...known, multiple dictators came to power before him. Benito Mussolini, Joseph Stalin, and Adolf Hitler all shared the same fundamentals when related to leadership. These three dictators were able to gain power in their...
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...The League of Nations was created in the harsh circumstances of the post-war period. As it was Wilson who gave to life the idea of the League it was discussed greatly at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. The US president came up with the idea of the organization and so it was him that produced its regulations, also known as the Covenant. This Covenant decided which situations were of concern and how decisions on these were to be reached. At the same time it also decided how the organization as to act in order to achieve and to secure the aims set out. The league was incorporated into all of the peace treaties of the Paris Settlement and aimed at promoting international co-operating and to achieve international peace and security. It also aimed at promoting what became known as “collective security’ which is the guarantee that the states incorporated in the league would protect each other in case of aggression. The league faced many obstacles in achieving peace as some countries were not satisfied with the terms of the peace treaties and wanted to change them. On the other hand, the ones who had made gains in the war period wanted to maintain these and so acted in a manner that would not bring disruption. Having said this, nobody could be certain if all of the members of the league were ready to maintain the order that was achieved after the war. The three main channels of the policy of the League were moral persuasion, economic sanctions and the use of military force...
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...first time Mussolini used the term ‘totalitarian’ was in a speech at the Fascists Party’s fourth national congress in 1995*1 , he declared the ‘goal that is defined as our ferocious totalitarian will be pursued with even greater ferociousness’*1 . There is no doubt that Benito Mussolini was a very determined dictator. His aim was to create a long lasting Fascist Italy*1. In order to achieve his aim he required the total involvement and participation of every member of the state, in other words he needed to ‘Fascistize the masses’*1. Unfortunately Fascism was a very ambitious plan that failed to properly execute its aims*2. In order to delve deeper into the ways that Mussolini failed in his totalitarianism aims, we must first define what totalitarianism is. The essence of totalitarianism can be seen as a regime’s total control of the everyday life of its citizens, of its control, and more particularly of their thoughts and attitudes as well as their activities *3. A totalitarian dictatorship must have an elaborate ideology, a single mass party which is led by the ‘dictator’, a system of terror, near complete control over weapons of armed combat, control over all means of effective mass communication including the press, radio and cinema, and finally central control over the entire economy*3. While Mussolini dabbled in all of these areas he failed to execute them in an effective manner. It is interesting to note Hannah Arendt’s theories on totalitarianism, like Mussolini, she believed...
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...History Revision Aug 1914 – Nov 1918 The cost of WW1 to Britain - $35,334,012,000 (highest of all the allied powers) and 994,138 British people died. April 1919 Treaty of Versailles – Germany had to accept the blame for starting the war (Clause 231) and pay £6,600 million in reparations. She was forbidden to have submarines or an air force and could only have a navy of six battleships and an Army of just 100,000 men. She also lost territory to Britain and France. The League of Nations – an international organisation designed to preserve the peace and solve international disputes by arbitration; based on a system of collective security (article 10). 42 countries joined at the start and by the 1930s this became 60. The covenant of the League of Nations was agreed as part of the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 held at Versailles – it aimed to stop war, improve people’s lives and jobs, disarm and enforce the Treaty of Versailles). In May 1920, the US Senate voted against Versailles (due to isolationism) and did not join. Summer 1919 John Maynard Keynes published ‘The Economic Consequences of the Peace’ – said that the Treaty of Versailles was ‘economic insanity’ and an example of a ‘Carthaginian Peace’. It sold 60,000 copies in the first 2 months, 100,000 copies in the first 6 months and was translated into 14 languages. Aug 1919 – 1934 ‘Ten Year Rule’ – British spending was only £102 million on defence in 1932, compared to £760 million in 1919 – 1920. March 1921 Anglo-Soviet...
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...A partir de 1939, con la firma del Pacto de Acero, Mussolini perdió gran parte de su apoyo a pesar de sus mejores esfuerzos para utilizar la propaganda y dar vuelta a la opinión pública a su favor. Mussolini firmó el Pacto de Acero con Hitler en 1939 no sólo contra la opinión pública, sino incluso contra sus generales y asesores. La opinión pública en Italia era fuertemente anti-germánico y una creciente ola de oposición desarrollada contra una guerra inminente, una crisis económica, y cualquier ingenio enlace nazismo. Mussolini se dio cuenta de que era cada vez hiba tomando mas decisiones que el público no estaba de acuerdo con, sin embargo era demasiado orgulloso, Según el historiador económico Richard Overy que es de Inglaterra y es editos del epridico de The Time. En los ultimos años, la popularidad de Mussolini disminuyó aún más y su imagen como un "gran líder" hiba disminuyenda cada vez mas. El dice que Mussolini era demasiado orgulloso como para aceptar que lo que estaba haciendo era en contra de la opiniun publica, perdió una gran parte de su apoyo y destruyó su imagen como "defensor y salvador" de Italia. En 1940, Mussolini tomó la decisión de ponerse del lado del Axis Powers, que er la unión con la Alemania nazi y japon 'en la Segunda Guerra Mundial, sin embargo, la decisión se retrasó y aun cuando Mussolini hizo enviar tropas en el "fatalmente debilitado Francia", como Overy se refiere a ella, los generales alemanes eran generalmente esquivos de...
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...strikes during which Italian workers had occupied the factories where they worked. The Italian government of the time was unable to maintain order and control these upheavals. The state of affairs gave Benito Mussolini the opportunity to rise to power in Italy. Teacher, journalist and soldier, Mussolini advocated extreme right-wing policies. Promising order and upholding the ideal of patriotism, Mussolini had gathered around him his own private brigade and army. Mussolini's followers carried out a campaign of violence against opposing political parties and against all those who did not share their ideals. By 1922 Mussolini had enough power to demand representation in the actual government of the country. When this demand was turned down, Mussolini and his followers decided to make the challenge of force. On 28th October 1922 supporters of Mussolini converged on the city of Rome from various parts of the country, in what was to be called "La Marcia su Roma" (The March on Rome). King Victor Emanuel III and the army refused to resist them, and they enetered Rome unopposed. The King then asked Mussolini to form a government and assume the post of prime minister. This famous march on Rome heralded the rise of Fascism to importance in Italy. The fascist Party was formed in Milan by Mussolini in 1919 and its members were known as "camicie nere" (the Black Shirts), because of the black shirts they wore as uniforms. The word fascism is derived from the Latin "fasces", a bundle of rods round...
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...During Benito Mussolini’s reign, he and his Fascist regime utilized political intelligence, propaganda, and Mussolini’s own charismatic demeanor to form a cult of personality. This personality cult was used to perpetuate Mussolini as Il Duce and Italy as a Fascist state, while presenting Il Duce as a mythic hero who could do no wrong. The “Cult of the Duce” was in many aspects the unifying force of the Fascist regime, and acted as a common denominator for various political groups and social classes in the Fascist party and Italian society. Through massive organized rallies, early teachings with revised textbooks in elementary schools, and various forms of media propaganda, the “Cult of the Duce” was created, and presented Fascism with a model of centralized power and authority that solely revolved around the mythical and spectacular authority of one man, Il Duce. The emergence of the “Cult of the Duce” was to create an idealized, heroic, and at times god-like public image of the Italian dictator. The focus of this operation was to prove Mussolini as the sole Fascist savior of Italy and to gain the support and loyalty of the Italian people. Declining post war conditions helped develop a need for the “Cult of the Duce”; “The parliamentary paralysis, social disorder, and economic difficulties of the first years after the Great War greatly enhanced the popular appeal of a youthful and energetic politician like Mussolini who projected the image of a “strong man” capable of rescuing...
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...How far did Mussolini achieve his aims in Foreign Policy? One of the first things that Benito Mussolini wanted to do was to expand Italy and give it and empire to rule over like France and Great Britain. He wanted Italy to be recognized as one of the dominant forces in Europe. The first of his conquests was Abyssinia. This he begun on the 40th Anniversary of the humiliating defeat Italy suffered at Adowa under the Liberals: Mussolini wanted to complete a fete that the Liberals couldn’t. As a means of propaganda to show that Italy was more powerful and united under Fascism than it had been under the Liberals. Mussolini gloried and reveled in the creation of an East African Empire. Britain and France, who Italy were allying with secretly allowed for and gave concession to his Abyssinian war. However, because they were both democracy’s, under internal condemnation and pressure, they had to publicly criticize Mussolini and Italy’s actions. This really infuriated Mussolini at the sheer hypocrisy shown by the 2 countries, as they both had large empires. This was also done because the public saw this as a brutal violation of another League of Nations country. Furthermore, in private Britain and France tried to mediate a deal, the Laval Pact. But this didn’t help the situation, because they had to side with the League of Nations, who enforced sanctions on Italy. However, this made Mussolini immensely popular at home, what one might call his finest hour. The sanctions didn’t include...
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...Second Ethio-Italian War The Italian invasion of Ethiopia known as the second Italo-Ethiopian war was a major event of its time. It tested the League of Nations effectiveness and was considered as one of the reasons for WWII to start. It started in 1935 and ended in 1936 until the Italians defeat in 1941. The war was conducted between the armed forces of the Kingdom of Italy and armed forces of the Ethiopian Empire. Italy tried to conquer Ethiopia in 1890 but was defeated with the less trained and organized Ethiopian army. A border incident in 1935 between Ethiopia and part of Somalia, then occupied by the Italians, gave the fascist Italian empire, led by Benito Mussolini, a reason to revenge the 1890 defeat. In 1928 Italy and Ethiopia signed a treaty declaring that the border between the Italian occupied Somalia land also known Italian Somaliland and Ethiopia be 21 leagues (roughly 116 Kilometers) parallel to the coast of Benadir, the coastal region of Somalia. By contradicting the treaty the Italians built a fort beyond the agreed limit at Welwel oasis, a town inside Ethiopian border. This led to confrontation between the two countries also known as the Welwel incident. The incident left 150 Ethiopians and 2 Italians dead. The Ethiopian government represented by King Haile Selassie I appealed to the League of Nations. The king declared that this was sign of aggression, asking the league to condemn Italy for its violation of the league’s treaty, followed by actions to...
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...Instructor: Max Fassnacht May 4, 2015 Fascism and Nazism came during a time when there was an economic crisis that was sweeping through Europe. Fascism and Nazism was two familiar totalitarian regimes that was able to arise from Germany and Italy. In Germany, the National socialist party was conducted by Adolf Hitler, while Benito Mussolini conducted the fascist party in Italy. Italy and Germany’s future was based on the education in the schools, since education played an important role between these two nations. The people’s image of Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler as two leaders was profoundly the important factors to their popularity. The most essential tool that was allowed in both countries and played a very important role in both political parties was propaganda, which gave both parties the ability to influence the perspectives of the people to their partiality. Italy and Germany are two natural allies, but however they are both different from each other and can be connected in many salutations. “Largo ai Giovani”, Italian for "make way for the young" (Clayton, 2009) was just one of the mottos that was used by Benito Mussolini’s regime. Mussolini’s saying highlights one of the most important aspects during the Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany’s education system. The education system in both countries was not just used for learning but also was the key element to creating their future soldiers. The education system had another important element and that was...
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...The Growing Support for Hitler and Mussolini HIST December 15, 2012 After the First World War, both Italy and Germany was in an economic down turn. Both countries saw hardship with the addition of high unemployment rates. Workers in both counties were unhappy with how life was, which spurred riots and strikes. A leader emerged from each country, claiming radical ideology was the solution. Mussolini and his Party adopted trending ideology to better appeal in the political environment. Hitler on the other hand, stuck to his radical ideas of a racial cleansing which he expressed in his book Mien Kampf. Both leaders didn’t come into power on their own but with the support and loyalty from many followers, their needs to become dictator was successful. With such radical ideas, it would be less likely they would come to power during these present times, but of course we learn from the past so we may not repeat the mistakes from prior experiences. But why did so many Germans and Italians supported radical dictators that would eventually lead the world to another war? The revolutionary movement after the First World War increasingly grew in Milan, where many far left-wing politicians expressed extreme socialist ideas in revolt of how the current state of Italy. Mussolini knew this movement was what he needed in order to win the public over. Unfortunately the 1919 election only captured two percent of the vote for Mussolini and his Fascist Party. By 1920, socialist revolts and...
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...1922 Benito Mussolini conquista il potere 1920 232000 iscritti alla Cgl, 120000 aderenti Cil, 500000 lavoratori Uil 1919-1920 Periodo di agitazioni operaie, occupazioni e scontri 1919 In Lombardia occupazione delle fabbriche da parte di alcuni sindacalisti 1920 Occupazione delle fabbriche in tutto il nord Italia Maggio 1919 Fondazione rivista L’Odine Nuovo Gennaio 1921 Maggioranza massimalista provoca scioglimento Partito Socialista e nascita del Partito Comunista di Italia 1919 Nascita Partito popolare italiano 1919 Benedetto XV abroga il divieto per i cattolici a votare alle elezioni, emanato nel 1868 da Pio IX 1917 Costituiti Arditi, reparti di assalto esercito italiano Marzo 1919 Mussolini crea i Fasci italiani di combattimento Aprile 1919 I fascisti incendiano la sede del giornale l’Avanti Settembre 1919 Gabriele d’Annunzio e volontari occupano Fiume Giugno 1920 Caduta governo Nitti Fine 1920 Trattato di Rapallo con la Juguslavia, Istria e Zara a Italia e Dalmazia a Juguslavia. Fiume città indipendente 1924 Annessione di Fiume all Italia con trattato di Roma 1920 Giolitti allontana D’Annunzio da Fiume con maniere forti 1921 Fondazione Partito nazionale fascista, 300000 aderenti 1914 Fondazione giornale Popolo d’Italia 27-28 Ottobre 1922 Marcia su Roma 1921-1922 Biennio nero, atti intimidatori e violenti da parte di squadre fasciste Maggio 1921 Elezioni politiche 1 Maggio 1921 Dimissioni di Giolitti Luglio 1921 a Febbraio 1922 Parito socialista riformista...
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...think Italy should enter WWII. I have 3 reasons why Italy should enter WWII. First, Italy gained fewest trophies from the treaty of Versailles. It made Italian feel angry. Second, Mussolini brought fascism to Italy. Fascism rebuilt Italy and it helped Italy to be more stronger. Third, Italy betray the Allies and join to the Central Power after WWI. The first reason why Italy should enter WWII, is that the treaty of Versailles made Italian feel unhappy. This is important because they had suffered high casualties during the war. They helped the Allies to win WWI but they did not achieve their goals. According to the article written by Chris Trueman, he says“ In 1915, Italy had signed the secret Treaty of London. In this treaty Britain had offered Italy large sections of territory in the Adriatic Sea region – Tyrol, Dalmatia and Istria."( Chris Trueman, 2015). This quotation...
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...One of the many great classic movies of the 20th century and one of the earliest uses of (recorded) dramatic monologue, The Great Dictator. Although it’s old, the dramatic monologue is still one of the most used excerpt today as it delivers a strong anti-fascism and pro democracy point of view. The monologue used ranges of voice and language techniques such as repetition, metaphor as well as a combination of tone and projection to deliver the idea of equality and pro-democracy. In the Great Dictator, Charlie (the speaker) made use of repetition, using it several time across the excerpt combining it with inclusive language to emphasise the idea of equality and democracy. “Men who despise you, enslave you… tell you what to do, diet you, treat...
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...The Dictatorships of Miguel Primo de Rivera and Francisco Franco had many similarities as well as many differences. The way they intended to lead Spain shows how they would employ similar strategies as well as different ones. I will discuss their intentions of how they thought was the best way to fix a broken Spain, the way they treated the working class, their tactic to improve economy, fascism, the use of military in their regime and the roles of women in their society. Firstly, it was argued by authors such as Raymond Carr and Francisco J. Romero Salvadó that Primo only intended to rule Spain for a short amount of time in order to find quick solutions to deal with Spain’s illnesses such as social disorder, economic recession and the Colonial War in Morroco (Romero Salvadó,1960, pg 52). In contrast it was argued that Franco intended to rule Spain for a long amount of time. Franco wanted to find long term solutions to resolve Spain’s issues and make a new clean Spain. Due to these differences, it is inevitable that the strategies employed in the dictatorships of Primo de Rivera and Franco are going to differ somewhat. In addition, the way the working class was treated was different amongst the two dictatorships. The author, Raymond Carr argued that Primo’s regime aimed to improve social justice. In Primo’s dictatorship, there were many schemes for cheap workers. Many social services and housing benefits were offered to the working class (Carr Raymond, pg 102). However, it...
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