...Classical Leisure Classical leisure in ancient Greece was a health and knowledge based ideal that promoted virtuous choices and conduct, and in turn led to true happiness and fulfilment. This state of being, known to many as Aristotle’s ‘classical leisure ideal’, was not restricted by work or time and had no ulterior motives. The parallels in contemporary leisure pursuits that can be seen today include studying, poetry, music, games, travel and sport; and are crucial for the preservation of arts, culture and the history of leisure in the 21st century. The classical leisure ideal emerged in Greece in 400-500 BC, where Greek life was based on the city-state, and philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, Epicurus and especially Aristotle expressed leisure (schole) as the main goal in life (telos) (Lynch and Veal, 2006). ‘This state of being was contemplative and felicitous, with activity both giving intrinsic pleasure and being undertaken for self-development’, and was completely separate from ‘free time’ - ‘...anybody can have free time. Not everybody can have leisure’ (de Grazia, 1962 as cited in Lynch and Veal 2006 p. 8). Conditions that need to be met for classical leisure to exist include an awareness of the concept, ‘a breakdown in the universal ‘work ethic’’ and an ‘absence of the clock’ (p. 8). Consumerism and narcissism hinder these features and thus prevent some modern societies from adopting a system based on classical leisure. The ideas of freedom and conscious...
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...Ancient Art History Essay Ancient Greece, Rome, Etruscan Art 8/30/2012 Art 101A, World Art Garrett Stokes Garrett Stokes Art 101A, World Art Abbas Daneshvari 8/30/12 Ancient Art History Art history has been a vital part of the modern human experience. For thousands of years, the first painters and sculptors have given us the first displays that allowed people to see and touch tangible artwork. The artwork has also captured the history and lifestyle of that time. Art History has also expressed its social and political events that happened during that time. This gives the present person a good understand on what events took place during that era. Some of the most prominent artwork of the western civilization is Greek, Etruscan and Roman art. That historical artwork has paved the way for modern art to have a place in art history world. I will compare and contrast the Greek, Etruscan and Roman characteristic and traits of its historical artwork. During the Geometric and Orientalizing art in the 900-600 BCE, the human shape returned to Greek art in the structure of bronze statuettes and simple silhouettes and other motifs on Geometric vases. One art example is the Dipylon krater, Athens, ca 740 BCE. During the Archaic Art, 600-480 BCE the earliest real-life stone statues appeared in Greece. The first Greek kouroi copied the frontal poses of early Egyptian statues, however designed the young men nude the same way that the men competed in the Ancient Olympics. In the...
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...Miranda Kirkley World Culture and the Arts (HUM 205) January 19, 2013 James Slama Ancient History. (2013). The History Channel website. Retrieved 12:51, January 21, 2013, from http://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history We’ve been in the business of reinventing storytelling since 1984. We took history out of the history books, and we brought biography to life. For our viewers, we’ve invented new genres, told untold stories and broken barriers. For our partners, we’ve offered new networks, new audiences, and new ways for brands to talk to customers. Benton, J. R., & DiYanni, R. (2008 2005 1998). Arts and Culture (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Offering an exploration of Western and World civilization's cultural heritage, this book is richly illustrated, beautifully designed and engaging. Readers move chronologically through major periods and styles–from prehistoric culture to 20th Century America–to gain insight into the achievements and ideas in painting, sculpture, architecture, literature, philosophy, religion, and music. Sakoulas, T. (2003-2012). Ancient Greece. Retrieved from http://www.ancient-greece.org/history/classical.html Associate Professor of Art at the State University of New York, College at Oneonta where he teaches Sculpture and Computer Art. He studied sculpture in the USA at Florida International University, and did his graduate work at the Maryland Institute College of Art, in Baltimore, Maryland. His artwork is...
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...the human spirit had to be reawakened as it was in the classical times of Greece and the Roman Empire. Many new inventions, techniques and ideas helped to change the human society and caused a spiritual and religious crisis that shatters the Christian unity known as the Reformation. Many elements affected the social economic in the Renaissance. Everything began with the humanist as they revived an interest in ancient Greece and Rome to increase their understanding of their own times. During the process of this time period the society shifts from agriculture to urban in which trade is inter-regional and growing fast. The growth of trade helped the merchants to become powerful money leaders and developed a new middle class. In one hand the Renaissance effected individual scholars, writers, artists, wealth merchants and ruler could patronize the arts. But in the other hand the peasants still had their old simple life’s in which they had to work hard and fight for staying alive. But not only had the economy changed, there were also some changes in fine arts, where paintings became more realistic by the use of perspective and shading. However, scientists learned about the human anatomy which gave them a much better understanding of the human body what improved their healing techniques so they actually cured their patients and through the studying of ancient Greece and the Holy Roman Empire many architects adopted the classical style of their domes,...
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...PARTHENON MARBLES TO GREECE The Acropolis museum gives way for the Parthenon sculptures that are in Athens to be appreciated against ancient Greece’s backdrop. Museums are a valuable resource that provides an opportunity for the world to reexamine the past and the cultural activities associated with the history. The Parthenon sculptures are essential elements in the interconnectedness of the world and the political boundaries. The discussion has an argument on whether the British Museum should return the Parthenon (aka Elgin) Marbles to Greece. The Greek archaeology society was founded in 1830, and there in their first meeting, the president ordered the return of marbles. The people of Greece regard these artifacts as the symbols of their culture and their heritage. Historians also argue that the sculptures are an integral part of the temple structures that are still standing in Athens. The placement of the statues in London is unappealing to the Greeks since it is considered to be the biggest museum to tell us about the development in the ancient Greece. They are being used as significant features of the British identity yet they should be unified and viewed in a larger framework to present the Greek art in a chronological narrative (Fineberg, Amos & Lang, 1985). The British Museum was among the first museums used to enlighten society. The museum was considered beneficial to the public in the fact that it was used to expose the pieces of ancient art, and in educating people...
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...Classical conditioning shapes many of society's common, everyday tasks. Whether we know it or not, many actions we do numerous times a day are a direct result of classical conditioning. To better understand why we act the way we do in society, classical conditioning must be defined and described. Classical conditioning is defined as: a process by which a previously neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to elicit a response through association with a stimulus that already elicits a similar or related response. Discovered by Ivan Pavlov, classical conditioning is a form of learning. Pavlov revealed this trait when experimenting with dog's amounts of saliva in response to meat. He started noticing that after many repetitions, the dogs were salivating before the meat was even introduced. Pavlov concluded that some other stimulus that was repetitively associated with the meat was triggering the salivation. This simple concept describes how many actions are carried out in society today. Many times classical conditioning is not something that is purposefully done, but rather an incidental outcome. Conditioning may take a variable amount of time to occur. For example, humans are not born associating red with stop. As we grow, and ride in cars, we begin to consciously or subconsciously figure out that when a stoplight is red-you stop. Stop signs are red, stoplights are red, and brake lights are red. All of these things symbolize stopping. Yes, when you turn sixteen and you get your...
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...“The Temple of Jonathan” (The Muse’s Hegemon) Jon Peterson 4/17/15 The Temple of Jonathan was erected in Olympia, Greece in the fourth century BCE. It is believed to have been built by the citizens of Olympia during the Late Classical Period which was between 400-323 BCE. Shortly after the Persians Wars had ended, the citizens built the Temple of Zeus which the citizens modeled this temple after. While the Temple of Zeus was built to showcase the power of Zeus, Apollo and Athena, the Temple of Jonathan was built to bring calmness and peace to the city. The temple had been built in a Doric hybrid style and was erected near the Sanctuary of Zeus. The reason the citizens of Olympia decided to erect it near the sanctuary of Zeus is because Jonathan was appointed by Zeus to be the second leader (hegemon) of his nine daughters, The Muses. Although Apollo was the initial appointed leader of the Muses, he was not to be bothered by trivial things. Zeus felt his daughters needed a second male leader over them that could handle the daughters calmly because at times they argued relentlessly over trivial issues. Zeus wanted clam and peace among his daughters that ruled over the arts and sciences. The daughters offered inspiration in the subjects of Arts and Sciences and Zeus thought that these daughters must remain calm in their influence of the people. The temple design not only encompassed the Doric style but also incorporated some of the features of the Ionic and Corinthian orders...
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...manufacturing, administration, and art. Sumerian art was one of the first evidences of narrative art as seen by the Wakara Vase, from the Inanna temple complex in Uruk. The alabaster vessel, roughly three feet tall, is divided into registers to tell the story of a religious ceremony honoring the goddess Inanna. The vase’s reliefs are divided into registers to tell a story. The first register depicts water as a wavy line with a crop above. The next register is of ewes and rams depicted in strict profile, which was characteristic of the time. The crops and animals were necessities in the daily life of all Sumerians. The next band is of naked men carrying overflowing baskets and jars to present as a votive offering and the top band depicts a female in a horned headdress symbolizing the goddess Inanna. Inanna is depicted much larger than the man, signifying her importance. This is one of the first examples of hierarchy of scale, where greater size is used to emphasize power or importance. The layout of the bands signifies Sumerian society: Inanna has blessed the people with abundant crops and herds and in return they give votive offerings. The Wakara vase is the first known example of the relationship among the divine, humans, animals, plants, and water. Even in the earliest days of recorded history, there was evidence of social satisfaction with a select few afforded power and authority. SPRING FRESCO (CH 4) Before the period of ancient Greece there were three interacting civilizations...
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...Cultural Activity Report Name Institution Cultural Activity Report The college faculty and students visited The Nasher Museum on 12th February 2016. The Nasher Museum was celebrating its first decade as the primary focus for the arts on Duke University's campus and in the nearby Research Triangle area. The arts center arranged and presented innovative presentations that travel to organizations universally, most recently Archibald Motley: Jazz Age Modernist, Wang-chi Mutu: A Fantastic Journey, The Vorticists: Rebel Artists in London and New York, and Barkley L. Hendricks: Birth of the Cool. The traveling presentation El Greco to Velázquez: Art during the Reign of Philip III was known as one of Time magazine's top 10 shows of 2008. The students also observed that the powers of the permanent collection of the museum are medieval art, art of the Americas, Classical Relics and contemporary and modern art. The contemporary collection of museum comprised of a growing list of performers, containing Barkley L. Hendricks, Christian Marclay, Wang-chi Mutu, Ai Weiwei, Fred Wilson and Lynette Yiadom-Boakye. The fact was also brought to our notice that approximately 1 million individuals had visited the museum since its opening in 2005. Engineer Rafael Viñoly designed the 65,000-square-foot Nasher Gallery. The foundation of Viñoly's modernist project is a theatrical 13,000-square-foot glass-and-steel rooftop increasing to a stature of 45 feet above the wonderful gallery. Five concrete...
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...The Neoclassical art period occurred in the 18th century Age of Enlightment and has been defined to have been between the years of 1780 CE and 1820 CE. This art period started when Pompeii was accidentally rediscovered in the 1700’s after Mount Vesuvius erupted, covering all the occupants. Europeans were fascinated with the frozen city and this revitalized the interest in the classical art of Rome and Greece. Neoclassical art techniques used light and dark colors to contrast, simulating the Baroque art time period. The artists from the Neoclassical period eliminated the heavy use of vibrant colors and busy compositions. The Neoclassical artists focused on techniques more uniform by using formulas and perspectives that were more exact. The subjects in many of the paintings from this time period looked shiny or glossy due to the artists attempting to hide their brushstrokes to make their artwork simulate the polished look of a marble sculpture. During this time period the American colonies claimed independence from Great Britain and the French Revolution broke out in Paris. The 1700’s marks the industrial revolution in Britain as well. This time period is referred to as the Age of Reason. It was a more stable and a traditional time and there seemed to be a general respect for authority. The Romanticism time period and has been defined to have been between the years of 1800 CE and 1850 CE. Romantic artists wanted to focus on emotional experiences instead of looking...
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...happiness only by withdrawing from public life and, through the exercise of reason, freeing themselves from all sources of anxiety, including a belief in gods. Epicureanism also opened philosophical activity to all despite gender or social condition. Stoicism did so as well through its idea of a world society bound by a shared search for harmony with the Logos. Everyone could achieve this harmony by their passions through reason. Stoicism also encouraged participation in public life to foster harmony throughout world society. Skepticism denied that there is one true path to happiness. In its most sophisticated form, it insisted on the limits of reason, encouraging adherents to base morality not on fixed principle but on practical experience. The most radical of Hellenistic philosophies, Cynicism tried to free people to follow their own natures by denying all forms of authority and promoting ascetic self-discipline. By emphasizing personal fulfillment, Hellenistic philosophy did some of the work of religion, thus preparing the way for Christianity....
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...The First Restoratives = Restaurants As the culinary arts became more refined and important in all parts of French culture the first restaurant appeared. In 1765 A. Boulanger, a soup vendor, hung a sign over his business, which offered a choice of soups and broths for health. The name he chose for his business was restorative or restaurant, indicating the nutritive aspects of food. This soup vendor was the first to offer a menu with a choice of dishes. Prior to this a visitor could buy a variety of beverages at an inn or eat off the host’s table at a hotel. But there were no choices. The time must have been ripe for these menu driven eateries because they spread rapidly throughout Europe. Indeed the word restaurant and its variations are now used by virtually all European speakers to signify an eating establishment, which offers a choice of dishes. In 1782, less than 20 years after its humble beginnings, the first luxury restaurant was opened in Paris. It was called La Grande Taverne de Loudres by the owner, Antoine Beauvilliers, who became the first famous restaurateur and host. He even wrote a standard work on the French culinary art entitled The Art of Cuisine, which was published in 1814. Brillant-Savarin, a famous gastronomic chronicler, credited him with being the first to combine the 4 essentials of dining - an elegant room - smart waiters - a choice cellar - and superior cooking. Beauvilliers also set the standard for future Maitre’ds and hosts. He pointed out...
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...Introduction Ancient Greece was the birthplace of western civilization. It’s culture is the embodiment of the ideals which are pursued even today. The richness of Greek mythology inspired artists from the middle ages to modernity, with motives of myth occurring sporadically throughout history. Starting from the middle ages, when Christian and ancient traditions started to mix together, forming the basis of modern western culture, Greek myth has been in the centre of interest. It is intriguing to note that Roman mythology is not as potent as Greek in modern art. Ovid’s Metamorphoses was the most influential text in the Middle ages, and it served as inspiration to writers, painters, musicians and other artists. However, Christianity did not accept ancient myths in their true, religious meaning. Myths were used to paint symbols, allegories and allusions to contemporary issues, mainly religious. Mythical beings and heroes were fitted – in a sense, into a medieval Catholic frame (Von Hendy, 2). Homer’s Iliad is probably the most frequently read of all the Greek myths. It tells the story of Troy, and its fall to Greek armies led by king Agamemnon. The war began when Paris, a young Trojan prince took Helen, the wife of Menelaus and ran with her. This led to a great war, which resulted in the destruction of Troy. This epic work has been a source of endless inspiration for artists throughout the ages. Since the beginning of Renaissance, and the rebirth of classical spirit in Europe, Illiad...
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...creation of the things they needed most. They established their own development of writing in the form of symbols. 2. Classical civilizations include aspects of life such as politics, warfare, law, slavery, gender and sexuality, religion and magic, art, sports and leisure, death, drama, and philosophical thought. These are important because they make up a classical society and that is the culture of a civilization. Classical societies also allow for developments, which expand and create a greater classical civilization whether it enhances economy or physical needs. This is easily expressed through the Greek Experience and the Classical Period in 500-338 B.C.E. In 499 B.C.E the Greeks rebelled against the Persian Empire creating battles and warfare. They collected tribute from other cities by force and took control of their economic resources. Greek workers built temples and other buildings housing statues and carvings, often painted in bright colors, showing the gods in human form and celebrating the Athenian victory over the Persians, showing the artistic structure and capability of the society. Another major part of Greece was the dramas and plays as part of the city’s religious festivals. It was accustomed that in Athens the main function of women from citizen families was to bear and raise children. Same-sex relations were generally accepted in all of ancient Greece but not in Sparta. The Greeks were polytheists, meaning they worshipped a variety of gods and goddesses who were...
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...Plato and Play Taking Education Seriously in Ancient Greece Armand D’Angour In this article, the author outlines Plato’s notions of play in ancient Greek culture and shows how the philosopher’s views on play can be best appreciated against the background of shifting meanings and evaluations of play in classical Greece. Play—in various forms such as word play, ritual, and music—proved central to the development of Hellenic culture. In ancient Greece, play (paidia) was intrinsically associated with children (paides). However, both children and play assumed a greater cultural significance as literacy—and, consequently, education (paideia)— developed during the classical age of 500–300 BCE. Uniquely among ancient thinkers, Plato recognized that play influenced the way children developed as adults, and he proposed to regulate play for social ends. But Plato’s attitude toward play was ambivalent. Inclined to consider play an unworthy activity for adults, he seemed to suggest that intellectual play in some form, as demonstrated in the dialectical banter of Socrates, could provide a stimulus to understanding. Key words: education in ancient Greece; play and child development; play and education; play and Plato; Socratic dialectic Among various plausible misquotations that surface from time to time is a piece of popular wisdom attributed to Plato to the effect that “you can discover more about a person in an hour of play than in a year of conversation.” It was quoted by Alaska Governor...
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