance, being that countless people around the world are affected by socio-economic inequality. I INTRODUCTION A study done on national income distribution shows that families in the top twenty percent are making 47.2 percent of the nation’s income, while the bottom twenty percent are making only 4.3 percent of it. Correspondingly, ten percent of households in the United States own 68 percent of the nation’s wealth. This proves that there is a problem of uneven distribution of income, and the reasons behind it are due to the social problems society has been facing for centuries. Discrimination against varieties of people has gained so much influence on society that it affects not only others with the same socio-economic stance as the people discriminating, but also has impact on those being discriminated against. There...
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...Civil Rights Movement Since 1845, African Americans have struggled to find equal rights in America. Thus, African Americas have a long history of activism in America, from fighting for the right to vote to pushing for integration in public places. Activists like Stokley Carmichael organized the freedom rides, James Meredith fought to integrate blacks and whites at the University of Mississippi, and Rosa Parks instigated the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Although these protests were often legal and non-violent, the protests made a powerful impact on civil rights in the United States. With the bravery and help of activist like Carmichael, Meredith, Parks and many others, the country slowly worked to acknowledge the basic rights and contributions of African-Americans within the United States. Through it all, African American civil rights leaders risked and sometimes lost their lives in the name of freedom to end segregation, discrimination and isolation to attain equality and civil rights. With civil rights activists leading the fight for racial equality, America slowly but surely became a better place. Through the protests, marches, sit-ins and news articles; African Americans showed there was more ways to attain freedom and equality as opposed to violence. Even before Rosa Parks, on Sunday July 16, 1854, Elizabeth Jennings Graham boarded a street car of the Third Avenue railroad company at the corner of Pearl and Chatham streets. The conductor of the train ordered her to...
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...social classes. As law enforcement progressed, so did the conflict among African Americans and law enforcement officials. The greatest argument to date in our society are those of the African American race. When a crime has been committed the first suspect in the case is an African American male whether there are other suspects or not. Another argument could be the socioeconomic class. An example of this may be if one were to come from a less than prosperous background, not only will they be arrested, but they will be tried and convicted due to the simple fact that they don’t have the resources to afford a decent attorney. Then there are those that are born into wealthy families and if they are arrested for a crime, they will never do any jail or prison time due to the fact that they do have the resources to have the best attorney or even an entire defense team. As hard as it is to believe we would like to think this doesn’t exist in our society, but if you were to ask anyone and the answer you are given may just surprise you. The sole objective in this paper is to not only describe the historical development of policing in the United States, but also how this is related to current relationships between law enforcement and those of different ethnic groups or social classes. Throughout the course of law enforcement history there are three eras that have helped influence the relationship between African Americans and law enforcement. The three eras are the political, reform, and community...
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