...Physiology of Pitch Perception Hearing is one of the most important functions in an individual’s life. Hearing helps an individual in socializing, working, interacting with others, communicating and can even help in relaxing. Hearing helps people fulfill their lives during daily living. It is a wonderful aspect of life that most people get to experience. However, pitch plays an important and key role in helping with the hearing process. The ear helps determine the frequency content of an auditory stimulus and perception of pitch is determined in the brain. Hearing has different physical aspects, pitch perceptions and different ways to lose hearing. Physical Aspects of Sound Sound can be defined in many ways. It is defined through...
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...Hearing Loss on Auditory Perception and Behavior Three basic types of hearing loss: conductive hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss, and mixed hearing loss. These categories are according to which part of the auditory system is damaged. Conductive hearing loss happens when the sound is reduced due to problems with the outer ear canal, eardrum, or tiny bones (ossicles) in the middle ear. There is often an inability to hear faint sounds. Fluid in the middle ear, ear infections, allergies, perforated eardrum, impacted earwax, and “swimmer’s ear” are some of the most common causes of conductive hearing loss and can be corrected either medically or surgically. Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) happens when there is damage to the inner ear (cochlea), or the nerve pathways between the inner ear and the brain. This type of hearing loss is usually permanent whether it is the inability to hear faint sounds or unclear, muffled sounds. This hearing loss is often caused by genetics (hereditary), illnesses, certain types of drugs, aging, head trauma, or exposure to loud noise. There are times when there is a combination of sensorineural and conductive hearing loss, it is known as mixed hearing loss. According to Joseph Nadol, hearing loss is “among the most common chronic neural impairments in the U.S. population” (Nadol, 1993). Damage to the outer, middle, or inner ear or auditory nerves can be present. Auditory perception means being able...
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...Perception is the way the body processes things in our everyday lives. There are two types of perception visual and auditory. Visual perception is as it suggest, the seeing and viewing of things through the eyes. Whereas auditory perception is the perception of hearing things and understanding how close they can be. Perception is used even when we do not believe we are using it. Understanding visual perception is not complex, but I always try to think of things in a different manner. Ironically, I see visual perception as a sort of streaming process that allows the eyes to pick up all kinds of details and situations. The eyes are very complex, but we only see the things the brain believes to be important. The brain tells the eyes to compress...
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...Sensation, Perception, and Attention Outline Mary Bazile Psychology/300 October 6, 2013 Carlton Bowden Explanation of Sensation, Perception, and Attention The recommendations for the authority sensations, perceptive, and attention to learning would be like if a person would sit down to study, the person would not be bother by the distracting environmental stimuli. Why? Because some people and certain other people cannot lie in the difference of ability to focus and control each other attention toward their own perceptive processes derived from sensations. A report says that (Kowalski & Westen, 2009) acknowledges that the human sensory systems, visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, touch, proprioceptive, vestibular, and kinesthetic all specialized cells that respond to environmental stimuli called sensory. A short term for olfactory is small. The term for gustatory is taste. An example for touch is pain. Proprioceptive is sensory information about body’s position and movement. Vestibular is sensory information on position of body in space by sensing gravity and movement. Kinesthetic is a sensory information about movement and position of limbs and other parts of the body relative to one another. All the words are transformed...
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...COM 120, Test 2 Chapter 4: Perception and Interpersonal Communication 1. The stages of perception are: a. Sense, organize, interpret-evaluate, store in memory, retrieve b. Retrieve, interpret-evaluate, sense, organize, store in memory c. Organize, store in memory, sense, interpret-evaluate, retrieve d. Retrieve, store in memory, proximity similarity, interpretation. 2. Our senses are bombarded with stimuli. Consequently, we a. Look for similarities b. Select and attend to those which meet our immediate needs c. Systematically process all of it d. Organize it just like everyone else does 3. We make judgements about others on the basis of all the following EXCEPT: a. Comparison b. Proximity c. Similarity d. Contrast 4. Relying on early information for a general idea of what a person is to like is also called: a. Stereotypes b. Our first impressions c. Prophecies we make d. Implicit theories 5. Giving subtle cues or hints about how we expect the other person to act is also called: a. Stereotypes b. Implicit theories c. Self-fulfilling prophecies d. Our first impressions 6. First impressions are all of the following EXCEPT: a. Unjust b. Inevitable c. Highly accurate d. A filter 7. You can increase your accuracy in...
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...conflict with visual processes. Object perception is an important element to visual processes such as the way we recognize an object. A Stroop-like paradigm, “A Familiar-Size Stroop Effect: Real-World Size Is an Automatic Property of Object Representation” (Konkle & Olivia, 2012) was designed to test whether we can automatically indicate the real world size of an object when the object is familiar. Participants are asked to make a judgment about the visual size of the object shown on screen. In one of the conditions the real-world size of the familiar objects represented the visual size on the screen (“congruent trials”) participants were faster to recall which was the real-world size when the visual size was congruent than when asked to judge the visual size objects not being the same as the real-world size (“incongruent trials”). The findings of this study further illustrate that the stroop effect interferes when performing a very basic perceptual...
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...and Perception Lecture 6 & 7 • Learning Outcomes • Define and differentiate between sensation and perception. • Identify the parts of the eye, describe the properties of light and the theories of color vision. • Learning Outcomes • Describe how visual perception is organized. • Identify the parts of the ear; explain the sense of hearing. • Learning Outcomes • Describe the chemical senses. • Identify the skin senses and theoretical explanations for pain. • Learning Outcomes • Describe the kinesthetic and vestibular senses. • Explain why psychologists are skeptical about extra sensory perception. • Sensation and Perception • What are Sensation and Perception? • “I have perfect vision” –Heather Sellers has problem with her perception. She cannot recognize faces-prosopagnosia (face blindness) “In college, on a date at the Spaghetti Station, I returned from the bathroom and plunked myself down in the wrong booth, facing the wrong man. I remained unaware he was not my date even as my date (a stranger to me) accosted Wrong Booth Guy, and then stormed out of the Station. I can’t distinguish actors in movies and on TV. I do not recognize myself in photos or video. I can’t recognize my stepsons in the soccer pick-up line; I failed to determine which husband was mine at a party, in the mall, at the market” This curious mix of “perfect” vision and face blindness illustrates the distinction between sensation and perception. • 1. What are Sensation and Perception? • Her...
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...moves; kinaesthetic learners like to be physically involved in the learning process, commonly taking notes or using a highlighter in seminars or lectures. They will learn better by carrying out a task as opposed to having it explained to them. During an induction using language that is associated with these types of movement related activities is beneficial, for instance "as you walk into the garden you feel the warm breeze against your face and feel the cool, soft grass under your feet. As you approach the house a feeling of familiarity and calm flows through you". The second modality is auditory; which in its most simple definition is relating to the organs used for hearing. An auditory learner will prefer information to be spoken or delivered in another way through sound and is more inclined to take in information when heard. An example would be that during a seminar or lecture the auditory learner will more likely be listening to the presenter rather than reading the...
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...Cochlear Implant Essay Jeanie Partlow HCA/COMM 270A The Context and Language of Health Care Randi White Warner Pacific College April 30, 2012 Cochlear Implant Essay A cochlear implant is a surgically implanted device that provides electrical stimulation to the auditory nerve in the inner ear. The device has internal and external components. The external parts consist of a microphone, a speech processor, and a transmitter. The internal parts include a receiver and electrodes. The external speech processor captures sound, converts it to digital code that is transmitted to the internal electrodes, and finally, communicated to the brain for interpretation as sound. Good candidates for the cochlear implant have profound bilateral sensorineural hearing impairment and functional auditory nerves. Three groups of patients that have the greatest potential success include post-lingually deaf adults, pre-lingually deaf children, and post-lingually impaired people (usually children) who have lost hearing due to diseases such as meningitis. Tyler, Fryauf-Bertschy, Kelsay, Gantz, Woodworth, Parkinson (1997) confirm pre-lingually deaf children are excellent candidates as they obtain the implant during the time that the brain is developing and highly functional in adapting to sensory input. The cochlear device is implanted behind the ear where the surgeon will create a pocket in the mastoid bone for the receiver. The electrode array is then placed through the inner ear into the cochlea...
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...Perception and Attention Paper Psych/560 June 3, 2013 Prof. Pitt Perception and Attention People will perceive the world in different ways. For example, two people may look at a cloud, and they both may say they see two different things. One may say they see a rabbit whereas the other person may say they see a dog. Perception gives an individual the ability to have insight into any given situation. This is also how an individual can gain knowledge or intuition. On the other hand, there is attention, which gives an individual to ability to focus mentally. According to Robinson-Riegler & Robinson-Riegler (2008) Perception aids in a person’s information process. Attention aids the impact of information in a person's long-term memory. This paper will define the concept of perception and the perceptual organizational process. The paper will also define attention and the process of attention as well as explain the relationship between perception and attention. Define the Concept of Perception Cherry (2013), “Perception is our sensory experience of the world around us and involves both the recognition of environmental stimuli and actions in response to these stimuli” (What Is Perception?). This process allows us to gain information about the properties and elements of our environment that we need for survival...
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...Learning Objectives Chapter 2 Perception CONSUMER BEHAVIOR Global Edition 9e Michael R. Solomon When you finish this chapter, you should understand why: • Perception is a three-stage process that translates raw stimuli into meaning. • Products and commercial messages often appeal to our senses, but we won‟t be influenced by most of them. • The design of a product today is a key driver of its success or failure. 3/8/2012 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education 2-1 2-2 Learning Objectives (continued) Sensation and Perception • Subliminal advertising is a controversial— but largely ineffective—way to talk to consumers. • Sensation is the immediate response of our sensory receptors (eyes, ears, nose, mouth, and fingers) to basic stimuli (light, color, sound, odor, and texture). • We interpret the stimuli to which we do pay attention according to learned patterns and expectations. • Marketers use symbols to create meaning. • Perception is the process by which sensations are selected, organized, and interpreted. 3/8/2012 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education 2-3 3/8/2012 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education 2-4 Figure 2.1 Perceptual Process We receive external stimuli through our five senses Hedonic Consumption • Hedonic consumption: multisensory, fantasy, and emotional aspects of consumers‟ interactions with products • Marketers use impact of sensations on consumers‟ product...
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...Pisoni, “infants learn about their environment through sensory exploration, acquiring knowledge that is important for cognitive development...the fundamental information that infants obtain through sensory perception and exploration of their environment contributes to the learning and development of important cognitive concepts” (Fagan & Pisoni, 2009). Hearing is especially important and key to their brain development, and any deficiency can possibly lead to delays in speech, and language. Hearing loss is a result of several reasons such as trauma, severe ear infections, in utero infections and a vast number of other diseases and disorders. In all actuality we hear with our brains and not our ears. However the ears play an important function which allows us to transmit sound. Before going into further details here is some basics of the auditory system. The Cochlea is the is the most important structure of the ear. It is spiral shaped and located in the inner ear. According to Foley and Matlin, authors of Sensation and Perception (2010) ,the Cochlea is the bony, fluid filled structure containing the reception for auditory stimuli” (Foley & Matlin, 2010). There are two kinds of hair cells and they are both located in the Cochlea which is part of the Auditory system....
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... She can do this because she knows the location of her arm in relation to other body parts. This is an example of which kind of feedback? Answer: Proprioceptive Question 5 When you hear a song for the first time you are likely to rely on ___________ processing to process it. When you have heard the song frequently enough that you can easily process the complex arrangement of notes with a single label (e.g. "This is the national anthem"), you are now using __________ processing. Answer: bottom-up; top-down Question 6 Which school of thought in perception is best summarized by the statement, "The whole is different than the sum of its parts"? Answer: Gestalt Question 7 Match the theories of hearing to their correct descriptions. Selected Match Place B. Each frequency produces vibrations at a particular spot Frequency C. Perception of frequency depends on how often auditory nerve fires Volley A. Clusters of nerve cells can fire neural impulses in rapid succession Question 8 Which sense relies on fast pathways to directly communicate sharp, localized sensations to the thalamus? Answer: Pain Question 9 As you walk barefoot in...
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...comprehensive cognitive process. There are several types of stimulus or cognitive processes common in human growth and development. Different people employ the available cognitive processes at different times in their life time. The identification of the common cognitive processes as well as their purpose in human development is exceptionally decisive in facilitating the understanding of human cognitive development. Common Cognitive Processes By referring to Robinson-Riegler and Robinson-Riegler (2008), the first main cognitive process is perception. Perception entails the front-end process which helps in the organization and interpretation of the received information. Perception is usually based on auditory information as well as visual information. Perception is acquired through observation and listening to the emerging information, as well as organization of the received information in human mind. The second main cognitive stage is identification process. Although this process is vastly overlooked, it is one of the most critical processes in human cognitive development and human survival. The identification process...
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... However, in applying the available learning methods, human beings must pass through a comprehensive cognitive process. There are several types of stimulus or cognitive processes common in human growth and development. Different people employ the available cognitive processes at different times in their life time. The identification of the common cognitive processes as well as their purpose in human development is exceptionally decisive in facilitating the understanding of human cognitive development. Common Cognitive Processes By referring to Robinson-Riegler and Robinson-Riegler (2008), the first main cognitive process is perception. Perception entails the front-end process which helps in the organization and interpretation of the received information. Perception is usually based on auditory information as well as visual information. Perception is acquired through observation and listening to the emerging information, as well as organization of the received information in human mind. The second main cognitive stage is identification process. Although this process is vastly overlooked, it is one of the most critical processes in human cognitive development and human survival. The identification process helps an individual to swiftly (with limited thinking) recognize and categorize emerging information based on past experiences. Speedy identification is however perceived to have a genetic component, which is passed from one generation to another. The...
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