...UV rays. • Planes fly here, birds do not! Mesosphere ❑ Air here is very cold and thin ❑ Extends to a height of 80 kms ❑ Meteorites are burnt out at this layer Thermosphere • Found between 80 km and 700 kms • Space shuttles fly in this area. • Aurora lights are found here Terms to remember ▪ Meteorology - is the study of the entire atmosphere including weather ▪ Weather - is the present state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place. ▪ Weather forecast – the prediction about the weather that will be experienced a short period of time in the future 3 factors that affect tha weather a. Air pressure ความกดอากาศ It is the weight of the air above the given point Barometer – measures the air pressure b. Humidity ความชื้น The amount off water vapor present in the air. Hygrometer – instrument used to measure relative humidity...
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...and each ship would probably only hold a few people. And by the time we found out that Earth was doomed for imminent destruction, it would be too late to build the ships. Where would the ships be sent? Mars? Venus? Either destination would take several years of space flight to get there -- so the ships would have to hold enough food, water and air for years of travel for all of their crew. Mars has an atmosphere but it’s not breathable -- its surface air pressure is less than 1% of the Earth's surface pressure -- and Mars' atmosphere is composed of 95% carbon dioxide, 3% nitrogen, 1.6% argon, with traces of oxygen and water. So humans settling on Mars would have to supply their own air, wear spacesuits outside, and build air-tight shelters. Venus's atmosphere is composed mostly of carbon dioxide, with thick clouds of sulfuric acid completely covering the entire planet and preventing its surface from being seen in visible light. Its atmospheric pressure at the surface is 92 times that of Earth's -- a pressure equivalent to that at a depth of nearly 1 kilometer under Earth's oceans. The carbon dioxide-rich atmosphere, along with thick clouds of sulfur dioxide, generates the strongest greenhouse effect in the Solar System, creating surface temperatures of over 460 °C (860 °F). So Venus would be even less inhabitable than Mars. So -- is it possible to live on either planet? Not without years of construction and preparation, and even then, only a handful of people would...
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...Discuss the impacts of storm events in the British Isles and evaluate the response to them (40) The British Isles have variable weather, which may differ from day to day and many storms can pass unnoticed. They regularly experience stormy weather from depressions mainly originating in the Atlantic and move East to the UK due to its location at about 50 degrees north where the Polar Jet Stream will often cross over bringing these unpredictable weather systems. Depressions are areas of low atmospheric pressure which produce cloudy, windy and stormy weather. This essay will be using the largest storms in the last 30 years including The Great Storm, 1987 and the Burns Day Storm, 1990 to relate the impacts which these storms create in social, economic and environmental terms and how the British Isles have responded to such events. The Great Strom in 1987 was famously known for being undetected until it hit during the night and caused huge devastation to the British Isles, France, Spain, Belgium and Norway. It hit the South West & South East of England with a maximum gust of 122 mph in Norfolk. In addition the highest hourly mean wind speed was 85 mph at Shoreham-by-Sea and was sustained for 20 minutes. The social damage was huge; 19 people were killed, mainly from collapsing buildings and structures or falling debris. However had this storm been during the day time the death toll would have been much higher as we saw in the Burns Day Storm in 1990 where 97 were killed, due...
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...Meteorologist Meteorologists, also known as atmospheric scientists, are experts on the atmosphere, weather, and climate. Meteorologists study the aforementioned categories and how they will affect not only the Earth, but human beings as well. Compiling and collecting data, developing forecasts, and understanding weather patterns are part of a meteorologist’s duties. Furthermore, meteorologists may invent new instruments to collect weather pattern or climate data, while consulting clients on the opportunities and risks associated with climate changes and atmospheric events. If you have an enthusiasm for analyzing data, mathematics, weather patterns, and science, this may be a career area you want to explore further. Why Become A Meteorologist...
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... Pressurized Steam Generator (PSG) -‐ Instructor: Reza Baghaei Lakeh Experimental Apparatus The Armfield Saturation Pressure Apparatus has been designed to introduce students to how the temperature of water behaves at its boiling point with variation in the absolute pressure. Saturation curves can be obtained by the student and compared with published steam tables. The quality of steam exiting the apparatus can be determined using a throttling calorimeter connected at the point of discharge. A bench top unit comprising a boiler vessel and pipe loop with a pressure relief valve to limit the operating pressure to 8 bar gauge. A sight glass on the front of the boiler allows the boiling patterns to be observed and a Bourdon type gauge indicates the pressure in the apparatus at all times for safe operation. A throttling calorimeter mounted adjacent to the pipe...
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...price and glycerin price. At higher glycerin prices (as it historically has been), extra income can be derived from selling the glycerin separately. Recently, however, glycerin prices are low (as glycerin is a by-product of bio-diesel plants) and soap manufacturing might be more lucrative if the glycerin could be left in the soap. The removal of glycerin from semi-boiled soap is done through repeated washing with salt water (brine). This makes the process plant a bit more extensive and It also produces a salty waste water loaded with glycerin - thus a water treatment plant is required. 7) Soap plants traditionally are batch plants where the feed materials are mixed and reacted in large heated kettles (called "crutchers") under atmospheric pressure and made quasi-continuous by operating several kettles in turn. The process takes several days and the natural cooling and drying might even take several weeks. To speed up the process and get more economy of scale, most modern plants are continuous plants where the reaction takes place in a pressurized loop reactor and the drying in vacuum spray driers. As rule of thumb, any production above 2 tons per hour of dried soap is better done on a continuous plant. The largest possible plants are determined by the capacity of the extruder and can reach around 10 tons of dried soap per hour. 8) The batch processes with natural drying -...
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...Question# 1 The geocentric view of the universe was long since developed in ancient Greece by an astronomer named Claudius Ptolemy (AD 90- 168). Ptolemy believed that the sun, stars and other planets revolved around the earth. The idea of “Geocentric” means everything revolves around Earth. It wasn’t long until Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543), an astronomer from Poland came up with a new theory that the solar system actually revolved around the sun. He invented the idea of a solar system. Revolutions (1543) was Copernicus’ final work explaining the heliocentric view of the universe. “The trouble was that nothing he could say or do made people feel they were living on a moving, spinning planet” (Gingerich & MacLachlan, 2005, p. 111) The four major contributors to the development of modern astronomy after Copernicus were Johannes Keppler, Galileo Galilei, Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein. Keppler defended the Copernican system in developing the three laws of planetary motion. Kepler’s First, Second and Third Laws are 1. The orbit of every planet is an ellipse with the sun at a focus. 2. A line joining a planet and the sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time. 3. The square of the orbital period of a planet is directly proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit. ("Johannes Kepler Facts, Quotes, Laws of Planetary Motion, Astronomy, Information", n.d., p. 1) Galileo in some cases is given credit to creating the telescope but in...
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...TermPaperWarehouse.com - Free Term Papers, Essays and Research Documents The Research Paper Factory JoinSearchBrowseSaved Papers Home Page » English and Literature Hard Work Pays In: English and Literature Hard Work Pays Hard Work Pays! May 9th, 2011 was not an ordinary day, but a pay day for the sweat of my studies. It was a day crowned with endless emotions, as I admired my durable and beautiful bracelet watch that ultimately spoke attitude. Featuring a round case, a black rotating bezel with hand crafted plastic link band with a silver double push safety Italian clasp, a stylish Ferrari logo inked in the heart of the minute wheel, finely visible from miles away through the watch’s crystal; meet the Ferrari Electro-Luminescent stylish watch, my precious summer gift from dad. Being my first gift for an exemplary performance in an exam, the Ferrari Electro Luminescent stylish watch has always ignited happiness to my life, as I dance to its ticking sounds generated by the contact of both the transmission and ratchet wheels. Furthermore, it has instilled confidence in me due to its lavish look. Since then, waking up has been the easiest chore of my daily activity, its notorious alarm bells set in the watch having immensely perfected the art of clouding my ear drums for the purpose of annoying my sleep, simply because, time to wake up is time to wake up. Like any ordinary human being rewarded with a perfect gift, having been perturbed by the watch’s superior...
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...Samantha George L. Baysa September 24, 2014 BSABE Movie: Home Reaction Paper Earth was perfect, a miracle perhaps. Everything was linked. Every organism has its own role and a place in this big world, none was futile. The Earth and all the organisms on it were balanced, under a fragile harmony- until humans came. From being nomadic, hunting food for survival, humans settled down. Then, land, water and life combined. We are benefiting from the 400 billion year legacy of the Earth. We get what we need from her- food, shelter, everything. But from needs, wants grew and now, we just can’t get enough. We want everything and by doing all the experiments and all the activities, we are slowly disrupting the balance of life on Earth. We just ruined the atmosphere; we just made the temperature high; now, the sea level is rising, small islands are gone. Pollution is everywhere and we are the guilty suspect. We are triggering the crises of habitat destruction, energy depletion, climate disruption, degradation...of the environment, health, economic disparity, and more. Human population is almost equivalent to the number of car, cars that emit bad smoke that ruins the atmosphere. And if I continue to rant all of the things we have done, this one page will never be enough. But everything will be a great punch to us someday; we are...
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...of 2-in. schedule 40 steel pipe and it contains three elbows. The discharge line after the pump is 61 m of 2-in. pipe and contains two elbows. The water discharges to the atmosphere at a height of 6.1 m above the water level in the storage tank. (a) Calculate all frictional losses ΣF. (b) Make a mechanical-energy balance and calculate Ws of the pump in J/kg. (c) What is the kW power of the pump if its efficiency is 75%? Ans. (a) ΣF = 122.8 J/kg; (b) Ws = -186.9 J/kg; (c) 1.527 kW 2. Nitrogen gas is flowing through a 4-in. schedule 40 commercial steel pipe at 298 K. The total flow rate is 7.40 X 10-2 kg/s and the flow can be assumed as isothermal. The pipe is 3000 m long and the inlet pressure is 200 kPa. Calculate the outlet pressure. Ans. P2 = 188.5 kPa 3. Calculate the pressure at Al Soudah Mountain, taking into the account that air is compressible. 4. In a small domestic fish tank, a 5-watt pump at the top of the tank is used to pump water through a filter. The pump is sucking water from the bottom of the tank at a depth of 20 cm. The tank is 75% filled. The suction pipe size is 1 cm and the discharge pipe is 0.5 cm. the water temperature is 30 0C. Make reasonable assumptions for any missing data. A) Draw a flow sheet for this system. B) Calculate the volumetric flow rate of the pumped water. Hint: A video clip of the fish tank is available at: http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/othman/CHE312/Fish...
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...Global Warming Introduction Global warming can leads to various problems such as the rise of the Earth temperature, rise of water level and more killer storms. Body A. one of the problem is the rise of the earth temperature. 1.Carbon dioxide emissions from the burning of fossil fuels would cause global temperatures to rise by trapping excess heat in the earth’s atmosphere. a. Arrhenius (1896) understood that the earth’s climate is heated by a process known as the Greenhouse effect b. small concentrations of greenhouse gases like water vapour and carbon dioxide convert some of this energy to heat and either absorb it or reflect it back to the earth’s surface. c. Sunlight passes through, but a certain amount of radiated heat remains trapped. 2. The greenhouse effect plays an essential role in preventing the planet from entering a perpetual ice age a. Remove the greenhouse gases from the atmosphere and the earth’s temperature would plummet by around 60 degrees Fahrenheit (F) b. increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are causing an unprecedented rise in global temperatures, with potentially harmful consequences for the environment and human health. c. Kelly (n.d) stated that the “effects of global warming not only include rising global temperatures, but an increase in floods, droughts, wildfires, heat waves, intensified hurricanes and the spread of infectious disease B. another...
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...Claim: Renshaw believes that altitude has an impact on our brain chemistry, specifically that it changes the levels of serotonin and dopamine, two key chemicals in the brain that help regulate our feelings of happiness. Reason: But Renshaw thinks he's identified a more likely cause for the Utah blues: altitude. Evidence: • In a 2010 study published in High Altitude Medicine and Biology, the Case Western group analyzed suicide rates across 2,584 counties in 16 states and found that suicides start increasing between 2,000 and 3,000 feet in all U.S. regions • In a 2005 study, the Naval Health Research Center measured mood changes in Marines who left seaside San Diego for 30 days of strenuous training in the Northern California mountains. Before training, the Marines completed a self-evaluation of their levels of anxiety, dejection, fatigue and bewilderment, among other mood symptoms. They completed the same evaluation after training ended, and then again 90 days later. While their physical fitness improved during training, their mental health disintegrated. Before training, the Marines reported more balanced mood levels than average college-aged men. By the time they finished, they described mood symptoms comparable to those of psychiatric patients. Ninety days later, they were just as sad and agitated. High altitude has some hypoxic effects such as nausea, headaches, nose bleed, lower alcohol tolerance, etc... • Oxygen poor air changes in brain chemistry (Serotonin up...
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...Global Warming: What’s Up With The Weather Movie Notes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rrq1Na90-DQ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBDL8mL5GG4&feature=watch_response http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aUhP_XJyztE&feature=watch_response http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-eLKIWoIWlM&feature=relmfu http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_BDcUmeoJdI&feature=relmfu Name____________________________ 1) Why is it that weather and climate can be confused at times? 2) What is needed to distinguish between the two? What makes it so difficult to come up with one value of the earth’s surface? Is a 1 degree warming over the earth’s surface is a valid concern? 3) What did the monks from 500 years ago discover? Why were they a good measuring tool? 4) The weather patterns seemed to be highly variable over the last 20 years. Droughts, heat waves, floods and tropical storms seem to have become more active. IS this TRUE or FALSE? What are some examples? 5) What is the significance of ice core samples? 6) What is the significance of tree rings? 7) What is the significance of coral core samples? 8) Using these variables, how were they able to re-construct the past? 9) What is the significance of the Keeling Curve? Explain how it works. IMPORTANT! 10) Why is there a concern with an increase in Carbon Dioxide and an increase in global temperature? How does...
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...Global Warming: What’s Up With The Weather Movie Notes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rrq1Na90-DQ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBDL8mL5GG4&feature=watch_response http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aUhP_XJyztE&feature=watch_response http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-eLKIWoIWlM&feature=relmfu http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_BDcUmeoJdI&feature=relmfu Name____________________________ 1) Why is it that weather and climate can be confused at times? 2) What is needed to distinguish between the two? What makes it so difficult to come up with one value of the earth’s surface? Is a 1 degree warming over the earth’s surface is a valid concern? 3) What did the monks from 500 years ago discover? Why were they a good measuring tool? 4) The weather patterns seemed to be highly variable over the last 20 years. Droughts, heat waves, floods and tropical storms seem to have become more active. IS this TRUE or FALSE? What are some examples? 5) What is the significance of ice core samples? 6) What is the significance of tree rings? 7) What is the significance of coral core samples? 8) Using these variables, how were they able to re-construct the past? 9) What is the significance of the Keeling Curve? Explain how it works. IMPORTANT! 10) Why is there a concern with an increase in Carbon Dioxide and an increase in global temperature? How does...
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...Describe and Explain what rejuvenation is and the effect rejuvenation has on the river. Rejuvenation is when a river has to readjust itself and the land around it, usually by increasing the amount of vertical erosion it carries out to a change in the base level. It is caused by various factors, including river capture, isostatic sea level change and eustatic sea level change. Due to it changing its processes, a river undergoing rejuvenation creates many new landforms. A river is said to be rejuvenated when the base level that it is flowing down to is lowered. This can happen for various reasons. Rejuvenated terrains usually have complex landscapes because remnants of older landforms are locally preserved. Parts of floodplains may be preserved as terraces along the down cutting stream channels. Meandering streams often become entrenched, so a product of older river systems is found with steep, very pronounced V shaped valleys - often seen with younger systems. One example of rejuvenation is the Nile, which was rejuvenated when the Mediterranean dried up in the late Miocene. Its base level dropped from sea level to over 2 miles below sea level. It cut its bed down to several hundred feet below sea level at Aswan and 8000 feet below sea level at Cairo. After the Mediterranean re-flooded, those gorges gradually filled with silt. Rejuvenation may result from causes, which are dynamic, eustatic or isostatic in nature. All of this cause the river suddenly to erode its bed...
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