Chapter 1: • Name four properties that all life forms have.
Order, Regulation, Growth and Development, and Energy Processing

2. Briefly discuss Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection.
The process of descent with modification is Darwin’s take on evolution. The mechanism he proposed for this was called natural selection, which is another way of saying unequalled reproductive success. First, he observed overproduction and competition. Next, he observed individual variation. Finally Darwin concluded unequalled reproductive success, or those best suited for the surroundings survived.

3. What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?
A hypothesis is an uncertain answer to a question, therefore untrue, and able to be tested. Another way to look at it is a judged explanation.
A theory has a much broader scope than a hypothesis. An element is a substance than cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reaction

Chapter 2: Chemistry for Biology

• What is the difference between and element and a compound?
An element is a substance than cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reaction. Compounds are substances that contain two or more elements in a fixed ratio.

2. Draw a picture of an atom. Label the nucleus, protons, neutrons and electrons

3. What is a covalent bond?
A covalent bond forms when two atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons.

4. Why does ice float?
In liquid water, hydrogen bonds all the time, coming apart and coming back together again. Ice floats because as water is cooled down, stable hydrogen bond hold the molecules apart, therefore making ice less dense than liquid water.

Chapter 3: The molecules of life

Complete a 4-3-2-1 on this chapter.

List 4 important things you learned in this chapter One pretty interesting fact I learned from this chapter is that for the majority of adults in the world have symptoms of lactose intolerance, the inability to digest lactose, the main sugar found in milk. For a great deal of the population, a glass of milk or a serving of milk-containing foods can cause bloating, gas, and other discomforts. Another fact I did not know, is how bad trans fats actually were for you. Due to the increased awareness of their unhealthy nature, trans fats are becoming less common as food manufacturers substitute other forms of fat. The third thing I learned, was that I really did not realize, just how vital protein is to our bodies. To be more precise, proteins account for more than 50% of dry weight in most of our cells. And finally, as I learned in the earlier chapters, DNA has just 4 letters: T,A,G, and C. That’s how I remember it…TAG-C. When we read this chapter, I found out the actual names for the letters. Each DNA nucleotide has one of four possible nitrogenous bases: Thymine (T), adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C).

Summarize 3 macromolecules (large molecules):
Three macromolecules, or large molecules, are proteins, carbs, and nucleic acids (such as DNA)

List or draw the monomer or smaller units that make up the macromolecule:

List or draw the polymer (several monomers together) that make up the macromolecule:

Give a real world example of a macromolecule:
French fries, hot dogs, and buns. Every morning I love to have small container of yogurt, which is nutritionally rich in large biological molecules, for example, protein and calcium. Yogurt also has a few other vitamins as well. I also love sugar and milk in my coffee.

Write 2 questions you have regarding content of the chapter
One question I have is, how does DNA work with identical or Siamese twins?
Another is, are they truly identical, or are they unique in the fact that they have exactly the same DNA?
Write 1 quote from this chapter.
I would like to take a sentence from the first page of this chapter, “But for the majority of adults in the world, a glass of milk or a serving of milk-containing foods (such as cheesy pizza or ice cream) can cause bloating, gas, and other discomforts.” (Eric J. Simon, Jean L. Dickey, and Jane B. Reece, 2013).

Explain how this quote impacted your thinking about reading and learning from this chapter. As I said in the earlier question, an interesting fact that I did learn from this chapter is that for most adults have symptoms of lactose intolerance, the inability to digest lactose, the main sugar found in milk. For a great deal of the population, a glass of milk or a serving of milk-containing foods can cause bloating, gas, and other discomforts. I actually thought lactose intolerant people were the minority, and I found that very interesting.

Chapter 4: A tour of the cell

1. What are the 2 major categories of cells on Earth?
Prokaryotic cells, and Eukaryotic cells

Make a chart with 2 columns that include 4 features or functions that each cell has.

• Read about anti-bacterial drugs. Create a sentence that uses the following terms: antibiotics, ribosomes, humans
The ribosomes of people are different enough from those of bacteria that the antibiotics bind only to bacterial ribosomes, leaving human ribosomes unaffected.

3. What is MRSA?
MRSA = methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

4. What general functions do the chloroplast and mitochondrion have in common? Besides their ability to provide cellular energy, mitochondria and chloroplasts share another feature: They contain their own DNA that encodes some of their own proteins. This DNA is evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from free-living prokaryotes in the distant past. (Eric J. Simon, Jean L. Dickey, and Jane B. Reece, 2013)

How are their functions different? Mitochondria are found in both animal and plant cells, while chloroplasts are only found in plant cells. After all, chloroplasts are one kind of plastid. Mitochondria are said to originate from prokaryotic cells that invaded into a eukaryotic cell. Both are organelles, but the other notable difference is that chloroplasts are used in photosynthesis, and mitochondria are used for energy production in cells.

Chapter 5: The working cell

• Discuss kinetic vs. potential energy Kinetic energy is the energy of mass in motion, while potential energy is energy stored in an object. This energy has the potential to do work. Gravity gives potential energy to an object.

2. Discuss the role of enzymes in chemical reactions and metabolism. A protein that serves as a biological catalyst, changing the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed in the process. Metabolism is the total of all the chemical reactions in an organism, and enzymes enable metabolism to occur by reducing the amount of activation energy required to break the bonds of reactant molecules.

3. Discuss the difference between active and passive transport. Active transport requires chemical energy because it is the movement of biochemicals from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentration. On the other hand, passive transport moves biochemicals from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration; so it does not require energy.

4. How does diffusion differ from osmosis? Diffusion and osmosis differ because diffusion is the process by which molecules spread out, or move from areas with high concentration to low concentration, and osmosis is the diffusion of water. Osmosis is a type of diffusion relating to water. It is usually used to describe the diffusion of water across a membrane (such as the cell membrane). Osmosis is also defined as the flow of solvent from a region of higher pressure toward a region of low pressure.

Chapter 6:

• Discuss the process and importance of cellular respiration. Cellular respiration needs a cell to exchange two gases with its surroundings. The cell takes in oxygen in the form of the gas O 2. It gets rid of waste in the form of the gas carbon dioxide, or CO 2. Breathing results in the exchange of these same gases between your blood and the outside air. Oxygen present in the air you inhale diffuses across the lining of your lungs and into your bloodstream. And the CO 2 in your bloodstream diffuses into your lungs and exits when you exhale. Every molecule of CO 2 that you exhale was originally formed in one of the mitochondria of your body’s cells.
2. Discuss fermentation and how this process effects athletes. The lactate cycle would not be able to occur and so respiration would stop, resulting in considerably less energy. The athlete would become tired and a buildup of lactic acid would slow muscular action.

Chapter 7: Photosynthesis

• Use the words light, energy, sugar and water in a sentence that describes photosynthesis. Plants drink water from the soil, while converting the energy of sunlight to the chemical energy of sugars and other organic molecules. Photosynthesis uses light energy from the sun to power a chemical process that builds organic molecules.

2. Draw a diagram of the Calvin cycle and explain the purpose of this reaction.