...Chapter 1 Review Check Points 1. A business risk is the risk that an entity will fail to meet its objectives. 2. Conditions that increase the demand for reliable information are complexity, remoteness, time-sensitivity, and consequences. 3. Information risk, which is the probability that information circulated by a company will be false or misleading. 5. An attestation engagement is an engagement in which a practitioner is engaged to issue a report on subject matter, or an assertion about subject matter that is the responsibility of another party. 6. Assurance services are independent professional services that improve the quality of information, or its context, for decision makers. 8. The four major elements in the broad definition of assurance services are independence, professional services, improving the quality of information, or its context, and for decision makers. 10. Auditing Standards Board’s management assertions are existence or occurrence, rights and obligations, completeness, value or allocation, and presentation and disclosure. Existence asserts that each of the balance sheet and income statement balances actually exist (Do the assets really exist?). Occurrence asserts that each of the income statement events and transactions actually did occur (Did the recorded sales transactions really occur?). With Rights and Obligations the objective for an auditor is to obtain evidence that the assets are really owned by and the liabilities are...
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...European Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance Research Vol.4, No.7, pp.23-42, July 2016 ___Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org) EFFICIENCY AND ACCOUNTABILITY OF PUBLIC SECTOR REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE IN NIGERIA (1970-2014) Omodero Cordelia Onyinyechi and Prof. M.C. Okafor 1 Doctoral Student of Accounting, Micheal Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria. 2 Department of Accounting, Micheal Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria. ABSTRACT: Nigeria is the sixth largest producer of oil and gas in the world, but the average Nigerian on the street is poor and there is poor infrastructure like power supply, roads, hospitals etc. This study examines the efficiency and accountability of public sector revenue and expenditure in Nigeria (1970-2014). Data on total federal government revenue and expenditure, state governments’ revenue and expenditure were collected from Statistical bulletin from the Central Bank of Nigeria from 1970-2014. The results were analysed using relevant statistical tools. The findings reveals that the level of accountability is very poor in Nigeria because the attributes of accessibility, comprehensiveness, relevance, quality, reliability and timely disclosure of financial information, social and political information about government activities are completely non available or partially available for the citizens to assess the performance...
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...How ‘fair’ are wage practices along the supply chain? Global assessment in 2010-111 Daniel Vaughan-Whitehead 2 SUMMARY Worrying global wage trends around the world as well as poor wage practices along the supply chain – both exacerbated by the economic crisis – have led to increasing concerns over wage issues. This paper is aimed at identifying how ‘fair’ would be wage practices along the supply chain. For this we first propose to define ‘Fair wages’ through a new approach, the ‘Fair wage approach’, aimed at providing CSR actors with a coherent set of fair wage dimensions and indicators. This new approach is then applied in a large-scale exercise carried out on wages in more than 100 suppliers in Asia and complemented by three case studies in China. This exercise carried out in 2010-11 provides first hand and most recent information on wage practices among suppliers. The results identify a number of wage problems along the supply chain, and also confirm the need to address wage issues using a broad spectrum of different ‘fair wage’ dimensions, including living wages, minimum wages, prevailing wages, social dialogue, the payment of working hours and the evolution of wages in accordance with prices, enterprise performance and changes in technology and human capital. Paper prepared for the Better Work conference, 26-28 October 2011, Washington DC. Data have been collected through the 2010 auditing process of the Fair Labor Association (FLA). I would like to thank Kenan Ercel, Patrick...
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...CHAPTER 1: COST MANAGEMENT AND STRATEGY EXERCISES 1-24 Strategy; Real Estate Services (15 min) This exercise can be used to provide a good perspective for the students to see the role of cost management in solving business issues, and in placing the management accountant in more of a leadership role in the firm. It also provides an early motivation for the cost behavior issues to be discussed later in chapter 3 and chapter 8. The management accountant has a hunch that the company is about to take on a potentially damaging strategic initiative. This is a great opportunity to begin to play more of a strategic role in the company. The first step should be to obtain the relevant information about projected revenues and costs and do a careful analysis of the likely profitability of developing the new, smaller customers. Here’s how the case might be used in a class discussion. First, ask the class to identify the types of costs likely to be incurred by this company in providing its service. The answers are likely to include labor costs and materials for cleaning and maintenance, in addition to costs for maintaining the firm’s office. As these examples are given, put them on the chalkboard and collect 6 or 8 of them. Then, ask how each of these costs might differ between large and small customers. For example, the cost of cleaning labor and materials will likely be somewhat proportional to the square feet of space each customer occupies, so that cost projections...
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...Notes I.28 Session – I important that they would affect the auditor’s report if not resolved. They include the following: • Matters that are significant and involve issues regarding the appropriate selection, application and consistency of accounting principles pertaining to the financial statements, including related disclosures. Such matters often relate to accounting for complex or unusual transactions or to estimates and uncertainties and any applicable management assumptions. Results of auditing procedures that indicate the financial statements or disclosures could be materially misstated or that the auditing procedures need to be significantly modified. Circumstances that cause the auditor significant difficulty in applying auditing procedures he or she considers necessary. Other findings that could result in modification of the auditor’s report. Compliance of Auditing Standards and Audit Documentation – a must for all practice units satisfy any applicable legal or regulatory requirements for records retention. Internationally the norm is assemble the final audit file and submit it for archiving within 60 days from the date of our audit report. The PCAOB standard has shortened this period to 45 days. 51 The auditor would also need to adopt procedures that enable him or her to gain access to the documentation throughout that period. One way for auditors to accomplish this is by creating a policy to maintain electronic documentation. One needs to bear in mind...
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...MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT DIPLOMA AND BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY DEGREE Asset Management Auditing, Benchmarking and Measures South African Breweries Limited THE SOUTH AFRICAN BREWERIES BEER DIVISION Asset Management Auditing, Benchmarking and Measures TABLE OF CONTENTS Course Map 1. General Information 2. Outcomes of this module 3. Study Material 4. Assignments 5. Guidelines to answering questions 6. The examination 7. Support for this module 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 9 2 Copyright 2011 The South African Breweries - LTD THE SOUTH AFRICAN BREWERIES BEER DIVISION Asset Management Auditing, Benchmarking and Measures COURSE MAP FOR DIPLOMA IN MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT MODULE ONE MAINTENANCE THEORY MODULE TWO OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT MODULE THREE LEGAL COMPLIANCE MODULE FOUR ORG BEHAVIOUR – CHANGE MGT MODULE FIVE BENCHMARKING, AUDITING AND MEASURES MODULE SIX FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT MODULE SEVEN PLANNING & LOGISTICS MODULE EIGHT HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT MODULE NINE REPAIR & REPLACEMENT THEORY MODULE TEN CONDITION MONITORING 3 Copyright 2011 The South African Breweries - LTD THE SOUTH AFRICAN BREWERIES BEER DIVISION Asset Management Auditing, Benchmarking and Measures STUDENT GUIDE Asset Management Auditing, Benchmarking and Measures Module 1. GENERAL INFORMATION Welcome to the South African Breweries Maintenance Management Diploma and Bachelor’s Degree Course and specifically as a student in Maintenance Theory. We hope that you will find...
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...Section A: Audit Practice Part b (i): Why is the audit of cash important part of the audit? From an auditing standpoint, cash is an important account because cash transactions affect all other business and financial processes. Businesses acquire cash by selling goods or services, disposing of fixed assets, or acquiring debt or equity. The same businesses put their cash to use through purchasing, paying employees, and buying inventory. Audits are an important part of business. Cash audits check that money has been handled properly, and performance audits ascertain whether employees are doing their jobs properly. Corporations are likely to undergo tax audits to ensure proper tax reporting and withholding. Audits may be performed in-house by management or human resources, by a third-party consulting firm hired specifically to perform the audits or by IRS agents who are auditing company tax records. The audit of cash is considered an important part of an audit mainly due to almost all business transactions will be ultimately settled through the cash accounts, the audit of cash accounts also assists in the verification of other asset and liability accounts as well as revenue and expenses. Some of the investor relies on the accuracy of the cash account to evaluate the financial health of the company. They use current asset which include the cash account to compute several financial measures. Other than that, cash is the highly liquid asset in a company and it is an area of high...
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...The Lakeside Company Case Studies in Auditing Twelfth Edition John M. Trussel Dalton State College J. Douglas Frazer Millersville University Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editor in Chief: Donna Battista Acquisitions Editor: Stephanie Wall Editorial Project Manager: Christina Rumbaugh Senior Managing Editor: Cynthia Zonneveld Production Project Manager: Carol O'Rourke Senior Operations Supervisor: Diane Peirano Printer/Binder: BindRite Graphics, Robbinsville Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. Copyright © 2012, 2008, 2005, 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290...
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...TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT PRACTICE IN SMALL AUDIT FIRMS IN NIGERIA CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study Total quality management (TQM) practices in small audit firms have had accounting antecedence. The concept can be traced back to early 1920 production control idea notably, the concept developed in the late 1940’s and 1950’s, pioneered by American Feigenbaum, Deming and Juran. The concept total quality management (QTM) has many definitions. The gurus of total quality management discipline like Deming, Juran, Crosby, Ishikawa and Feigenbaum defined the concept in different ways, but still the essence and spirit remained the same. According to Deming, quality is a continuous improvement process towards predictable degree of uniformity and dependability. He identified fourteen principles of quality management to improve productivity and performance of an organization. Juran defined quality as “fitness for use”. According to him, every person in an organization must be involved in the effort to make products or services that are fit for use. Crosbly defines quality as conformance to requirement. His focus was on zero defects and doing it right the first time. Ishikawa also emphasized importance of total quality control to improve organizational performance. According to him, quality does not only mean the quality of products but also of after sale services, quality of managing the company itself and the human life. Feigenbaum defined total quality management...
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...international capital flows have heightened the significance of cross-national comprehension of corporate financial reports as well as the associated audit reports. The accounting literature is replete with assessments of the harmonization efforts and the international differences in the financial accounting area (Nair and Frank, 1981; Evans and Taylor, 1982; McKinnon and Janell, 1984; Doupnick and Taylor, 1985; Nobes, 1987; Archer, et. al., 1989; and Guenther and Hussein, 1995). However, there have been only three previous attempts to study the international differences and harmonization in the auditing area (Hussein, et. al., 1986; Archer, et. al., 1989; and Jones and Karbhari, 1996). The paper extends the work in the latter studies to study the impact on the harmonization of audit reports of International Audit Guideline (IAG) 13 that was issued in 1983 by the International Audit Practice...
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....................................................................13 200 - STANDARDS OF CONDUCT AFFECTING THE PUBLIC INTEREST......................14 201.1-4 Maintenance of Reputation of the Profession ..............................................14 Advocacy Services ......................................................................................14 201.5 202.1 Integrity and Due Care ................................................................................15 202.2 Objectivity ...................................................................................................15 203 Professional Competence ...........................................................................15 204.1 Independence - Assurance and Specified Auditing Procedures Engagements...
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...Chapter 03 Professional Ethics True / False Questions 1. The Rules portion of the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct must be followed by only those members in private practice. True False 2. The AICPA Code of Professional Conduct derives its authority from the Bylaws of the AICPA. True False 3. An immaterial loan from the CPA to an officer of a client impairs the independence of the CPA. True False 4. Financial interests of a CPA's nondependent children are attributed directly to the CPA. True False 5. Statements on Accounting and Review Services are enforceable under the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct. True False 6. CPAs may not advertise as to any special expertise other than in accounting, auditing, and tax. True False 7. A CPA may receive a commission for recommending a particular computer system to an audit client. True False 8. The communications between CPAs and their clients are privileged under federal law. True False 9. CPAs can advertise the fees only for their nonattest services. True False 10. The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants has been the primary source for ethical rules for internal auditors. True False Multiple Choice Questions 11. ABC Company is audited by the Phoenix office of Willingham CPAs. Which of the following individuals would be least likely to be considered a "covered member"...
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...Chapter 03 Professional Ethics True / False Questions 1. The Rules portion of the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct must be followed by only those members in private practice. True False 2. The AICPA Code of Professional Conduct derives its authority from the Bylaws of the AICPA. True False 3. An immaterial loan from the CPA to an officer of a client impairs the independence of the CPA. True False 4. Financial interests of a CPA's nondependent children are attributed directly to the CPA. True False 5. Statements on Accounting and Review Services are enforceable under the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct. True False 6. CPAs may not advertise as to any special expertise other than in accounting, auditing, and tax. True False 7. A CPA may receive a commission for recommending a particular computer system to an audit client. True False 8. The communications between CPAs and their clients are privileged under federal law. True False 9. CPAs can advertise the fees only for their nonattest services. True False 10. The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants has been the primary source for ethical rules for internal auditors. True False Multiple Choice Questions 11. ABC Company is audited by the Phoenix office of Willingham CPAs. Which of the following individuals would be least likely to be considered a "covered member"...
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...that the independent auditor obtain written representations from management as a part of an audit of financial statements performed in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards and provides guidance concerning the representations to be obtained. Reliance on Management Representations .02 During an audit, management makes many representations to the auditor, both oral and written, in response to specific inquiries or through the financial statements. Such representations from management are part of the audit evidence the independent auditor obtains, but they are not a substitute for the application of those auditing procedures necessary to afford a reasonable basis for an opinion regarding the financial statements under audit. Written representations from management ordinarily confirm representations explicitly or implicitly given to the auditor, indicate and document the continuing appropriateness of such representations, and reduce the possibility of misunderstanding concerning the matters that are the subject of the representations. [Revised, March 2006, to reflect conforming changes necessary due to the issuance of Statement on Auditing Standards No. 105.]1 .03 The auditor obtains written representations from management to complement other auditing procedures. In many cases, the auditor applies auditing procedures specifically designed to obtain audit evidence concerning matters that also are the subject of written representations. For example, after the auditor...
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...under the Act[1], it requires at least 2 directors and both of them must have principal or only place residence within Malaysian[2]. In addition, it includes any person occupying the position of a director of a corporation by whatever name called and include a person in accordance with whose directions and instructions the director of a corporation are accustomed to act and an alternate or substitute director and a director is an officer of a company but he is not an employee unless he has separate contract of employment as a salaried executive[3]. Secondly, the director must be at their natural person[4] of full age [5] and the limit maximum age of 70 that is other than private company, which is not a subsidiary of a public company[6]. However, there will be exception to restriction of age if he is already occupied the office as a director, he may be continue to hold the position after reaching the limit or at least ¾ of the members of the company supported his appointment or reappointment that approved by a resolution of the company[7]. This also mentioned in In addition section 135 of the Act obliged the...
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