...1.1 organic compound a molecular compound of carbon, not including CO(g), CO2(g), and HCN(g) hydrocarbon a compound containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms saturated hydrocarbon a hydrocarbon with only single covalent bonds between its carbon atoms alkane a saturated hydrocarbon H H C H (a) H (b) Figure 2 Two representations of the methane molecule: (a) the structural formula and (b) the ball-and-stick model 8 Chapter 1 • Organic Compounds Alkanes Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. As a general definition, an organic compound is a molecular compound containing carbon with the exception of carbon monoxide, CO(g), carbon dioxide, CO2(g), and hydrogen cyanide, HCN(g). Since carbon has 4 valence electrons, its atoms tend to form 4 covalent bonds. Carbon atoms ofen bond with one another to form chains. Tese chain struc- tures become the backbones of a range of molecules, some of them very complex. Carbon-based molecules are the building blocks for life on Earth. Most fuels are hydrocarbons, whose molecules consist only of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds. Hydrocarbon fuels include natural gas, gasoline, fuel oil, and diesel fuel. NASCAR racing cars burn an unleaded fuel similar to that used in most cars on the street (Figure 1). Natural gas, which is pri- marily methane, is a major fuel for electric power plants. Butane and propane are used to heat homes and to fuel tools such as soldering torches. Figure...
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...Centre for Foundation Studies, UTAR Chapter Scopes FHSC1124 Organic Chemistry Alkanes • IUPAC Nomenclature / naming of aliphatic alkanes and cycloalkanes • Physical properties • Combustion reactions • Free-radical substitution reactions & mechanism • Crude oil and “cracking” Chapter 2 Introduction to Alkanes IUPAC Nomenclature • Simplest member of hydrocarbon family • General formula of alkanes = CnH2n+2 • Alkanes = Paraffins (hydrocarbons with general formula CnH2n+2) • Aliphatic compounds: open chain / acyclic compounds • The names of alkanes end with suffix -ane. • Saturated hydrocarbon: only have C−C & C−H single bonds & contain the maximum possible number of H per C. 3 IUPAC Rules 1. Select the longest continuous C chain as parent chain (use root word for the no. of C) 2. Name each of the branch/substituents as an alkyl / aryl group 3. Number the C chain beginning from the end nearest to the branch ⇒ branch/substituents appear at the lowest no. possible FHSC1124 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY • IUPAC International Union of Pure & Applied Chemistry • The IUPAC nomenclature system is a set of logical rules devised and used by organic chemists to name the organic compounds. Prefix − Parent − Suffix What are the How many What family? substituents? carbons? IUPAC Rules 4. Name each substituent according to its chemical identity & the no. of the C atom to which it is attached ⇒ For identical substituent, use the prefix ...
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...U2 mod 1chem. Halogenoalkanes page1 of 4 Introduction Halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides are derivatives of alkanes. General formula = CnH2n+1X or simply R—X where R represents an alkyl group They can be classified as primary, secondary or tertiary alkyl halides. Primary alkyl halides have either 1 or no alkyl groups attached to the central carbon atom. Secondary alkyl halides have 2 alkyl groups (circled) attached to the central carbon atom. Tertiary alkyl halides have 3 alkyl groups (circled) attached to the central carbon atom Aryl halides are compounds in which the halogen atom is attached directly to the aromatic ring. U2 mod 1chem. Halogenoalkanes page2 of 4 Reactions of alkyl halides The point of attack would be the electron deficient carbon atom (due to the difference in electronegativity in the C-X bond) attached to the halogen atom , thus the attacking species would be a nucleophile. All reactions need the present of heat i.e. reflux 1. Alcohol formation (R represents any hydrocarbon chain) R—X + OH- R—OH + XPrimary and secondary alkyl halides undergo alkaline hydrolysis to the alcohol while tertiary alkyl halides can be hydrolysed by water. Aryl halides do not undergo hydrolysis except under VERY SEVERE conditions. Industrially chlorobenzene is reacted with NaOH(aq) at 360 °C at a high pressure then adding dilute HCl. 2. Amine formation R—X + NH3(alc) heat in a sealed tube R—NH2 + HX Note (alc) means an alcoholic solution as opposed to an aqueous...
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... A B C=C A B Restricted rotation of carbon-carbon double bond causes cis-trans isomerism 4 Alkenes Cycloalkenes - General formula CnH2n-2 - Isomeric to alkynes CnH2n-2 Example : C4H6 CH2 CH CH2 Functional group isomerism CH CH3C – CCH3 5 Alkenes Common Names Of Alkenes Many older names for alkenes are still in use … example: CH2 CH3 CH2 ethene ethylene CH2 CH CH3 CH2 2–methylpropene isobutylene CH3 CH3 propene propylene C CH3 C CH CH2 2–methylbut-1,3-diene 6 isoprene Alkenes IUPAC Nomenclature 1. Determine the parent name by selecting the longest chain that contains the double bond and change the ending ‘-ane’ in alkane to ‘-ene’. 2. When the chain contains more than three carbon atoms, numbering is needed to indicate the location of the double bond. 3. The chain is numbered starting from the end closest to the double bond. 4. Indicate the position of the...
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...Answer Briefly: 1. (a) Define the following. Saponification Functional Group Isomerism 2. Explain how will you prepare following. Carbolic Acid from Benzene Acetaldehyde from acetylene Acetal from formaldehyde 3. What are phenols? How are they classified? Explain why phenols are acedic in nature. 4. What are Organometallic compounds? How will you prepare the following from methyl magnesium bromide. Vinegar Isopropyl Alcohol Ethane 5. Draw the structures and give the I.U.P.A.C names of the following. Vinyl Chloride Neo-pentae Tert-butyl methyl ether Picric acid 6 . What product or products are formed when the following compound is nitrated. Bromo Benzene Nitro Benzene 7 . What is methylated spirit? Give its composition. 8. Partial hydrogenation of 2-Butyne forms two geometrical isomers. Write the equation and the condition necessary to obtain these isomers. 9. –COOH and –CN groups deactivate the benzene ring. a. Which property of these groups causes this deactivation? b. Giving a suitable example compare the directive influence of –NO2 and –Cl group, when attached with benzene. (OR) Benzene is a highly unsaturated compound, but it does not give addition reaction with bromine even in the presence of Lewis acid. Name and explain the process which gives this extra stability to benzene. Q.10 . a. In the preparation of alkyl halides from alcohols SOCl2 is the best reagent...
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...HYSYS Assignment 1 Exercise 1 From the article Process Selection and Optimisation Studies – North Rankin ‘A’ by K.R. Gammie, we are told that the operating temperature for a 1 year flowing condition, the temperature is 76°C and has a pressure of 24.2 MPa. At this flowing condition, we can see that we have a point far above the saturation dome; therefore the fluid is single phase. For a 10 year flowing condition, the temperature is given as 96°C and has a pressure of 13.2 MPa. At this flowing condition, we have a point that is just inside the saturation dome which means that the fluid is in 2 phases. Importance of the overlap. We can see from the above graph that the vapour stream is significantly flatter than the feed and vapour streams. This is because the vapour and feed stream have similar component compositions. There is quite a large overlap of the liquid and vapour streams between -150°C and 50°C which indicates that there is a large proportion of gas in both these streams. All three of the phase envelopes overlap at some point because they all consist of the same components. The flatness of the liquid stream can be attributed to the fact that the liquid has a lower vapour pressure at any given temperature, than the vapour and feed streams. The liquid stream also contains heavier hydrocarbons which exhibit a lower pressure than the vapour and gas streams which consist of lighter hydrocarbons. The bubble point curve of the liquid stream intersects with the dew...
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...TG8S SERIES 80% SINGLE STAGE MULTI-POSITION 33” NATURAL GAS FURNACES www.Source1Parts.com (STYLE A) INCLUDES LO-NOX MODELS TGLS Supersedes: 035-21389-001 Rev. K (0410) 035-21389-001 Rev. L (0610) 1 of 6 26 HVAC SERVICE PARTS 41 35 11 28 2 27 32 8 36 43 29 25 Figure 1: 80% SINGLE STAGE MULTI-POSTION NATURAL GAS FURNACES FIG ITEM DESCRIPTION TG8S040A08MP11A TG8S060A10MP11A TG8S060A12MP11A TG8S080B12MP11A TGLS040A08MP11A TGLS060A10MP11A TGLS060A12MP11A TGLS080B12MP11A (2 BURNER) MOTOR 2 1 MOTOR, DIRECT DRIVE BLOWER 2 BLOWER, COMBUSTION 1,2 ELECTRICAL 2 3 CAPACITOR, RUN (7.5MFD/370V) SWITCH, LIMIT(250 Deg Man Reset,2 Req’d) 2 4 2 5 CONTROL, FURNACE 3 6 IGNITER 3 7 SENSOR, FLAME 1,2 8 SWITCH, PRESSURE 2 9 SWITCH, DOOR 2 10 TRANSFORMER 1,3 11 VALVE, GAS 2 12 CONTROL, TEMPERATURE 13 14 AIR MOVING HOUSING, BLOWER 2 15 HOUSING, BLOWER w/WHEEL 16 WHEEL, BLOWER 2 NOTE: (3 BURNER) S1-02435734000 S1-02642548000 S1-02435762000 S1-02541318000 S1-33102956000 S1-02532625000 S1-02537499000 S1-02435785000 S1-02435738000 S1-2940A3541 S1-32537426000 S1-02541321000 (3 BURNER) S1-02435735000 S1-02642548000 S1-02435762000 S1-02541318000 S1-33102956000 S1-02532625000 S1-02537499000 S1-02435785000 S1-02435738000 S1-2940A3541 S1-32537426000 S1-02541320000 (4 BURNER) S1-02435735000 S1-02642549000 S1-02435762000 S1-02541318000 S1-33102956000 S1-02532625000 S1-02537499000 S1-02435785000 S1-02435738000 S1-2940A3541 S1-32537426000 S1-02541320000 S1-02435733000...
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...preparatoria 1er Examen Parcial Nombre: _________________________________________________ Grupo: _____________________ Fecha: Materia: QUIMICA II Nombre del Profesor: Ernesto Román López Nájera / Dirección de Preparatoria INSTRUCCIONES GENERALES: Lea cuidadosamente para responder cada una de las preguntas o problemas. Cualquier resultado será inválido en caso de no contener los procedimientos que sean necesarios y/o correctos para la obtención de alguna solución, así como por incluir más de una respuesta I. SELECCIONE LA OPCIÓN CORRECTA (VALOR 5.5 PTS C/U) 1. Es cuando en una(s) sustancia(s) se efectúa un cambio químico y se producen una o más sustancias diferentes. a) Reacción química b) Ecuación química c) Cambio físico 2. Es la descripción simbólica para las reacciones químicas, mediante el cual unas sustancias (reactivos) se transforman en otras (productos de la reacción). a) Cambio Físico b) Balanceo químico c) Ecuación química 3. Tipo de reacción química donde se da la unión química de dos o más elementos o compuestos para formar un compuesto más complejo a) Reacción de Síntesis b) Reacción de Descomposición c) Reacción de desplazamiento simple 4. Tipo de reacción química cuando un elemento que es más activo que el otro elemento que forma el compuesto, lo remplaza o sustituye en la reacción a) Reacción de Síntesis b) Reacción de Descomposición c) Reacción...
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...Toxicología Introducción La Toxicología puede definirse como el “estudio de las interacciones entre sustancias químicas y sistemas biológicos con el objetivo de determinar la capacidad de estas sustancias para producir efectos adversos en los organismos vivos, e investigar su naturaleza, incidencia, mecanismo de producción, factores influyentes y reversibilidad de dichos efectos adversos”. Estos efectos adversos se conocen con el nombre de efectos tóxicos y la probabilidad de que una sustancia produzca efectos tóxicos, riesgo. El riesgo dependerá de la toxicidad de la sustancia (de lo venenosa que sea) y de las posibilidades de entrar en contacto con ella, que a su vez vendrán determinadas por las circunstancias de exposición asociadas con su uso, como la ubicación y concentración en el ambiente, duración y frecuencia de la exposición, sistemas de protección y por sus propiedades físico-químicas como volatilidad (inhalación), solubilidad (en el agua de consumo) o lipofilia (absorción por la piel). Uno de los objetos de los estudios clínicos y experimentales en toxicología es definir la capacidad de las sustancias para producir efectos perjudiciales, medir y analizar las dosis con las cuales se presenta toxicidad y valorar la probabilidad de que la lesión o enfermedad se presente bajo condiciones específicas de uso. El principal objetivo de la Toxicología Laboral es identificar y cuantificar los riesgos antes mencionados para precisar los niveles admisibles de exposición...
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...In the last several years, a growing number of scientific evidences have indicated that the air within homes, offices, or other indoor environment can be more seriously polluted than the outdoor air (Sheldon, 1994). Indoors, the concentration of some harmful chemical and biological matters may be hundreds times higher than that outdoors (Sheldon, 1994). Thus, the situation that chemical, biological, and/or physical matters in the indoor air that cause harmful effects to human health is defined as indoor air pollution. One source of indoor air pollutant is chemical matter, which is caused by combustion, architecture material, and some other things. Combustion or burning is the sequence of exothermic chemical reactions between a fuel and an oxidant accompanied by the production of heat and conversion of chemical species (Wikipedia, Combustion, 2010). In the indoor environment, combustion refers to the use of oil, natural gas, wood, coal, charcoal, and tobacco. During this course, not only the oxygen in the house is consumed, but also much harmful gas like carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2), which is poisonous to human, is produced and flood into the air. Especially in developing countries, where people cook food with burning wood or coal, the indoor air pollution is more serious (WHO, 2010). Another source of chemical pollutant is architecture material. Some building material, furniture, paint may give off volatile organic compounds that can...
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...The White Powder Mystery The purpose of this experiment is to figure out who sabotaged Luigi’s cake with a mystery substance. The way we did this was by testing the multiple mystery powders to see there reactions to vinegar, iodine, and heat. The vinegar tests for the presence of acid, the iodine tests for the presence of starch, and heat to test for burning point. The items needed to complete this lab are a Bunsen burner, tin foil, plastic film, iodine, vinegar, baby powder, baking powder, baking soda, flour, corn starch, and powder sugar. I believe that toad sabotaged Luigi’s cake because no one suspects the toad. 1) You need to gather all the materials. Including mystery substances 1-6 2) Put mystery powder 1 on the plastic film in two piles, and test its reaction to vinegar then to iodine. Repeat this for mystery powders 2-6. 3) Record results 4) Make 6 small bowls out of the tin foil to hold the mystery powders. 5) Connect the Bunsen burner hose. 6) Turn on the gas and light with a striker. 7) Hold the tin foil bowls with the mystery powders in them with tongs, and then move the bowls over the flame for 20 to 30 seconds. 8) Record results Observations Vinegar Iodine Heat A White powder, Blue tint No Fizz No reaction Burned around edges B White powder, fine, clumps together Fizz Reaction Smokes, burns edges C fine powder, clumps Fizz No reaction No heating reaction D clumps, yellow tint, soft No Fizz Reaction Very quick reaction, Flames E very soft, very fine...
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...Fire Prevention and Fire Fighting on Board a Ship INTRODUCTION Every year more and more ships are lost through fire and collision. Shipboard fire alone, however, results in more total losses of ships than any other form of casualty. The most common causes of shipboard fire are: maintenance, burning and welding are responsible for nearly 40 percent of all outbreaks. Smoking leads to countless fires that break out when no one expects. Lack of attention, spontaneous combustion and electrical faults are the major causes. The engine room is at special risk from flashbacks in oilfired boilers, leaky pipings carrying oil, overheated bearings and even the accumulation of rubbish (oil rags, dirty oil, tins of oil, etc.). According to Mikhail Grigorevich Stavitskii 1983, if most shipboard fires can be prevented, then who is responsible for preventing them? The answer is that fire prevention is the shared duty of each and every member of the crew. No fire prevention effort or program can be successful unless it involves everyone aboard ship. We have noted that every crewmember is responsible for the fire aboard ship. Similarly, every crewmember has a role in the ship's fire prevention program. Because attitude is so much a part of the fire prevention, it is also the most important part of the fire prevention program. So as with the Fire Figthing, if there is a fire aboard ship, everyone aboard ship must form the emergency response team. According to Lobo Gruppe, Oslo 1987, the...
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...Joey Hudack BIO102 Environment and People Dr. Mike Mooring 09 December 2015 Indoor Air Pollution in Sub-Saharan Africa Introduction Environmental pollution is a major topic and a major global challenge that has become very popular over the last few decades. Air pollution has specifically gained major interests from researchers, governments, and international organizations due to the major impacts associated with it. When a topic such as air pollution is mentioned, most of the people will automatically link it to the idea of things like smog, power plants and emissions from vehicles. However, these are considered examples of outdoor air pollutants. There exists another class of pollutants, which pollute the air inside the houses. These are called indoor air pollutants. Indoor air pollution is when the indoor pollutants or things such as gases and particles contaminate the air indoors. Indoor air pollution refers to the pollution of the air inside the houses or the living spaces. It is the presence of one or more contaminants indoor that carry a certain degree of health risks. The sub-Saharan Africa is among the regions in the world that have been highly affected by indoor air pollution. The aim of this document is to discuss the challenge of indoor air pollution in the region of sub-Saharan Africa. Solid fuel is the major source of this indoor air pollution and particle suspension in the air of these homes. In this region where the population is too poor...
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...Vertical lift door directs heat away from the operator and has maximum access with minimum head room for easy loading and unloading. Ceramic hearth plate protects bottom. Single Set Point Control Lab Muffle Furnaces have proportional temperature control and include an analog temperature indicator with 50°C/°F increments. Ramp rate is adjustable. What's Included for lab muffle furnace: hearth plate and 5-ft (1.5-m) power cord with plug. High Temperature Lab Muffle Furnaces and Its Design The defining characteristic of a lab muffle furnace is that it separates the object to be heated from all by products of combustion from the heat source. With modern electrical lab muffle furnaces, this means heat is applied to a chamber through induction or convection by a high-temperature heating coil inside an insulated material. The insulating material effectively acts as a muffle, preventing heat from escaping. A well-built lab muffle furnace can reach extremely high temperatures with a high degree of uniformity and accuracy, while preserving the purity of the chamber environment. Lab Muffle Furnace Design Uses Lab Muffle furnaces come in all form factors, sizes, and temperature ranges. They can use a variety of atmospheres and are offered at a wide variety of price points. Our Lab Muffle Furnace include: Both Government and private research facilities. University science laboratories. Preproduction manufacturing test. Small scale production environments. Lab Muffle Furnace...
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...A detonating firework is basically various chemical reactions happening all or in fast succession. A firework is a tube shaped that is been used to launch a firework up in the sky. Whenever fire is been used in the firework fuse, you give enough enactment vitality to make strong concoction mixes stuffed inside the firecracker burns with oxygen in the air and change over themselves into different chemicals, discharging smoke and fume gases, for example, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen in the process. Also, whenever a firework bursts in the air, have you wonder, where does the color come from? Well the color of the firework is also behind of science. These colors come from metal compounds, also known as metal salts, packed inside....
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