... Assignment: SCIE207 Phase 2 Lab Report Title: Animal and Plant Cell Structures 1. Animal Cell: [pic] |Number |Cell Structure |Description and Function | |1 |Nuclear Pore |Nuclear pores are large protein structures that cross| | | |the nuclear envelope, which is the double membrane | | | |inclosing the eukaryotic cell nucleus. The function | | | |of a nuclear pore is to control the way of molecules | | | |between the nucleus and cytoplasm, allowing some | | | |material to go through the membrane. | |2 |Chromatin (DNA) |Chromatin is the combined material of DNA and | | | |proteins. Chromatins are what make up the entire | | | |nucleus of a cell. The function of a chromatin is to | | ...
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...Lori Stenbeck Bio K121 June 14, 2012 Animal and Plant Cells Introduction: There are two different types of cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic, such as bacteria, lack a nuclear membrane and other membrane bound organelles. Their genetic material consists of a single molecule of singular DNA. Eukaryotic, such as plant and animal cells have a nuclear membrane and other membrane bound organelles. Their genetic structure consists of one or more linear strands of DNA. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, cytoplasm, and a plasma membrane surrounding the cell. The typical plant cell has in addition a cell wall, a rigid structure made up of cellulose that surrounds the plasma membrane. Most animal cells are mostly filled with cytoplasm, whereas the plant cell has much of its volume taken up by a central vacuole containing water, salts, sugars and other compounds. The purpose of this experiment is to differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Also to distinguish among plant and animal cells and identifying the organelles that are evident in them. Eukaryotic Cells: Plant Cells: Elodea: When viewing the Elodea (also known as pond weed) it was easy to distinguish it was a plant cell due to its rectangular shape. The cellular organelles that were observed were a cell, wall, chloroplast, cytoplasm, and a nucleus. The nucleus was located off to the side of the cell. This was assumed to be because of the large central vacuole. As the slide began to...
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...function of animal cells In this assignment, I will be producing a report discussing and analysing the movement of materials in and out cells using different methods. These include passive transport. This is a process which doesn’t require energy, diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis are included in this. Active transport is a process which does need energy to function. Endocytosis and exocytosis are examples of this. Diffusion and the factors affecting how well it can occur will also be talked about. http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/@api/deki/files/26918/=17.6.new.jpg?revision=1 The phospholipid bilayer is a structural component that makes up all cell membranes. The lipid bilayer is named so because there are two layers of fat cells within the membrane. They are made up of a glycerol backbone with a phosphate group and two fatty acid chains attached to it. The phosphate group is polar while the fatty acids are no polar. Phospholipids are the main molecules found in the plasma membrane. The plasma membrane protects the interior of the cell which also has selective permeability. Most of the cell membrane is impenetrable to water soluble substances as it’s made up of lipids. Those water soluble substances and other molecules can pass through the membrane when it is made up of proteins. They can pass through by a channel protein or carrier protein. Cells need a membranes in order to control what substances go in and out. It also compartmentalises individual cell processes...
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...Assignment: SCIE207 Phase 2 Lab Report Title: Animal and Plant Cell Structures Instructions: Your lab report will consist of the completed tables. Label each structure of the plant and animal cell with its description and function in the provided tables. When your lab report is complete, submit this document to your instructor in your assignment box. 1. Animal cell: Observe the diagram that shows the components of an animal cell. Using the textbook and virtual library resources, fill in the following table: Animal Cell Number Cell Structure Description and Function 1 Chromatin (DNA) The primary functions are to package DNA into a smaller volume to fit the cell, to enforce DNA macromolecule to allow mitosis, to prevent DNA damage, and to control gene expression and DNA replications 2 Nucleolus The largest structure in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells where it primarily serves as the site of ribosome synthesis and assembly. 3 Nucleus The nucleus is basically the command center of the cell, it controls eating, movement, and reproduction. 4 Nuclear Pore Are large protein complexes that serve as the pathways for exchange of the materials between the nucleus and cytoplasm 5 Nuclear Envelope A highly regulated membrane barrier that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells. 6 Centrioles Self-replicating organelles made up of nine bundles of microtubules and appear to help in organizing cell division. 7 Cilia and Flagella Hair like organelles...
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...Cells, Exchange and Transport Cell Structure State the resolution and magnification that can be achieved by a light microscope, a transmission electron microscope and a scanning electron microscope; | Light microscope | TEM | SEM | Resolution | 200nm | 0.1nm | 0.1nm | Magnification | X1500 | X250 000 | X100 000 | Explain the difference between magnification and resolution; Magnification: How much bigger the image is than the specimen. Resolution: How detailed the image is and how well a microscope can distinguish between two different points. Explain the need for staining samples for use in light microscopy and electron microscopy; Objects need to be stained because they can sometimes be viewed as completely transparent under a microscope. The stain is taken up by some parts more than others and the contrast makes the different parts show up darker than others. Calculate the linear magnification of an image; Magnification = length of image/ length of specimen Describe and interpret drawings and photographs of eukaryotic cells as seen under an electron microscope and be able to recognise the following structures: nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear envelope, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, mitochondria, lysosomes, chloroplasts, plasma (cell surface) membrane, centrioles, flagella and cilia; Nucleus: Large organelle Nucleolus: spherical structure inside...
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...Imagine cloning a cell 37.2 trillion times until there’s a whole person. Today, scientist have come extremely close to making this possible. Scientist haven’t been able to clone an adult human yet, but some have managed to successfully been able to clone a human embryo. Cloning will allow people to increase the amount of livestock and crops key to mankind’s survival, cure who knows how many diseases and even bring people back to life from a simple DNA cell. But even though all these things could be possibly, people are still against it. The idea that is going to change the world all started in 1885 by a German scientist named Hans Spemann. According to Utah Genetics, Spemann was the first person to split an embryo and went on to win a Nobel...
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...fundamental concepts of chemistry in biology. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better understand how fundamental concepts of chemistry affect biology. [pic] 3. Find a media piece—article, video, presentation, song, or other—that describes the energy metabolism of cells. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better understand the energy metabolism of cells. [pic] 4. Find a media piece—article, video, presentation, song, or other—that compares structures and functions of different cell types. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better compare structures and functions of different cell types. [pic] 5. Discuss what life means to you after completing questions 1–4. [pic] ----------------------- I found a YouTube video titled “energy and Metabolism explained”. The video explains how the body is constantly at work with repairing cells and building new ones. This action requires energy that the body converts from the chemical...
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...Biotechnology Biotechnology is the way in which man uses other organisms to make useful products. Yeast has been used for centuries to make beer, wine and bread. Moulds have been employed in cheese making, and bacteria in yogurt making. Single- Cell Protein (SCP) Microorganisms are single cell organisms which can be cultured to rapidly produce foodstuffs rich in protein, minerals and vitamins. Microorganisms are grown in large fermenters where nutrient, pH and temperature are constantly monitored and controlled. The products are: 1. Cells 2. Substances produced by cells. 3. Substances the cells make by fermenting the nutrient solution. Once these products have been ‘ harvested’ they are processed for marketing. Mycoprotein (SCP) Fusarium graminearum is a mould which is about 50% protein, high in fibre but low in fat and cholesterol-free, called mycoprotein (myco-:fungus), it is seen as a healthy substitute for meat. Fusarium is cultured in fermenters and marketed under t brand name ‘Quorn’. Enzymes Enzymes are highly important in industry and medicine. Microorganisms are cultured in fermenters, and they secrete enzymes which are separated from the culture medium and processed to be used in powdered or liquid form. Enzyme production is a rapidly growing industry. They are used in the following areas:- Food and agriculture Chemical industry Pharmaceutical industry Medicine Analytical Sciences Enzyme Production Microorganisms are used to produce enzymes...
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...1) How are plants and animals similar in structure? How are they different? Plants and animals are similar because they both show the presence of cytoplasm, plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough), mitochondria, vacuole, mitochondria, golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, microtubules/ microfilaments, nucleus, and flagella (present in some cells). They are different because Plant cells have centrioles or intermediate filaments. They also have a more square shape and contain chloroplasts. This allows plant cells produce their own food or energy. Animal cells must obtain food from a source outside of the body. Plants have a cell wall that is made up of fibrils of cellulose. Plants have only one big vacuole, but animals have many small vacuoles. Plants also contain plastids while it is absent in animal cells. Animals have lysosomes, while plants don’t. 2) What was the purpose of adding the iodine solution to the onion cells?...
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...them that tells them what the body of a living thing should look like and how it should behave. You get the genes from your parents. Many people think that cloning is only done by scientists in laboratories, but, in fact, cloning also occurs in nature. Animals have billions of cells. The nucleus of such a cell has genetic information called DNA. All the nuclei of an animal have the same information. But each cell only uses a part of this information in order to work properly. The other part of the DNA is not active. But because a single cell holds all the DNA of an animal, scientists can make physical copies of an animal from only one cell. They transfer the nucleus of an animal’s cell into an egg cell of another animal. This egg cell has the same genetic information as that of the donor animal. The cell then grows into an embryo. Scientists must then activate the DNA that was not active in the parent cell. Otherwise a full organism would not develop. Clones do not behave in an identical way – this is because they live in different environments. Researchers have found out that identical twins that carry the same DNA are different because they grow up differently. Cloning animals started way back in the 1950s when the first frogs were reproduced. In 1996 British scientists cloned the first mammal, a sheep called Dolly. Since then the cloning of mice, cattle, cats and other mammals has been successful. Clones occur naturally in many cases...
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...Biology Test 3 Chapter 23 Animals 1: Major Invertebrate Groups 23.1 old genes new drugs * Vertebrates – an animal that has a back bone * Mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish * Invertebrates – an animal that does not have a back bone * More than 97% * Cone snails (genus Conus) found in warn nearshore waters of South Pacific, patterned shells, they are predators and produce venom. * Produce a pain killing drug call ziconotide (prialt), unlike morphine it is non addictive. 23.2 animal traits and trends * Animals – multicelled heterotrophy with unwalled cells. Most ingest food and are motile during at least part of the life cycle. * Evolution of Animal Body Plans * All animals are descended from a common multicelled ancestor * Ectoderm – outermost tissue layer of an animal embryo. * Endoderm – innermost tissue layer of an animal embryo. * Mesoderm – middle tissue layer of a three – layered animal embryo. * Most animal groups have organs derived from mesoderm * Radial symmetry – having parts arranged around a central axis, like spokes around a wheel * Radial animals have no front or back end. They attach to an underwater surface or drift along. Their food can arrive from any direction. * Bilateral symmetry – having paired structures so the right and left halves are mirror images * Bilateral animals typically have cephalization. * Move...
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...This single criteria helps placing the animal species in one of the two groups, the vertebrates and the invertebrates animals. So before a scientist or a zoologist begins to learn about the animal, he or she first decides, whether it comes under vertebrates or invertebrates animals. We will learn about the vertebrates and invertebrates differences by individually understanding the characteristics of each group. Difference Between Vertebrates and Invertebrates The following information on animals will help you understand the differences between each group. Which Animals are Known as Invertebrates? Invertebrates are animals that belong to a large animal group. These animals do not belong to a single sub-phylum like the vertebrates. The invertebrates are those animals without a backbone. Invertebrates are multicellular organisms and mostly form a colony of individual cell that function as one. All the cells in the colony have a particular function. They have no cell walls and many have tissues, except the sponges. Most of the invertebrates produce sexually. Most of the invertebrates can move except the adult sponges. There are many invertebrates that follow symmetrical organization. This means one can draw a line down the middle of the animal and the two sides will be similar like mirror images. Invertebrates are heterotrophs that feed on plants and animals. The invertebrates include the following animals: Phylum Porifera - Sponges Phylum Cnidaria - Jellyfish, hydras...
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...TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. IA (Alkaline Metals) 1.1. H………………………………………………………………………..2 1.2. Li………………………………………………………………………..2 1.3. Na………………………………………………………………………2 1.4. K………………………………………………………………………..3 1.5. Rb………………………………………………………………………3 1.6. Cs………………………………………………………………………3 1.7. Fr……………………………………………………………………….4 1. IIA (Alkaline Earth Metals) 2.8. Be………………………………………………………………………4 2.9. Mg………………………………………………………………………4 2.10. Ca………………………………………………………………………4 2.11. Sr……………………………………………………………………….4 2.12. Ba………………………………………………………………………5 2.13. Ra………………………………………………………………………5 1. Group IA 2.1. H Hydrogen binds with Oxygen to form water. Without water, we can not survive. In fact, we are mostly made of water. 2.2. Li Lithium does not occur naturally in biological systems and has no biological role, but does have effects on the body when ingested. Lithium carbonate is used as a mood stabilizer in psychiatry to treat bipolar disorder (manic-depression) in daily doses of about 0.5 to 2 grams, although there are side-effects. Excessive ingestion of lithium causes drowsiness, slurred speech and vomiting, among other symptoms, and poisons the central nervous system, which is dangerous as the required dosage of lithium to treat bipolar disorder is only slightly lower than the toxic dosage. The metal lithium is not essential for any biological functions, but was found to exist in extremely tiny...
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...evolutionary history of organisms. The purpose of such a classification is to provide a clear and practical way to organize and communicate information about organisms. Classification can show relationships between different ancient and modern groups, indicate the evolutionary pathways along which present-day organisms may have developed, and provide a basis for comparing experimental data about different plant and animal groups. Organisms included in a group share a common genetic heritage in their DNA, and they must be more closely related to each other than they are to the members of other groups of the same rank. However, classifications of organisms are modified as ideas of their phylogeny change. Taxonomy is the theory and practice of classifying organisms. It is a branch of systematics, the study of the diversity of organisms. The first scheme for classifying animals into logical groupings may have been proposed by Aristotle more than 2,000 years ago. Since that time, many new classification systems have been proposed; none, however, has succeeded in fitting all plants, animals, and microorganisms into a single, completely satisfactory scheme. For example, some taxonomists classify algae with the protista or consider them plants. Recently, biotechnological techniques have enabled researchers to compare the DNA of various organisms to decipher the phylogeny of some organisms and helped to distinguish some closely related species with similar appearance. HISTORY ARISTOTLE (384-322...
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...Cheyenne Lozano Ms. Hopper EH10, R1 10 Mar. 2016 Animal Testing Many people think that animal testing is cruel and inhumane. Others think that it’s necessary in the medical field and will help advance medicine. It has helped with many medical discoveries, but it does have it’s flaws and hiccups that undermine it’s overall value. Though it still has some strong points, animal testing should be limited because animals are not suitable replacements for human drug testing, animal testing doesn’t produce accurate results, and there are many other reliable alternatives to it. Animals are not suitable replacements for human drug testing. The human body is extremely complex. Humans differ from animals anatomically, genetically, and metabolically...
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