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Bois Cascade Company Case

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PENDAHULUAN

1.1. Latar Belakang
Boise Cascade Corporation merupakan suatu perusahaan produk hutan yang terintegrasi dengan operasi yang lokasi utamanya berada di Amerika Serikat dan Kanada. Sejak tahun 1988-1990, rata-rata penjualan tahunan mencapai sekitar $4 miliar. Laba tahunan yang hampir mencapai $300 juta pada tahun 1988-1989 anjlok pada tahun 1990 menjadi $75 juta.
Pada tahun 1991, area Jasa Pemrosesan Data Perusahaan (corporate data processing service – CDPS) mengubah cara pengenaan biaya kepada kelompok pengguna (user) atas personal computer (PC) yang digunakan pada gedung kantor pusat perusahaan. Tagihan baru sebesar $100 per bulan per PC dibuat untuk menutup sebagian biaya CDPS dalam mendukung para pengguna PC. Boise Cascade membebankan biaya bagi para pengguna sentral selama bertahun-tahun, dan selama tahun-tahun para manajer CDPS melakukan banyak perubahan terakhir dalam evolusi sistem yang terus berlangsung.
CDPS mengklasifikasikan data penagihan kedalam enam kategori jasa utama yakni, batch proseccing, costumer batch processing, remote job entry processing, CICS processing, TP processing dan TSO processing.
Para manajer CDPS mengira bahwa sistem penagihan yang sekarang berjalan denggan baik, meskipun mereja menyadari bahwa hal tersebut dapat berubah dalam hal tertentu. Meskipun demikian bebrapa pengguna mengeluh tentang sistem tersebut. Beberapa di antara bahkan mengira Boise Cascade akan mendapat pelayanan yang lebih baik jika para pengguna tidak dibebani biaya-biaya untuk pelayanan jasa komputer.

1.2. Rumusan Masalah
1) Apakah CDPS di Boise Cascade merupakan sebuah pusat laba?
2) Perhatikanlah sistem tagihan CDPS. Apakah kritik Dwight Kirscht ada benarnya?
3) Bagaimana evaluasi Anda mengenai sistem pengenaan biaya penggunaan PC yang baru? PEMBAHASAN

1. Apakah CDPS di Boise Cascade merupakan sebuah pusat laba?
Ya, CDPS di Boise Cascade dianggap sebagai pusat laba. Pusat laba adalah unit usaha yang diperlakukan sebagai unit yang berbeda dalam sebuah organisasi, di mana biaya dan pendapatan dihitung secara terpisah untuk mengukur kinerja finansial unit tersebut. Kinerja finansial suatu pusat tanggung jawab tersebut dikukur dalam ruang lingkup laba (selisih antara pendapatan dan beban).
Pada tahun 1991, total anggaran operasi dan modal dari CDPS adalah sebesar $8,3 juta dan $4,8 juta masing-masing. Divisi ini mengalami tingkat pertumbuhan tahunan 40% dalam penggunaan sumber daya mesin, yang independen dari pertumbuhan Boise Cascade Corporation. Bahkan pertumbuhan divisi ini dilaporkan lebih besar daripada pertumbuhan divisi lainnya.
Sejak tahun 1983, CDPS sudah tidak bertanggung jawab terhadap pengembangan software aplikasi. Setiap divisi dari Boise Cascade menggunakan programmer sendiri dan memiliki capital budget sendiri untuk pembelian perangkat keras komputer. Divisi Office Products dan Timber and Woods Division merupakan divisi yang paling sedikit menggunakan jasa CDPS, sementara departemen lain, yakni Divisi Human Resources dan Corporate Finance serta kelompok staf lain Boise Cascade Corporation tidak memiliki capital gain dan sangat bergantung pada CDPS untuk keperluan layanan komputer.
Karena semenjak 1983 CDPS sudah tidak bertanggung jawab terhadap pengembangan software aplikasi, maka mungkin hal inilah yang menimbulkan orientasi divisi CDPS untuk memberian tarif pada proses-proses komputerisasi dan lain sebagainya. Selain itu CDPS merupakan satu-satunya pusat IT dalam perusahaan Boise Cascade (monopoli) sehingga dapat dikatakan CDPS melakukan collective laba. Kegiatan penyediaan jasanya tersebut dikatakan sukses jika divisi lain banyak menggunakan jasanya sehingga CDPS mendapatkan pendapatan yang tinggi dan akan mendapatkan laba yang tinggi saat CDPS melakukan kegiatan efektif dan efisien terhadap perlakuan beban dan pendapatannnya. Sehingga disini dapat disimpulkan bahwa departemen CDPS merupakan suatu pusat laba.

2. Terkait dengan sistem tagihan CDPS, apakah kritik Dwight Kirscht ada benarnya?
Sistem tagihan yang diberlakukan oleh divisi CDPS di Boise Cascade Corporation adalah menagih para penggunanya secara bulanan untuk biaya penggunaan aktual atas ssetiap sumebr daya (misalnya CPU, disk drive, printer) ditambah markup yang dirancang untuk menghasilkan tingkat pengembalian (return) sebesar 22% pajak sebelum modal (PROTC).
Kritik yang disampaikan oleh Dwight Kirscht adalah:
a. Biaya-biaya tersebut menyebabkan orang menjauhi sistem komputer, sehingga dikhawatirkan beberapa orang akan mencoba melakukan tugasnya secara manual untuk mengurangi biaya.
b. Sistem tagihan itu sendiri menghabiskan banyak waktu bagi komputer dan ia memperkirakan sekitar 10% dari kapasitas mesin komputer.
c. Biaya-biya tersebut menguras tenaga karena orang berusaha mencari tahu mengapa biaya mereka lebih tinggi dari yang diperkirakan.
d. Tarif tagihan yang tinggi akan membuat orang untuk mencoba memiliki sendiri seumber daya komputer daripada harus menyewa.
e. Ketika beberapa fungsi aplikasi melebihi batas anggaran, reaksi yang biasa terjadi adalah dengan menghentikan segala kegiatan pengembangan.
Menurut saya, kritik Dwight Kirscht tersebut ada benarnya, karena yang sesungguhnya terjadi adalah banyaknya keluhan yang muncul dari tiap divisi Boise Cascade. Walapun tujuan yang ingin dicapai dari sistem pengenaan biaya atas penggunaan PC ini adalah agar para pengguna mempertimbangkan biaya CDPS dalam pengambilan keputusan. Hal ini juga dimaksudkan untuk mengukur kinerja dan penggunaan teknologi oleh seluruh divisi Boise Cascade Corporation, sehingga secara keseluruhan akan mempermudah perusahaan dalam menghitung capital expenditure terutama untuk teknologi informasi (hardware maupun software) perusahaan.
Namun yang terjadi adalah adanya divisi merasa tidak ada manfaat atas pengenaan tarif tersebut, tarif yang tidak terprediksi dan tidak terkendali sehingga terjadi perbedaan tagihan dan mereka tidak dapat menelusuri penyebab perbedaan ini. Sehingga lebih baik sistem pengenaan tarif ini dihilangkan atau diperbaiki menjadi lebih baik agar seluruh divisi dapat bekerja secara maksimal.

3. Bagaimana evaluasi mengenai sistem pengenaan biaya penggunaan PC yang baru?
Sistem baru yang dikenakan oleh CDPS yaitu memberikan harga khusus yang lebih murah bagi pengguna PC. Bagi pengguna PC yang telah terdaftar dalam aset CDPS pengenaan biayanya sebesar 25% dari beban depresiasi tahun terakhir untuk servis dan dukungan. Jadi biaya penggunaan PC itu nantinya digunakan untuk biaya perbaikan PC yang sudah waktunya membutuhkan perbaikan serta untuk biaya perawatan PC.
Sedangkan untuk pengguna PC yang tidak terdaftar tidak dikenakan biaya apapun. Pengguna PC yang tidak terdaftar ini secara otomatis tidak dapat menggunakan LAN atau tidak dapat menggunakan PC karena dia tidak terdaftar sebagai pengguna PC. Evaluasi atas sistem pengenaan biaya penggunaan PC yang baru ini adalah:
1) CDPS sudah menyiapkan PC namun persyaratan penggunaannya kurang efisien, dimana pengguna harus mendaftar terlebih dahulu sebagai pengguna PC, ini membuang buang waktu, dimana karyawan yang seharusnya menggunakan waktunya untuk melakukan aktivitasnya harus tertunda dengan mengikuti prosedur pendaftaran sebagai pengguna PC untuk mendaftarkan diri sebagai pengguna PC.
2) Solusi kedua yang dapat dijalankan adalah dengan menggunakan sistem manual di setiap pekerjaan, hal ini sangat memberatkan dan tidak mungkin karena semua aktivitas dikendalikan menggunakan sistem manual serta mengingat kualitas kerja yang dihasilkan dari sistem manual tidak cukup baik, dan butuh proses yang lama. Dampak dari perubahan pengenaan biaya penggunaan PC terhadap barbagai divisi bervariasi.
3) Divisi Timber and Wood memperoleh manfaat dari perubahan pengenaan biaya penggunaan PC, karena divisi ini merupakan grup operasi dan memiliki seluruh PC didalamnya serta memakan waktu CPU yang banyak pula. Namun bagi divisi lainnya seperti Divisi Legal, Divisi Corporate Communications dan Divisi Planning merasa sebagai pihak yang dirugikan dengan adanya perubahan tarif tagihan, mengingat divisi tersebut jarang menggunakan PC dan tidak sering berinteraksi dengan computer.
4) Masing masing divisi berdiri sendiri sendiri dan mencari keuntungan masing masing. Karena masing-masing divisi dalam suatu perusahaan berjalan masing masing serta mencari keuntungan sendiri sendiri maka visi dari perusahaan tidak akan tercapai, karena tidak ada komitmen dari semua divisi dan tidak ada support antar divisi satu dengan divisi lainnya.
KESIMPULAN

Kesimpulan dari kasus pusat laba perusahaan Boise Cascade Corporation ini adalah:
1) Beberapa divisi justru merasa pengenaan biaya penggunaan PC atas CDPS merupakan hal yang sia-sia karena tarif yang tidak terprediksi dan tidak terkendali dan mereka tidak tahu bagaimana menelusuri ketika terjadi perbedaan biaya pembebanan.
2) Untuk jangka panjang, beberapa dampak negatif atas pengenaan tarif penggunaan PC tersebut dapat membahayakan perusahaan. Karena tujuan utama perusahaan tidak tercapai sebagai akibat dari tidak efektif dan tidak efisiennya pengenaan tarif ini.
3) Meskipun terjadi perubahan terhadap sistem tagihan CDPS ini, yang mengakibatkan Divisi Timber and Wood memperoleh manfaat dari perubahan pengenaan biaya penggunaan PC, namun beberapa divisi tetap saja merasa adanya ketidakadilan seperti Divisi Legal, Divisi Corporate Communications dan Divisi Planning. Karena divisi-divisi ini merupakan pihak-pihak yang dirugikan dengan adanya perubahan tarif tagihan, mengingat divisi-divisi tersebut jarang menggunakan PC dan tidak sering berinteraksi dengan computer.
4) Boise Cascade Corporation harus memperbaiki sistem pengenaan harga transfer atas divisi CDPS sehingga menghasilkan keputusan yang selaras dengan cita-cita-maksudnya, sistem harus dirancang sedemikian rupa agar keputusan yang meningkatkan laba unit usaha juga akan meningkatkan laba perusahaan.

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