...The Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) TRA posits that individual behaviour is driven by behavioural intentions where behavioural intentions are a function of an individual's attitude toward the behaviour and subjective norms surrounding the performance of the behaviour. Attitude toward the behaviour is defined as the individual's positive or negative feelings about performing a behaviour. It is determined through an assessment of one's beliefs regarding the consequences arising from a behaviour and an evaluation of the desirability of these consequences. Formally, overall attitude can be assessed as the sum of the individual consequence x desirability assessments for all expected consequences of the behaviour. Subjective norm is defined as an individual's perception of whether people important to the individual think the behaviour should be performed. The contribution of the opinion of any given referent is weighted by the motivation that an individual has to comply with the wishes of that referent. Hence, overall subjective norm can be expressed as the sum of the individual perception x motivation assessments for all relevant referents. How the Theory of Planned Behaviour Works The theory of planned behaviour (TPB) was developed by Ajzen in 1988. The theory proposes a model which can measure how human actions are guided. It predicts the occurrence of a particular behaviour, provided that behaviour is intentional. The model is out lined in the next figure and represents...
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...Health Behavior Theory is an important element in the public health field. In order to develop effective intervention programs, Public Health professionals need to be able to effectively assess the needs of a population relative to their long-term adoption of health-protective behaviors. Understanding human behavior theory is an essential tool for designing and implementing successful health promotion programs. The ability to change a health behavior requires multiple skills beyond the ability to simply apply a theory but to effectively have a solid understanding for human behavior. The application of theory and practice goes hand in hand in public health field making theory an essential part of the public health field and why we have an entire...
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...imperative to fully understand how behavior can change in an instant. Health education depends on using the proper theories and models. This paper will address the theories and models used in health education, the importance of the theories, as well as real world examples and information from models used in health education. To understand why it is important to use theories, one must first understand the difference between theories and models. While theories are a set of interrelated concepts and definitions and propositions used to present a systematic view of events or situations, models are composites of mixtures and ideas taken from a number of theories and used together (Cottrell, Girvan, & McKenzie, 2012). Theories and models are intertwined in health education. Theories are important in health education because they influence how evidence is collected, analyzed, understood, and utilized. When theories are implicit, they have the power to clarify and reveal new ideas and insights. Overall, theories influence health education by providing focus on implementation processes to continually improve and make the required adjustments. The socio-ecological approach is important in health education because it examines how one’s physical, social, political, economic, and cultural dimensions influence their behavior and conditions. Human behavior is too easily influenced and can change in an instant; it is simply how humans and their behavior are. An individual’s intrapersonal...
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...Game Theory and Strategic Behavior Exam 3 Part II 28/04/2013 Exam 3 Part II Game Theory and Strategic Behavior The main point of the paper is the paradox between theoretically predicted equilibrium and Nash equilibrium. Results of the research state that people often act differently and there is no model of behavior. Most of actions are spontaneous and it is provoke by kind of emotion conditions such as calmness or fearless which sometimes interferes to take the correct decisions. By supporting his ideas the author of the article, introduce ten examples driven by experiments. While I am reading the article, I understand that it covers the whole material that we study in class during the whole semester – for example, it introduces some of the main point of game theory – dynamic games, several exists of games or prediction how the game will end. As we know from the course that most of games are consisted by two payers which shows us at least two treatments. In each game, we have coincided point that is called Nash equilibrium. Without reaching the point of equilibrium, we go to the second treatment where the payoff changes and there is changing in the strategy of player 1. In fact, the article shows us a famous and significant game that also called one-shot traveler’s dilemma game. The main idea of the model is that the payoffs change constantly and there is not affected on the...
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...injustice. Like beauty, injustice is something that can grow on a person. Right now it may not seem that its “not really about the money” but tomorrow things may appear quite a bit different. Equity theory is based on cognitive dissonance theory (where two contradictory ideas are held simultaneously resulting in feelings of discomfort) developed by social psychologist Leon Festinge. When a person feels that they are being treated unfairly, when they perceive that their work is rewarded differently when compared with others, they experience a form of cognitive dissonance. The theory suggests that he/she will take corrective action in order to return to a state of balance. When the perceived inequity is negative (when a person is doing more work for less pay than peers for example) these actions, which can be either overt or subtle, will result in counter productive work behaviors. The corrective action may not be conscious but it will be there regardless. Even if a person enjoys his/her job, work behaviors will begin to shift. If the inequity is negative these changes will likely take the form of subtle actions - tardiness, less enthusiasm, slower work, etc. - which will tend to reduce the inequity by lowering the reward to work, or outcome to income, ratio. Over time, these behaviors can do far more harm to a company than might have resulted had the inequity been resolved earlier. Eventually the changes will likely become noticeable and the employee will either resign or be...
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...Journal of Financial Economics 3 (1976) 305-360. Q North-Holland Publishing Company THEORY OF THE FIRM: MANAGERIAL BEHAVIOR, AGENCY COSTS AND OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE Michael C. JENSEN and William H. MECKLING* University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, U.S.A. Received January 1976, revised version received July 1976 This paper integrates elements from the theory of agency. the theory of property rights and the theory of finance to develop a theory of the ownership structure of the firm. We define the concept of agency costs, show its relationship to the ‘separation and control’ issue, investigate the nature of the agency costs generated by the existence of debt and outside equity, demonstrate who bears these costs and why, and investigate the Pareto optirnality of their existence. We also provide a new definition of the firm, and show how our analysis of the factors influencing tht- creation and issuance of debt and equity claims is a special case of the supply side of the completeness of markets problem. The directors of such [joint-stock] companies, however, being the managers rather of other people’s money than of their own, it cannot well be expected, that they should watch over it with the same anxious vigilance with which the partners in a private copartnery frcqucntly watch over their own. Like the stewards of a rich man, they are apt to consider attention to small matters as not for their master’s honour, and very easily give thcmsclvcs a dispensation from...
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...There are different types of health behaviors including social cognitive theory, stages of change model, and the health belief model. A health behavior theory is a conceptual framework of key factors or variables hypothesized to influence health behavior. An established theory is logical, supported by evidence, and underpins behavior change plans and strategies. The Social Cognitive theory is the theory that bases the thoughts of the person and his/or her environment. This theory was performed and created by Albert Bandura. It is claimed that a change in one's everyday life can either have a positive or negative affect on the others. The Social Cognitive theory has a impact in society because it allows different behaviors to be examined...
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...Theories for Delinquent Behavior Theories for Delinquent Behavior Juvenile Justice (Name) (College) February 18, 2013 Theories for Delinquent Behavior While choosing two theories of causation for better understanding why delinquent behavior occurs, one should possibly look at the psychological theory and the biological theory. While recently hearing about children in the news who have done violent crimes and are now being charged as adults one must began to wonder if it had to do with their upbringing. A particular story, Cristian Fernandez, a 12 year old Florida boy who killed his 2 year old brother and is now being charged as an adult, is one that can be determined toward these theories in particular. This boy has had a very difficult upbringing. His mother gave birth to him when she was only 12 years old herself, after becoming pregnant with him from a sexual assault. His grandmother who was helping raise him, was found to be addicted to drugs. Biological and psychological theories are involved in his delinquent behavior in some opinions. Biological theory states The conclusion is written and again reiterates the text of the introduction. Again, no citations should be used and the paragraph should be three to four sentences lon References Alba, J. W., & Hasher, L. (1983). Is memory schematic? Psychological Review, 93, 203-231. Hewson, P. W., Beeth, M. E., & Thorley, N. R. (1998). Teaching for conceptual change. In B. J. Fraser & K. G. Tobin...
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...Behavior and Theory in Organizations Final Project, November 12th 2012 Adrian Furnham: “Managing People in a Downturn” So far, we’ve learned in class that understanding organizational behavior is not an easy task to accomplish. Studying the behavior within an organization requires extensive knowledge, and expertise within the areas of psychology, social psychology, and sociology. Due to globalization, the world has become smaller, and organizations are no longer constrained by national borders, making it even more important to understand organizational behavior (Robbins & Judge, 2011) but it has also become far more difficult. With the globalization, organizations have embraced more workforce diversity, inviting people into an e.g. American organization, from all over the world, plus more companies merge with foreign countries in e.g. Asia. This puts even more emphasis on how important it is to understand the behaviors within an organization, because each person will have a different background, culture and biographical characteristics. Because of the globalization, a crisis in one country, will quickly influence other countries. As we saw with the economic crisis in 2008 – the worst recession since the Wall Street crash in ’29 – a crisis in the US very quickly spread to the rest of the world. This crisis put a huge strain on both big and small businesses all over the world; challenging managers to still keep focused and engaged. Because with the recession...
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...Everyone’s motivation for crime may be different but things such as environment and pressure are contributing factors in most criminal activity. Crime and violence are age old anomalies that have intrigued the minds of scientist and theorist; many have come up with theories that they feel explain criminal motivation. Behavior theory and strain theory explain my thoughts on the theory of crime. “Behavior theory is important in the study of criminology because much human behavior is the result of conditioning” (Schmallegher, 2014, p. 72). Most humans are born innocent and learn behavior from their environment such as friends and family. A person is conditioned according to those that they see as models for their behavior and they learn their morals and values in the environment in which they are raised. Many criminals do not share the same values that majority of society have and therefore they tend to deviate from...
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...A psychological theory is a type of biological theory who states that individuals commit criminal behavior against others because is derived from heredity. According to the author “Under this model, violent or criminal behavior is beyond the control of the individual and is cause by the persons biology” (Gosselin, 2014, p. 69). This theory assets that impulsive behavior is caused by genetic uncontrollable behavior that has been passed from generation from generation. Research on evolutionary psychology asserts that universally males are more aggressive because since ancient times males needed to commit violent-aggressive for protection of resources and intrasexual competition (same sex competition). In addition, evolutionist argues that humans have inherited biological and...
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...BAM410 Organizational Theory and Behavior To purchase this tutorial visit here: http://mindsblow.us/question_des/BAM410OrganizationalTheoryandBehavior/2798 contact us at: help@mindblows.us BAM410 Organizational Theory and Behavior BAM 410 Entire Course BAM 410 Unit 1 Exam BAM 410 Unit 2 Exam BAM 410 Unit 2 Essay BAM 410 Unit 3 Exam BAM 410 Unit 3 Essay BAM 410 Unit 4 Exam BAM 410 Unit 4 Essay BAM 410 Final Exam BAM410 Organizational Theory and Behavior To purchase this tutorial visit here: http://mindsblow.us/question_des/BAM410OrganizationalTheoryandBehavior/2798 contact us at: help@mindblows.us BAM410 Organizational Theory and Behavior BAM 410 Entire Course BAM 410 Unit 1 Exam BAM 410 Unit 2 Exam BAM 410 Unit 2 Essay BAM 410 Unit 3 Exam BAM 410 Unit 3 Essay BAM 410 Unit 4 Exam BAM 410 Unit 4 Essay BAM 410 Final Exam BAM410 Organizational Theory and Behavior To purchase this tutorial visit here: http://mindsblow.us/question_des/BAM410OrganizationalTheoryandBehavior/2798 contact us at: help@mindblows.us BAM410 Organizational Theory and Behavior BAM 410 Entire Course BAM 410 Unit 1 Exam BAM 410 Unit 2 Exam BAM 410 Unit 2 Essay BAM 410 Unit 3 Exam BAM 410 Unit 3 Essay BAM 410 Unit 4 Exam BAM 410 Unit 4 Essay BAM 410 Final Exam BAM410 Organizational Theory and Behavior To purchase this tutorial visit here: http://mindsblow.us/question_des/BAM410OrganizationalTheoryandBehavior/2798 contact us at: help@mindblows.us BAM410 Organizational...
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...Biological Theories and Criminal Behavior Biological theories address deviant behavior as a relationship between biological factors, and social norms in respect to crime. The theories address behavior of an individual based upon his or her biological impact. Schmalleger, (2008) points out a connection to social environments and the impact upon human behavior. The connection has validity because of human thoughts and activities are constantly flowing through the brain providing an impact relating to behavior. Researchers base biological theories on flaws relating to heredity, dysfunction of the brain’s neurotransmitters, injuries, trauma, or abnormalities involving the brain affecting behavior (Raine, 2002). Brain development is a biological theory providing information connecting damage of the frontal lobes located in the brain’s cerebrum to criminal behavior. The brain is similar to a computer sending messages to the body and when the messages cannot be delivered it is because of a dysfunction that has occurred in the brain. The frontal lobes and the limbic system are two of the major areas of the brain involving behavior. The frontal lobes are responsible for reasoning, problem solving, and emotions (Allen & Harper, 2010). The limbic system contains electrical circuitry controlling emotions and motivation (Allen & Harper, 2010). The amygdala when stimulated produces behavior related to emotions, memory and fear. When the amygdala is functioning properly it produces the...
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...Modified Theory of Planned Behavior Shih-I Cheng Assistant Professor Department of Business Administration, Shu-Te University China E-mail: jane@stu.edu.tw Hwai-Hui Fu Associate Professor Department of Business Administration, Shu-Te University China Le Thi Cam Tu Graduate School of Business Administration China ABSTRACT Counterfeits consumption has recently attracted considerable attention. This study examines factors affecting consumer purchase intention for counterfeit products. Specially, this study takes Vietnam, a developing country where consumer behavior is being affected by rising living standard, as a research object. Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior of Ajzen with the additional factor of perceived financial control, it is hoped that an improved framework can be obtained for predicting customer intention to purchase counterfeits. The hypotheses were tested via Structural Equation Modeling technique. The results indicated that subjective norms exert the greatest impact on customer intention to purchase counterfeits, while additional factor of perceived financial control negatively affects intentions. This investigation can help marketers and policy makers understand the key influences on consumer behavior towards counterfeits and thus to create effective marketing campaigns and anti-piracy strategies. KEYWORDS: Consumer behavioral intention, Counterfeit products, Perceived financial control, Structural Equation Modeling, Theory of Planned Behavior Introduction ...
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...Consumer Attitude towards ‘Green’ Purchases *Tanushree Shrivastava Research Scholar(IIPS, DAVV, Indore) Mobile 9926248388 moonskiess@yahoo.com **Dr. Preeti Singh Reader, IIPS, DAVV, Indore Mobile 9425349044 purnima4@rediffmail.com Abstract The Theory of Planned Behavior, based on the value – attitude – behavior hierarchy, has been proven as a reliable instrument for measuring green purchasing behavior. This study examines the application of a sub-section of Theory of Planned Behavior, namely the measurement of Attitudes towards Green Purchases of management students in Jabalpur City. Ecological affect has a greater impact on their attitude formation than does Ecological Knowledge. To check if this is also true for these consumers, management students (n=41) were surveyed to measure their ecological affect, ecological knowledge and attitudes towards green purchases. Students with high ecological affect showed a statistically significant difference on their attitudes towards green purchases score than the students with low ecological affect. Ecological knowledge level did not show a significant difference in attitudes towards green purchases. Differences between ecological knowledge and ecological affect and suggestions for future research are discussed. Keywords: Planned Behaviour, Green Awareness, Green Purchase, Ecological Knowledge, Purchase Attitude. Consumer Attitude towards ‘Green’ Purchases Introduction ...
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