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BU111 Exam-Aid
Session
Wednesday, December 3rd, 2014
NICK BARBOUR & MICHAEL BLAIR

What is JDCC?
Annual undergraduate business competition between 14 universities in Central Canada
Universities compete in:
◦ Academic (8 teams), Debate, Sports, Social, Charity

Laurier has won School of the Year for the past 5
Years!
◦ Your donation today goes towards fueling win #6, thank you! 2

What is SOS?
National organization with campus chapters run by student volunteers
Run Exam-Aid sessions, which raise money to fund sustainable education projects in Latin America
Email me at mcdo8210@mylaurier.ca for info on how to get involved! Visit lauriersos.com for info on more sessions. (EC120, MA129, PS101, AS101, and more!)

Thank you for supporting!
3

Agenda
•Social Factors





Ethics
CSR
Managing Stakeholders
Demographics

•Political Factors

• Going Long (Buy-Sell
Transactions)
• Margin Buying
• Short Selling
• Approx. Yield of Bonds

•Time Value of Money

• How Government Influences • Explanation of Concepts
• Retirement
Businesses, vice versa
• Car Leasing
• IP Rights
• Bond Pricing
• Types of Corporations
• International Trade &
•Technological Factors
Globalization
• Opportunities & Threats

•Economic Factors

4

Recap: Critical Success Factors
Achieving financial performance
Meeting customer needs
Building quality products and services
Encouraging innovation and creativity
Gaining employee commitment
Creating a distinctive competitive advantage

5

Recap: Porter’s Five Forces

Rivalry
Among
Existing Firms

Potential
Entrants

Suppliers

Buyers

Substitutes

6

Recap: Diamond-E
Management
Preferences
Organization

Strategy

Environment
- PEST
- Porter’s 5

Resources
Alignment needed for the strategy to be
a) possible and b) successful
7

Social Factors

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

8

Ethics & Its Importance

Ethics

Business Ethics

Corporate Social
Responsibility

• The beliefs an individual has about what is right and wrong • Standards that managers hold and guide managers in their work
• Influenced based upon individual ethics

• The responsibility that organizations have to all stakeholders Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

6

What is an ethical dilemma?
A complex ethical situation
◦ Not black and white, comes in 50 or more shades of grey

Managers must determine how to approach these situations Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

10

Four approaches to ethical dilemmas
Rights approach
◦ Read basic laws and regulations and stick to them

Utilitarian approach
◦ Do the most good to the most people

Fairness/justice approach
◦ Distributing burdens and rewards in an equitable manner

Caring approach
◦ Consistent with how people are responsible to one and other Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

11

Four Approaches to CSR
Obstructionist Stance
◦ Do as little as possible, and work to do less

Defensive stance
◦ Doing only what you’re required to do

Accommodative stance
◦ Going a bit above what you need to do

Proactive stance
◦ Looking for opportunities to incorporate CSR into a business’s strategy

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

12

How a manager’s preferences be influences for CSR?
Set specific hiring criteria
Establish a code of ethics or value system
Define and work to a specific organizational culture
Define specific rewards and evaluation metrics
Ethics training & diversity days

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

13

Stakeholders
Those who are affected by an organization’s activities ◦ Have varying views and degrees of importance
Stakeholders could be:

Stakeholders have the expectations of: -

- ROI/profit
- Quality, choice etc
- Fair pay, safe work
- Concern for the community responsibility to all these
- Responsible stewardship

Owners
Customers
Employees
Society
Ties into CSR
Environment

parties

Social Factors

as there is a

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

14

Why is there a responsibility towards the environment? 1. New way of management thinking – Triple
Bottom Line
1. Need to think about future generations in addition present 2. Environmental impact has an economic impact
3. General societal shift to being green

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

15

Why is there a responsibility towards society? Minimizing social issues improves business environment Looking beyond overall economic growth to deal with income inequality
◦ Increases potential customers!

Opportunities for innovative business models that deliver economic and social value

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

16

Why is there a responsibility to customers? Customers provide revenue – they should get what they want!
Consumers have a set of rights
Companies need to be ethical in their advertising

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

17

Why is there a responsibility to employees? Provides businesses with talent, skills, labour
◦ Need to engage employees effectively to make sure they don’t go elsewhere!

How?
◦ Responsible hiring & promotion, compensation, protection for whistleblowers

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

18

Why is there a responsibility to investors? They provide you with the capital to operate
Investors are represented through a board of directors ◦ Can lead to conflict of interests
◦ SOLUTION: new regulations, disclosure rules and legal attitude

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

19

So… Why manage stakeholders?
Improve ability to predict/control environment
Align company with societal values
Higher level of trust/commitment from employees and customers
Develop entry barriers

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

20

Managing Stakeholders
Potential for Threat
Identify key stakeholders
High
Low
Categorize them
High
Strategy: organization’s situation
Formulate a strategy to improve Collaborate Strategy: Involve
Implement and Low manage strategy!Defend
Strategy:
Strategy: Monitor
Potential
Cooperation






Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

21

Demographics
Study of human population
Allows businesses to predict trends, make predictions, and understand changing business environment Often grouped into ‘cohorts’
◦ Grouped based on birthdate
◦ Progress through life in a similar fashion, similar experiences, needs, wants

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

22

Demographics in Canada
Aging baby boomers are changing the marketplace
◦ Increasing # of seniors, need for elder care, less working aged people

Children of baby boomers = echo generation
◦ Higher amount of disposable income

Increasing # of one person households
◦ Lost economies of scale, fewer households with children

Increasing # of one-parent families

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

23

Demographics in Canada
Increased immigration to Canada
◦ Immigrants are younger and live in cities

Increasing urban concentration in Canada
◦ Higher median age in rural areas, highly concentrated population in a few areas

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

24

Political Factors

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

25

How Government Influences Business

Customer
Competitor
Regulator
Taxation Agent
Provider of incentives, $
Provider of essential services

Social Factors

• Ex. Government hiring construction company to build new road
• Ex. CBC is in competition with other, private TV
Channels
• Ex. Strict regulation of banking industry in Canada
• Ex. Corporate Taxes, Input Taxes (HST)
• Ex. Provides business loans to small businesses
• Ex. Transportation infrastructure used by shipping companies, Education provides skilled workforce

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

26

How Government Influences Business
Link to Porter’s Five Forces

Customer
Competitor

• Increases Buyer Power – Government is a large, established entity • Increases Rivalry – Government is highly capable due to their access to resources

Regulator

• Decreases Threat of Potential Entrants – Government prevents new businesses from entering highly regulated industries

Taxation Agent

• Increases Substitutes Power – If substitute industries are taxed at a lower rate than your industry, increases their price competitiveness Provider of incentives, $
Provider of essential services Social Factors

• Increases Threat of Potential Entrants – Government provides
$$, increases access to capital resources
• Increases Threat of New Entrants – New businesses are able to distribute their product easily by using the developed infrastructure Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

27

How Business Influences Government

Lobbyists
Trade
Associations
Industry
Contacts
Advertising

Social Factors

• Politicians hired to persuade government to pass favourable legislation • Fragmented industries group together
• Increases bargaining power

• Provides expert opinion on industry
• I.e. Assessments of environmental impacts • Pays for advertisement to sway voters
• Popular in US (PACS)

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

28

Intellectual Property Rights
Legal rights that grant exclusive rights to creator
◦ Technology, processes, designs

Why are they important?
◦ Protects new businesses
◦ Encourages innovation between businesses, creates an incentive through providing competitive advantage

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

29

Forms of Intellectual Property Protection

Trademarks

Copyrights

• Words, designs, symbol used to identify product/business
• Creates brand names • Protected for 15 years, option to renew • Protects original work of art
• No registration necessary • Protected for life of creator + 50 years Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Patents
• Exclusive rights to inventions
• Must be new, useful, and ingenious • Protected for 20 years Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

30

Forms of Ownership
4 Main Types
Sole Proprietorship

Partnership

Corporation

• Owner managed business, full control • Easy to form
• Unregulated
• Taxed at personal income rate
• Unlimited liability
• Lack of continuity
• Lack of resources and $$

• Two or more owners • General partnership: Joint liability • Limited partnership: Liability limited to investment • Easy to form, not as easy as S.P.
• More $$ and other resources
• Taxed at personal income rate
• Lack of continuity

• Separate legal entity • Managed by BOD
• Public, Private,
Crown
• Lower tax rates
• Limited Liability
• Easy to transfer ownership • Double Taxation
• Lack of Secrecy

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Co-operative
• Business created to provide value to members
• Profits of business are redistributed to owners based on sales Technology
Factors

31

Barriers to International Trade
Social and cultural differences • Adapting to customer needs

Economic differences • Exchange rates

Overcome by partnerships with other firms
Social Factors

Legal and political differences Political Factors

• Quotas, tariffs, subsidies • Protectionism
• Local content laws • Business practice laws – cartels and
Overcome by Free dumping Trade Agreements

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

32

Strategies to Enter a Foreign Market
Foreign Subsidiaries
Alliances with Local
Firms
R
I
S
K

• Establishing your operations in another country
• Performs all functions
• Joint venture or partnership
• Mutually beneficial relationship

Branch Offices
Local Agents
Licensing/Royalties

Social Factors

• Serves customers in that country
• Does not perform all functions (i.e. manufacturing)
• Employ salespeople that know the local culture
• $ limited by reach of salespeople

R
E
T
U
R
N

• Giving rights to another company to sell your idea
• Limited say over sales volume

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

33

Economic Factors

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

34

Bonds
Debt that is issued by a business or government
◦ An ‘IOU’ with fixed interest payments
◦ Legally binding – MUST be paid, or company declares bankruptcy ◦ Gets paid back before stockholders

◦ Fixed end date

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

35

Types of Bonds
Secured vs. Unsecured
◦ Does it have an asset backing it or not?

Registered bonds vs. bearer bonds
◦ Do you register your name with the debt issuer or just hold onto the certificate?

Callable
◦ Issuer can pay back principal rather than continue coupon payments Convertible
◦ Can be converted into shares

Serial
◦ Bonds mature at a gradual pace
Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

36

What determines a bond’s value?
At issuance
◦ Interest rates, quality of issuer, features
◦ If you can get 3% interest from your savings account, would you buy debt with a coupon of 2%? No!
◦ Debt carries additional risk of default, investors need to be compensated for it!

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

37

What determines a bond’s value?
When traded
◦ Coupon rate & interest rates
◦ When interest rates go up, price of bond of a bond goes down
◦ Why? Bond prices are inversely correlated – investors desire a certain yield, if interest rates go up, investors can simply put their money in a savings account. Bond prices fall in order to compensate and meet the desired yield of investors

◦ Market/economic risk, inflation
◦ If there is a high risk of default, investors will demand a higher yield

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

38

So… What is yield?
Our return on investment
Helps us compare various investments
◦ Should I buy this bond or that bond, this bond or that stock, this bond or a savings account
Yield

What you made
What you paid

coupon rate
=
Social Factors

Interest + Capital Gain
What you paid

x%

face value - price paid face value + time to maturity price paid

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

39

Lets try a question…
Nicole did such a great job on her BU111 exam that her parents give her $1000. After studying the market she decides to invest in a bond for JDCC
Inc., with a coupon of 8%. The bond has a face value of $1000 and is currently trading at $850. The bond will mature in 3 years so that she can afford her grad trip to Punta Cana. What is the Yield to
Maturity?

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

40

How to do it
Step 1: Identify the information
Coupon rate: 8%
Purchase price: $850
Face value: $1000
Time to maturity: 3 years
Step 2: Calculate Components
Annual bond interest: 8% x $1000 = $80
Annual capital gain: $1000 $850

3

Step 3: Plug components in & calculate
YTM = $80 + $50

$850
Social Factors

=15.29%

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

41

So, why is yield different than coupon rate?
Yield accounts for additional risk that comes from investing in a bond
Yield = interest rate + risk premium

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

42

Three scenarios for bond prices
At a premium
◦ Bond is trading at HIGHER than face value
◦ Occurs when the coupon is higher than yield

At a discount
◦ Bond is trading LOWER face value
◦ Occurs when the coupon is lower than yield

At par
◦ Bond is trading EXACTLY AT face value
◦ Occurs when the coupon is equal to yield

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

43

Reading bond pricing quotations
Written as:
◦ Issuer, Coupon, Maturity Date, Price, Yield
◦ JDCC, 5, 24/01/2014, $1,500, 3.5

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

44

Common Shares
Voting Rights:
◦ Stocks represent a part ownership in the corporation. Each share has one voting right to elect the Board of Directors

No Fixed Term:
◦ You are an owner, and the company does not have to repay you. You can hold the shares for forever!

Variable Return:
◦ Increase in stock price or payment of dividends based on performance of the company, investor perceptions
◦ High return in profitable years, low or negative return in unprofitable years

Discretionary Payment:
◦ Dividends are paid only when the company is profitable

High Risk:
◦ High possibility of generating a return, high risk of losing it all

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

45

Preferred Shares
No Voting Rights:
◦ Preferred shareholders give up their voting rights in exchange for a guaranteed dividend

No Fixed Term:
◦ Preferred shareholders are still owners of the company
◦ Can own the stock forever!

Fixed Return:
◦ Dividend is fixed every year

Non- Discretionary Payment:
◦ Legally, the company has to pay the dividend
◦ Cumulative: Dividends unpaid in one year must be paid in the next profitable year

Low Risk:
◦ Lower possibility of generating a return (since it is fixed), low risk
Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

46

Priority In the Case of Bankruptcy

Liquidate
Assets

Social Factors

Pay off
Creditors
(Bondholders)

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Pay off
Preferred
Shareholders

Time Value of $

Remainder for
Common
Shareholders

Technology
Factors

47

Investment Problems
Going Long
Going Long: Simple transaction of buying shares and selling them later
◦ The investor makes money when the price of the shares increases between the time that they bought it and the time that they sold it
◦ Buy at a price and sell at a higher price

Capital Gain: The amount of money you gained from the transaction
◦ Difference between what you received from the sale and what you spent to purchase the shares

Yield: Percentage return (money made) on the investment ◦ =

Social Factors




Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

48

Example
You buy 150 shares of company ABC at $10/share. A month later, you sell those shares at $13/share. What is your capital
Buy gain shares @ $10
150 and yield?
$1,500
Add: Purchase commission of 2%
What you spent to purchase the shares

30
$1,530

Sell 150 shares @ $13
Less: Sale commission of 2%
What you received from the sale

$1,950
39
$1,911

Capital Gain = $1,911 - $1,530 = $381
Yield = $381/$1,500 = 25.4%
Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

Margin Buying
Purchase of an investment by paying an amount
(margin) and borrowing the balance from your broker ◦ Margin is expressed as a % of the market value of the investment Investor opens a margin account with their broker and deposits funds to purchase investment

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

Margin Buying
Minimum Margin Requirement: Set by the broker. The margin must always be greater than the minimum margin requirement
Margin Call: When the share price drops, and you must deposit more money into the margin account to meet the minimum margin requirement
Leverage: The concept of engaging in a transaction that has a greater value than the amount that you have available ◦ Offers the potential for higher reward at the cost of the potential for higher risks
◦ Example: Margin buying

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

Example
You instruct your broker to purchase ABC at $10 on
October 25th, 2011. As per your speculation, the market price increases and on April 25th 2012, you instruct your broker to sell at $13.
Now throughout this transaction, you only have
$1,500 to invest, so your broker loans funds at a rate of 8% with margin requirement is 75%.
What is your Capital gain, and Yield as of April 25th?

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

Example
Step #1: Calculate the broker loan
0.75x = $1,500 x = Total amount in margin account = $2,000
Broker loan = $2,000 - $1,500 = $500

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

Example
Step #2: Calculate the interest on the loan
Loan period: October 25th – April 25th: 6 months
Interest

= 8% X $500 X (6/12 months)
= $40 X (6/12 months)
= $20

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

Example
Step #3: Calculate capital gain/loss and yield
Sold 200 shares at $13/share

$2,600

Buy 200 shares at $10/share

$2,000

Profit Before Commissions

$600

Less: Purchase commissions at 2%

$ 40

Less: Sale commissions at 2%

$

52

Less: Interest Paid

$

20

$ 488
Yield = $488/$1,500 = 32.53%
Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

Example: Margin Call
What if the stock went from $10 down to $8 at November 25th,
2011, and then up to $13? What is the amount on your margin call?
Step #1: Calculate the maximum broker loan

Market Value of Shares = 200 x $8/share = $1,600
Broker Loan = 1600 x 0.25 = $400
Step #2: Calculate the margin call
Change in broker loan = $500* - $400 = $100

*Previous

broker loan

To meet the margin requirement the investor will need deposit $100 into their margin account.
Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

Example: Margin Call
Step #2: Calculate the interest on the loan
Interest
= 8% X $500 X (1/12 months)
= $40 X (1/12 months)
= $3.33
Interest
= 8% X $400 X (5/12 months)
= $32 X (5/12 months)
= $13.33
Total Interest = $16.66
Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

Example: Margin Call
Step #3: Calculate capital gain/loss and yield
Sold 200 shares at $13/share

$2,600

Buy 200 shares at $10/share

$2,000

Profit Before Commissions

$600

Less: Purchase commissions at 2%

$ 40

Less: Sale commissions at 2%

$

52

Less: Interest Paid

$

16.66

$ 491.34
Yield = $491.34/$1,600 = 30.71%
Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

Selling Short
Investors capitalize on the price of a stock decreasing
You borrow shares from a broker and sell them right away ◦ The funds are kept in a short account with the broker

After the market price of a stock falls, you use the funds in the short account to buy back the shares at a lower price
◦ The shares are returned to the broker, and you keep the profit you made from the transaction

Same concept of buy low, sell high – but in reverse order Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

Selling Short
The short account must maintain a balance equal to 150% of the current market value of the shares
◦ When the shares are initially sold, 100% of the balance comes from the shares themselves, and 50% is deposited by the investor
◦ Example of leverage

Short Call: If the price of the stock goes up, you must deposit more money into the short account
(so it equals 150%)
◦ The current market values of the shares increases

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

Example
You sell short 100 shares of XYZ on May 1st, and buy them back on July 1st. The market price per share during this time is as follows:



$35 on May 1st
$33 on July 1st

Calculate the deposit into the short account on May 1st.
Calculate the total capital gain and yield on the investment.

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

Example
Step 1: Determine the deposit in your short account
Proceeds from sale of shares = CMV = 100 shares @
$35 = $3,500
Sale commission at 2% = $70
Amount in short account = 150% of CMV =
1.5($3,500) = $5,250
Deposit made into short account = 50% of CMV =
$1,750

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

Example
Step #2: Calculate capital gain/loss and yield
Sold 100 shares at $35/share
Buy 100 shares at $33/share
Profit Before Commissions
Less: Sales commissions at 2%
Less: Purchase commissions at 2%
Capital Gain

$3,500
$3,300
$ 200
$ 70
$ 66
$ 64

Yield = Capital Gains/Amount Deposited
= $64/$1750 = 3.66%

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

Time Value of Money

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

64

Time Value of Money
A dollar today is worth more than a dollar tomorrow… Why?
1) Interest Rates
◦ The sooner you receive the money, the quicker you can start earning a return

2) Inflation
◦ The purchasing power of money decreases over time

3) Risk
◦ There is a greater chance you will not receive the money as time goes on

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

65

Time Value of Money
Today

Year 1

Balance of
$100

Balance of
$106

Balance of
$100

+ 6% Interest

Balance of
$94.34

- 6% Interest

These two $100 bank accounts are not equivalent since they occur at different points in time
TVM helps us to compare cash flows at different time periods
Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

66

TVM – Single Amount

= 1 +

=
1+

Example: What would you be willing to pay for a payment of $2,500 two years from now? Market interest rates are 5%.
Today

Year 1

Year 2
$2,500

$?,???
- 5% Interest

- 5% Interest

$2,500 =
= $2,267.57
1.05 2

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

67

TVM – Single Amount

= 1 +

=
1+

What would be your balance after 4 years if you deposited $10,000 today in a bank account earning
3.75% interest?
A) $9,290.17
B) $11,586.50
C) $10,375.00
D) $8,630.73
Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

68

TVM - Annuities
Multiple constant payments over a period of time
◦ The payments are of the same size
◦ The payments occur at the same interval (every year, every month, etc.)

Ordinary Annuity: Payments are made at the end of every period
Annuity Due: Payments are made at the beginning of every month
Problems include solving for present value, future value or payment amount
Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

69

TVM – Annuities
Formulae

Social Factors

1
1
= − 1+

1
1
= − 1+

=
=

Political Factors

−1

One additional period of interest −1

1+

1+

1+

Economic
Factors

1+

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

70

TVM – Compounding Periods
Compounding: Earning interest on interest
◦ At the end of each compounding period, the interest becomes part of the principal and starts earning interest itself The greater the number of compounding periods, the faster your investment grows
◦ The rate that you actually earn (effective interest rate) increases as the number of compounding periods increases, since you earn more interest on interest

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

71

TVM – Effective Interest Rate
The amount of interest you actually (effectively) earn increases with the number of compounding periods
Example: $1,000 invested @ 4%, compounded semiannually
Today

6 months
$1,020

$1,000

12 months
$1,040.40
2% Interest

2% Interest

Actual (Effective) Interest = $40.40/$1,000 = 4.04%
The extra 0.04% is due to interest earned on interest

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

72

TVM – Effective Interest Rate
Interest rate used in PV/FV calculations must match the effective rate per compounding period

= 1+

−1

is the nominal interest rate is the number of compound periods as per the nominal interest is the number of payment periods in one year

Example: 4% compounded semi-annually, payments made annually
0.04
= 1 +
2

Social Factors

Political Factors

2
1

− 1 = 0.0404 4.04%

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

73

TVM – Effective Interest Rate
What is the effective quarterly interest rate of an investment that earns 4% compounded quarterly?
A) 4.00%

B) 1.125%
C) 1.025%
D) 1.00%

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

74

TVM – Effective Interest Rate
What is the effective monthly interest rate of an investment that earns 4% compounded quarterly? ℎ = 1 +

0.04
4

4
12

−1

= 0.0033 0.33%

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

75

How much would you pay for a bond? We use the time value of money to help us value bonds We receive regular interest payments
◦ Use PV of ordinary annuity formula

We receive one lump sum payment
◦ Use PV of a single amount formula

So we use:
Bond Price = PVsingle amount + PVordinary annuity

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

76

Bond Price - Example
To raise funds for the #DriveForTwentyFive JDCC
Inc. has decided to issue bonds. The bonds have a face value of $1000, a coupon rate of 6% with semi-annual payments. The bond will mature in 20 years, and current interest rates are 4%. How much would you pay for this bond?

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

77

Bond Price - Example
Step 1: Calculate coupon payment
$1, 000 .06
Coupon Payment =
= $30
2

Step 2: Determine important information

PMT = $30

n=20*2=40

r=.04/2=.02

Fvsingle amount = $1,000

Step 3: Plug variables into formula
1
1
$1, 000
(
)) +
.02 .02(1+.02)40
(1+.02)40
PV = $820.66 + $452.89 = $1, 273.55

PV=$30(

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

78

Car Leases
Car leases are an annuity due
◦ Payments are made at the beginning of each month

Car leases have three parts:
◦ Deposit/upfront cost
◦ Lease payments
◦ Residual value

Sum of these parts is equal to the present value of the lease

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

79

Car Lease - Example
Graeme wins the lottery! He decides to invest nearly all of it in a GIC, but wants to buy himself a car first. The price of the his new BMW is $35,120.
Since Germany is far away, freight and PDI is
$3,000. He has been offered a lease for 36 months at an APR of 5.2%. The residual value of the car is
30%. What would be the monthly lease payments on the car if there is prepayment of $5,000?

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

80

Car Lease - Example
Step 1: Determine important information n= 36

r = .052/12=.00433 Residual = $35,120(.3) = $10,536

Cost of Car = $35,120+$3,000 = $38,120

Prepayment = $5,000

Step 2: Plug variables into equation
We have the present value of the prepayment, the lease payments and the residual – multiple cash outflows. Lease payments are made at the beginning of the month
PV=$5,000+PVannuitydue + PV residual
$38,120 = $5, 000 + PMT

1
1
$10, 536
(1.00433) +
÷
.00433 .00433(1.00433)36
(1.00433)36

$38,120 = $5, 000 + PMT (33.41) + $9, 018.29
PMT = $721.39
Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

81

TVM - Retirement
Day you
Retire

Today

Death

$$$$ you Save

$$$$ you Spend

$$$ you have in your account the day you retire

$$$ you will need in your account to pay for your retirement

Social Factors

1+

−1

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

1
1
− 1+

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

82

TVM - Retirement
You are 40 years old and want to retire at age 55. Each year, starting one year from now, you will deposit an equal amount into a savings account that pays 6% interest, compounded semi-annually. The last deposit will be on your 55th birthday. On your 55th birthday you will move your savings into a safer bank account that pays only 3.5% interest, compounded annually.
You will withdraw your annual income of $150,000 at the end of that year (on your 56th birthday) and each subsequent year until your 85th birthday (you expect to pass away later that year).
How much do you have to save each year to make this retirement plan happen?

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

83

TVM - Retirement
40th birthday

85th birthday

55th birthday

=

2
1

0.06 = 1 +
− 1 = 6.09%
2
1+ −1
1.0609 15 − 1 =
=
= 23.4362

0.0609
1
1 = $150,000

= $2,758,807.81
0.035 0.035 1.035 30 23.4362 = $2,758,807.81 = $117,715.62

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

84

TVM - Perpetuity
An annuity that continues on forever…..
◦ The value of the next payment received in the future is less valuable than the previous

Example: Preferred dividends in a public company
◦ Assumption: The company will continue forever, and you will hold those shares forever

Example: Preferred shares of BMO pay a dividend of
$1.25 per share. If market interest rates are at 3%, what is the price you are willing to pay per share?
$1.25

= = =
= $41.67

0.03
Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

85

Technology Factors

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

86

Technology Opportunities
Opportunities
◦ Instant access to information
◦ Faster innovation cycles
◦ Improved customer service & communication
◦ Mass customization
Threats
◦ Extremely unpredictable
◦ Disruptive technologies
◦ Harder to sustain advantages – imitation
Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

Important Technology Concepts
Complementary goods – Vicious/Virtuous Cycle
Technology standards
Installed base – # of users
Network effects

Solutions: compatibility, alliances with complementary goods suppliers, build up your installed base

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

Important Technology Concepts
Lock-in Larger = greater resistance to switch
Switching costs – cost of moving
◦ entry barrier; makes lock-in worse

Solution:
◦ Reduce switching cost
◦ Offer significantly better performance

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

Sustaining Technology
Sustaining technology
• Simple improvements to existing products
• Mainstream, high-margin customers • Existing firms win

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

Disruptive Technology
Disruptive technology

• Different performance not valued by mainstream customers (starts in peripheral markets)
• Improves technology until it meets mainstream needs

• new, disrupting firms win

Source: Teradyne (n.d.) The innovator’s dilemma. Retrieved from http://web.mit.edu/6.933/www/Fall2000/teradyne/clay.html Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

How different types of innovation impact existing firms
• Two Axes of Innovation: Knowledge/Capabilities and Architecture/Organization
Knowledge/capabilities challenged:

Knowledge/capabilities unchallenged: Architecture/
Organization structure challenged: RADICAL
INNOVATION
(Tesla or Netflix)

ARCHITECTURAL
INNOVATION
(e.g. desktop computers compared to IBM mainframes)

Architecture/
Organization structure unchallenged: MODULAR
INNOVATION
(e.g. digital camera compared to film camera) INCREMENTAL
INNOVATION
(e.g. image stabilizing feature added to digital cameras)

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

Why do large firms sometimes fail? o Slow response time o Processes weed out ideas that focus on non-traditional markets o Managers focus on current customers o Don’t look at innovations that target lower-margin customers Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

Why do large firms sometimes fail?
Markets where disruptive innovations establish themselves are:
◦ Niche markets: small and low margin
◦ Unpredictable growth
Managers avoid these areas because they are high risk
◦ Bigger risk of failure
◦ Bigger risk of being criticized for that failure

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

How to avoid failure if you are the large firm
Design products based on the task the complete not the customers who buy them
Monitor outside the industry
Partner with young firms – strategic alliances
Establish independent venture units

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

How can you compete if you are a small firm?
Enter with a totally different product in a market that large firms won’t be interested in
◦ Avoid the mainstream customers of the big players ◦ Areas where large players are not strong, and/or are slow to respond
◦ Low margin or small size markets

Social Factors

Political Factors

Economic
Factors

Time Value of $

Technology
Factors

The End!
Questions?
THANKS FOR AT TENDING!

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