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Arima

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Dto de Economía Aplicada Cuantitativa I
Basilio Sanz Carnero

PROCESO AUTORREGRESIVO –AR(p)–
• El proceso autorregresivo más simple es,
• AR(1): Zt  k  Vt   Zt 1  sin perdida de generalidad  Zt  Vt   Zt 1
• AR(p): Zt  K  Vt  1Z t 1  ...   p Z t  p podemos eliminar la constante sin pérdida de generalidad
Z t  Vt  1Z t 1  ...   p Z t  p

• Un proceso autorregresivo puede expresarse en notación compacta, empleando el operador de retardos «B» tal que «BpZt = Zt-p», de manera que se puede escribir en notación compacta de la siguiente forma:

• Vt  Zt  1Zt 1   2 Zt 2  ...   p Z t  p  Z t  1BZt   2 B 2 Zt  ...   p B p Zt 
 1  1 B   2 B 2  ...   p B p  Zt  AR( B) Z t

DUALIDAD ENTRE LOS PROCESO AR Y MA
• Un proceso AR(1), y en general los procesos AR, se pueden transformar en procesos MA(∞),
• Z t  1Z t 1  Vt , retardando en un periodo y sustituyendo (Z t 1  1Z t  2  Vt 1 ) tenemos,
Z t  1 1Z t  2  Vt 1   Vt  12 Z t  2  1Vt 1  Vt y relizando el mismo proceso iterativamente,
Z t  1 1Z t  2  Vt 1   Vt  12 Z t  2  1Vt 1  Vt  12 1 Z t 3  Vt  2   Vt 1  Vt 
  Z t 3   V
3
1

2
1 t 2



 1Vt 1  Vt  ...   1iVt i  MA    i 0

• De manera que un proceso AR se puede convertir en un MA infinito y un proceso MA se puede convertir en un AR infinito lo que se define como la propiedad de dualidad entre los procesos MA y AR.

MOMENTOS DE UN PROCESO AR


  i   i
E  Zt   E    Vt i     E Vt i   0
 i 0
 i 0



2
  i  var  Zt   var    Vt i   E Vt  Vt 1   2Vt  2  ... 
 i 0


  2 1   2   4  ...

que es una progresión geométrica, si «|α1| < 1» (condición de estacionalidad de todo proceso estocástico estacionario tal y como se vio en el capítulo III) entonces su suma converge a «S=a1/(1-razón)», ya que si «|α1| > 1» entonces la anterior expresión sería infinita. var  Zt    2

1
1 2

CONDICIÓN DE ESTACIONARIDAD
• La condición de estacionaridad de los procesos AR es análoga a la condición de invertibilidad de los modelos MA.
• Un proceso AR es estacionario si la parte no homogénea de su notación compacta cae fuera del círculo unidad, es decir:
AR  2  : Z t  1Z t 1   2 Z t  2  Vt
AR 1 : Z t  1Z t 1  Vt ; (1  1B ) Z t  Vt
(1  1 B   2 B 2 ) Z t  Vt
1
1  1 B  0 ; B 
1  12  4 2
1
1  1 B   2 B 2  0 ; B 
2 2 es estacionaria si, es estacionaria si,
1
 1 ; 1  1
1  12  4 2
1
1
2 2

FUNCIÓN DE AUTOCOVARIANZA Y
AUTOCORRELACIÓN DE UN PROCESO AR


  i
   i j j • Cu  E  Zt Zt u   E    Vt i   Vt u  j      E Vt iVt u  j  j 0
 i 0
 i 0 j 0

• cuya esperanza sólo será distinta de cero cuando ambos subíndices coincidan, es decir cuando: t – i = t + u – j ; j = u + i. Es decir, sustituyendo esta última expresión en la ecuación anterior tenemos:



 2 u i i u
2
2 i i u
2
2i u
2 u
2
4
• Cu    E Vt i        
   1      ... 
1 2
2 u i 0 i 0 i 0
 
Cu 1   2

u
• Ru 
2
C0
1 2
• La función de autocorrelación no se anula sino que va disminuyendo de forma exponencial si es positivo o de forma sinusoidal si es negativo. Puesto que cualquier AR se puede convertir en un MA(∞) La función de autocorrelación toma la misma forma para un AR(2), etc. var  Zt    2

1
1 2

FUNCIÓN DE AUTOCORRELACIÓN PARCIAL
• Hasta ahora hemos caracterizado los modelos teóricos (MA y RB) por su función de autocorrelación (Ru), sin embargo en el caso de los modelos AR su función de autocorrelación no nos permite identificar el orden del proceso puesto que es igual para un AR(1), AR(2), etc. De manera que tenemos que recurrir a la función de autocorrelación parcial para determinar el orden del proceso AR.

• La función de autocorrelación parcial de orden «p» (αpp) mide la influencia
«Zt-p» sobre «Zt» después de eliminar la influencia de los «Zt-1, Zt-2, …, Zt-p-1» anteriores, es decir:
 Zt = α1Zt-1 ; α1 = α11
 Zt = α1Zt-1 + α2Zt-2 ; α2 = α22
 …
 Zt = α1Zt-1 + α2Zt-2 + … + αpZt-p ; αp = αpp
• Las funciones de autocorrelación parcial se puden calcular por MCO o mediante las ecuaciones de Yule-Walker.

ECUACIONES DE YULE-WALKER

El modelo AR(1) es

Zt = α1Zt-1 +Vt multiplicando ambos miembros por «Zt-1» tenemos
ZtZt-1 = α1Z2t-1 +VtZt-1 y aplicando esperanzas

E(ZtZt-1) = α1E(Z2t-1) +E(VtZt-1)
C1 = α1C0 dividiendo por la función de autocorrelación sin desfase (C0) tenemos

R1 = α1R0 ; α1 = α11 que implica, puesto que (R0 = 1) que la funciones de autocorrelación parcial y total de primer orden coinciden siempre (R1 = α11).

ECUACIONES DE YULE-WALKER
A partir de un autorregresivos de orden «p» podemos calcular la ecuación de
Yule-Walker para un desfase «u».

Zt = α1Zt-1 + α2Zt-2 + … + αpZt-p multiplicando por «Zt-u» a ambos lados
Zt-uZt = α1Zt-uZt-1 + α2Zt-uZt-2 + … + αpZt-uZt-p

y aplicando esperanzas tenemos
Cu = α1Cu-1 + α2Cu-2 + … + αpCu-p dividiendo por «Co» ,

Ru = α1Ru-1 + α2Ru-2 + … + αpRu-p y dando valores a «u», se obtiene
R1
R0
R1
Ru 1 1

R2
Ru



R1

R0

Ru 1 Ru 2

Ru 2  2
R0  uu

;

1
2
 uu



R0
R1

R1
R0

Ru 1 Ru 2

Ru 1
Ru 2
R0

1

R1
R2
Ru

ECUACIONES DE YULE-WALKER calcula de la
• De manera que la función de autocorrelación parcial se siguiente forma:
• α11 : R1 = α1R0 ; α1 = α11
1
• α22 : 1
R0 R1 R1

 22 R1 R0 R2
• α33 : 
1

R0
 2  R1
 33 R2

• ….
• αuu : R1

R2
Ru



R0
R1

R1
R0
R1
R1
R0

Ru 1 Ru 2

R2
R1
R0

1

R1
R2
R3
Ru 1 1
Ru 2  2
R0  uu

;

1
2
 uu



R0
R1

R1
R0

Ru 1 Ru 2

Ru 1
Ru 2
R0

1

R1
R2
Ru

• Que permite calcular la función de autocorrelación parcial a partir de la función de autocorrelación total

MC0
• O también mediante MCO:
• Zt = α1Zt-1 ; α1= α11
• Zt = α1Zt-1 + α2Zt-2 ; α2= α22
• Zt = α1Zt-1 + α2Zt-2 + α3Zt-3 ; α3= α33
•…
• Zt = α1Zt-1 + α2Zt-2 + α3Zt-3 +… + αuZt-u ; αu= αuu
• El concepto de función de autocorrelación parcial se puede generalizar también a los modelos MA y se calcula de la misma forma.

CORRELOGRAMA (Ru y αuu)

• En definitiva, los procesos AR presentan funciones de autocorrelación total (o simplemente funciones de autocorrelación) que decrecen exponencialmente o de forma sinusoidal pero que no se anulan a medida que «u» aumenta, puesto que un AR se puede convertir en un MA(∞); la función de autocorrelación parcial muestra el orden del proceso, si presenta una función de autocorrelación parcial distinta de cero (α11≠ 0), estamos ante un proceso
AR(1), si dos (α11≠ 0 y α22≠ 0) en un AR(2), etc.
• Los procesos MA presentan funciones de autocorrelación parcial que decrecen exponencialmente o de forma sinusoidal pero que no se anulan a medida que «u» aumenta puesto que un proceso MA se puede convertir en
AR(∞); la función de autocorrelación total muestra el orden del proceso; si presenta una distinta de creo (R1 ≠ 0) nos encontramos ante un MA(1); si presenta dos distintas de cero ( R1 ≠ 0 y R2 ≠ 0) en un MA(2), etc.

CORRELOGRAMA (Ru y αuu)

CORRELOGRAMA (Ru y αuu)

Dto de Economía Aplicada Cuantitativa I
Basilio Sanz Carnero

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