...The Knickerbocker group’s members were influential early American literature writers, they popularized writing about America and wrote stories that took place in it’s landscapes. These acts of nationalism were significant because it gave Americans a sense of pride in their country and individualism in their identity apart from Europe. Additionally, the Hudson River School consisted of a band of artists, most of them living in New York, who created artwork of landscapes in the Hudson River Valley and surrounding areas. They didn’t only paint landscapes, they also attempted to capture American ideals of romanticism and often had themes of exploration and settlement. Furthermore, the paintings of romanticism illustrated the artists nationalism by showing their ignorance to America’s problems and painting a “perfect world” or kind of utopia. The outbreak in popularity of transcendentalism at the time showed the efforts of the country to try and improve society. By highlighting the importance of the common man, transcendentalism rapidly gained traction because it’s exactly...
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...Industrialization after the Civil War Monyea Anthony Professor Adam McBride History 105: Contemporary U.S. History August 3, 2014 The industrialization after the civil war had affected American in different ways. Industrialization influenced the U.S society by the number of employed children under the age of 15 were increasing when children were suppose to be getting an education but instead are working underage. The steel and oil industries fueled the growth of the American economy. U.S. politics were influenced by the industrialization by creating laws that prohibited many immigrants from obtaining their freedom and rights. The three major aspects that influenced U.S. society, economy, and politics during the industrialization were first the types of employment of geographical region. Workers in the south primarily farmed. The women in both the rural and urban areas engaged in paid labor inside and outside the homes. There work was occupied with the work they traditionally performed on the farms before the industrialization. The south had little to none manufacturing capability in which cotton was one of the most valuable exports in the south. The north was already exposed to the industry and was highly industrialized. The pace of the working industry of...
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...1.1 How and why the American society industrialized in the late 19th century Industrialization is a period characterized by social and economic changes that result in transition of an agrarian society towards an industrialized one. It involves changing the ways and methods of manufacturing. In the late 19th century, the various factors that contributed to the industrialization of America as discussed below. Use of advanced methods of production which included the use of machines in manufacturing enabled mass production of commodities. The large manufacturing firms offered employment to her population. Division of labor that resulted meant increased production. America is endowed with a rich and varied natural resource base. The water supply helped generate power for running industrial machines while the large forest resource provided timber. Coal was used in the railway transport to provide energy. By 1850 America had already laid 14500 km of rail on her soil and by the 1900 it had reached 320000km making the distribution of goods become faster with low cost of production as a result .Communication also improved with railways taking over from stagecoach in mail delivery. Alexander Graham Bell discovered the telephone in 1876 further making communication more efficient. During the period of industrialization, the population...
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...Colonial Expansion in England After the loss of the American colonies in 1783 Britain began to look for new colonies in order to find cheap sources of raw materials. The 19th century brought about the greatest prosperity in Britain. Its sources lay in colonial expansion, industrialization, improved transport, and social reforms. At the beginning of the century Britain was at war with Napoleonic France. In 1806, Napoleon issued the Berlin Decree forbidding any country under his control from trading with Britain. In the following year, the British issued Orders in Council, granting the right to seize neutral shipping bound for French controlled ports. This decision led to a war with the USA (1812-1814). In 1815, the Duke of Wellington (1769-1852) defeated Napoleon at Waterloo near Brussels, and after the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Britain became the greatest and richest power in Europe. The British controlled world trade. In the 19th century the population of Britain increased rapidly. By 1815 it had reached 13 million and London was one of the largest cities in Europe (1 million inhabitants). By 1850 half the population lived in towns and London had more than 2 million inhabitants. Between 1750 and 1850 the population of Britain increased threefold. Victoria, daughter of the Duke of Kent, a younger son of King George III, succeeded her uncle, William IV, in 1837. Her reign lasted until her death in 1901, and it was marked by a steady growth of national wealth and expansion...
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...After the loss of the American colonies in 1783 Britain began to look for new colonies in order to find cheap sources of raw materials. The 19th century brought about the greatest prosperity in Britain. Its sources lay in colonial expansion, industrialization, improved transport, and social reforms. At the beginning of the century Britain was at war with Napoleonic France. In 1806, Napoleon issued the Berlin Decree forbidding any country under his control from trading with Britain. In the following year, the British issued Orders in Council, granting the right to seize neutral shipping bound for French controlled ports. This decision led to a war with the USA (1812-1814). In 1815, the Duke of Wellington (1769-1852) defeated Napoleon at Waterloo near Brussels, and after the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Britain became the greatest and richest power in Europe. The British controlled world trade. In the 19th century the population of Britain increased rapidly. By 1815 it had reached 13 million and London was one of the largest cities in Europe (1 million inhabitants). By 1850 half the population lived in towns and London had more than 2 million inhabitants. Between 1750 and 1850 the population of Britain increased threefold. Victoria, daughter of the Duke of Kent, a younger son of King George III, succeeded her uncle, William IV, in 1837. Her reign lasted until her death in 1901, and it was marked by a steady growth of national wealth and expansion of the empire. Britain held the...
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...Women’s Roles During the Industrial Revolution During the course of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the Industrial revolution transformed Western Europe and the United States introducing origins of machinery in the cotton textile industries. However during this time, non-industrial wage labor increased, more children were being forced to work, urban cities grew, and the commercial agriculture from farms transformed into a labor market. Although, it was not only these economic developments being impacted that made the time of the Industrial Revolution significant; changes in family life also occurred, particularly speaking the decline of family size and increase of life expectancy. Therefore, there was a greater role for women in the labor force, allowing them to compete in contemporary politics and reform activities. Dependent on beginning of the transatlantic movement of British immigrants and their technology, the Industrial Revolution in the United States moved forward allowing the textile industry to expand. Long after the American Revolution showed signs of advantage in the marketplace, a flood of British exports took over, replicating inventions from English manufacturers. One of the first inventions reconstructed would be the first permanent cotton spinning mill and an Arkwright water frame restored by Samuel Slater under sponsorship of former merchants William Almy and Moses Brown. With the leadership of Slater, Almy and Brown they expanded a firm in machine...
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...in the 17th century who were paid to perform manufacturing tasks in homes. All the traditional production of crafts was based on the master artisans who always worked together on contractual jobs. The artisans worked with journeymen and apprentice to ensure that they served the masters well. However, the nineteenth century led to increased industrial revolution that tended to bring an end to traditional forms of production to the modern factories. The artisanal work was hard work, but a lot was lost through the industrial revolution. The industrial revolution led to decrease in labor costs significantly causing the decline in the artisanal system. It was seen and thought to be a framework to embrace innovation and to leave the traditional methods. The workers were adversely affected by the revolutionized industry as the male-dominated trades were streamed down to the children and women. Labor movements were experienced in most parts of the cities leading to leaps of population and wealth. It is during this period that the artisans, as well as other skilled laborers, were paid higher than all the unskilled workers. The artisans owned modest homes with servant quarters. The proficiency of the artisans led to them being considered marketable assets especially due to their tools. The older regimes offered a platform for the artisans to become eventually masters in their field of expertise and this was considered a threat to the revolution. As such, the American system decided...
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...in the 17th century who were paid to perform manufacturing tasks in homes. All the traditional production of crafts was based on the master artisans who always worked together on contractual jobs. The artisans worked with journeymen and apprentice to ensure that they served the masters well. However, the nineteenth century led to increased industrial revolution that tended to bring an end to traditional forms of production to the modern factories. The artisanal work was hard work, but a lot was lost through the industrial revolution. The industrial revolution led to decrease in labor costs significantly causing the decline in the artisanal system. It was seen and thought to be a framework to embrace innovation and to leave the traditional methods. The workers were adversely affected by the revolutionized industry as the male-dominated trades were streamed down to the children and women. Labor movements were experienced in most parts of the cities leading to leaps of population and wealth. It is during this period that the artisans, as well as other skilled laborers, were paid higher than all the unskilled workers. The artisans owned modest homes with servant quarters. The proficiency of the artisans led to them being considered marketable assets especially due to their tools. The older regimes offered a platform for the artisans to become eventually masters in their field of expertise and this was considered a threat to the revolution. As such, the American system decided...
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...Given the relative weakness of the 16th century Europe, how do we account for the fact that European nations came to dominate most of the world by the end of the 19th century? In the 16th century, majority of the population in Europe was living in poverty. Europe paled in comparison to the great empires of the Ming, Ottoman and Mughal. Though Portuguese and Spanish represented Europe civilization to set sail and explore new lands in search of new settlements and viable trade routes, the Chinese empire lead an expedition of a massive scale larger than ever known earlier than that time with a different motive. Such expeditions imply these major empires could be suitable candidates for world domination. However, they became insignificant in the world politics arena due to internal declines and isolation. Strong and impregnable as they seem, these great empires had their weaknesses and suffered downfalls due to inefficient government and inadequate resources. The Ottoman Empire has expanded beyond what its resources could sustain. Coupled with widespread corruption and incompetent leadership, the empire’s armies suffered and became vulnerable to its Christian and nomadic rivals. The Mughal empire leader Aurangzeb, expanded his empire in name of purifying Islam hence weakening alliances with Hindu princes and disrupted the already fragmented social order. With focused expansion of territory using obsolete armies and tactics, the empire was drained of its wealth and fell when civil...
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...plight of America’s urban poor. These urban poor Americans lived in such appalling conditions is hard to imagine that plant life could survive let alone human beings. This movement took place in the late 19th century and continued in the beginning of the 20th century. Crusaders of this era were burdened the task of getting the rich and poor to live harmoniously and collectively in an interdependent community. It was this call to duty in which the establishment of “settlement houses” were born and produced. These houses were manufactured in poor urban parts of the country where they had settlement house volunteers who would live; share their culture, knowledge, and education as well as helping to improve the poverty line of their low income neighbors. These volunteers and residents; officiated effective methods of helping and in turn created a path for government agencies to take over the majority of the responsibility. These settlement house workers with their innovative mentality to find solutions to their everyday poverty and injustice also lead the way to creating the profession of social work that we all know today. The settlement house pioneers had unique ways to their approach to policy formulation. Two of the most unique themes that characterized the social workers’ approach of the movement were reform and research. Reform during this era meant that “accepting the forces of urbanization and industrialization, they went about their task of eliminating the...
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...Group Presentation Report On topic: How and Why Industrialization, Population and Urbanization are related: Social Relations, Social Control and Law? Student: Yen Hoang Keuka College How and Why Industrialization, Population and Urbanization are related: Social Relations, Social Control and Law? Industrialization, Population Growth and Urbanization are in dynamic relationship with each other that also has been contributing to change various aspects of Social Relations, Social Control and Law. America is taken as the typical example illustrating this topic because this country is one of the pioneers starting up those processes and witnessing their pros and cons in spectacular aspects. First of all, industrialization is the transformation from an agricultural an industrial society, in which the new technology as well as mechanization of industry is dominant. It first took place in Britain from the middle of the 18th to the early 19th century and presented a prototype for industrial revolution spreading throughout Western Europe and North America afterwards. The greatest significance of this process is that it replaced manual labor by machinery as well as mechanical production took the place of manual production. Furthermore, the industrialization was made possible by the great, incredible and numerous inventions, such as steam engine technology, electric power, cotton gin, elevators, telegraph code, telephone, railroads, steel mills, refrigerator, washing machines...
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...trade. According to Allen, the first industrial revolution took place in Britain instead of the Low Countries primarily because of Britain’s abundant and cheap coal resources, combined with the central government’s ability to use mercantilist policies and naval power to reap the greatest benefits from an expanding European and world trade. Once it had taken the lead from the Dutch, and defeated the French, Britain used its comparative advantage to consolidate its dominant position through free trade until the late Victorian period when its technological innovations spread to its competitors. While he agrees that the political, cultural and scientific context of British industrialization was important to its primacy, his approach does not claim, as many interpretations have, that British, and later European and American,...
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...problems they addressed. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, America was in a time of major reform. Citizens of the United States were tired of the neglected situations of poor working conditions, overcrowding of cities, political corruption, and abuses by industrialists. A reform group, known as the Progressives took it upon themselves to rally for change. Using many different resources of media, combined with many different organized protests and petitions,...
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...Modern America from Reconstruction to an Industrial Power (1865 – 1890) Reconstruction of modern America was not a missed opportunity because of rapid economic growth and prosperity, unified nation with a powerful government and political and business reforms (Carnes, Mark & Garraty, 2011). During this period in the 19th century, America emerged as an industrial power and agricultural power mostly in the North and the West and not in the South. This phase of reconstruction made America dominate as the World’s largest economic power. America also rose as a superpower nation with one of the strongest governments in the world (Kennedy, David, Cohen & Lizabeth, 2012). Another positive effect of reconstruction of America is that it led to an end of the infamous Trans-Atlantic slave trade. In this trade, slaves were sourced from West Africa and were sold in the slave markets in America, slaves were sold to be exploited as cheap sources of labor, they were treated inhumanely. Reconstruction, therefore, ended this commerce and gave the slaves their right of citizenship. Actually, in 1867 and for the first time slaves were allowed to vote. Reconstruction era also led to social and business reforms in America. These changes resulted in the expansion of government and education, curtailment of excesses, recognition of the status of women and modernization of the society as a whole (Tindall, George & David, 2009). America also benefitted due to the unprecedented...
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...Modern America from Reconstruction to an Industrial Power (1865 – 1890) Reconstruction of modern America was not a missed opportunity because of rapid economic growth and prosperity, unified nation with a powerful government and political and business reforms (Carnes, Mark & Garraty, 2011). During this period in the 19th century, America emerged as an industrial power and agricultural power mostly in the North and the West and not in the South. This phase of reconstruction made America dominate as the World’s largest economic power. America also rose as a superpower nation with one of the strongest governments in the world (Kennedy, David, Cohen & Lizabeth, 2012). Another positive effect of reconstruction of America is that it led to an end of the infamous Trans-Atlantic slave trade. In this trade, slaves were sourced from West Africa and were sold in the slave markets in America, slaves were sold to be exploited as cheap sources of labor, they were treated inhumanely. Reconstruction, therefore, ended this commerce and gave the slaves their right of citizenship. Actually, in 1867 and for the first time slaves were allowed to vote. Reconstruction era also led to social and business reforms in America. These changes resulted in the expansion of government and education, curtailment of excesses, recognition of the status of women and modernization of the society as a whole (Tindall, George & David, 2009). America also benefitted due to the unprecedented...
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