...Caffeine was isolated from tea by a sequence of solvent extractions of hot water and dichloromethane. The solid- liquid extraction, which involved hot water, removed the caffeine from the tea leaf and left behind cellulose and soluble organics. The lab actually began with the liquid- liquid extraction that involved dichloromethane and tea, and partitioned components in the layers based off their solubility in the two solvents. Since caffeine is moderately polar, it dissolves in hot water but more so in dichloromethane. Consequently, the dichloromethane extract contained the crude caffeine. Two grams of anhydrous sodium sulfate were added to the dichloromethane as a drying agent to remove water. The dichloromethane was distilled off and the...
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...2008-2012, and had total U.S. sales of more than $12.5 billion in 2012, according to new market data from Packaged Facts. According to the “Energy Drinks and Shots: Market Trends in the U.S." report, sales of energy drinks and shots will grow to a value of $21.5 billion by 2017 (Energy drink sales). With this being said, the industry is facing many criticisms due to their health risk. Energy drinks are beverages with a high concentration of caffeine and other uppers. Some of the most laid-back regulatory requirements reside in the U.S. There are increasing reports of caffeine intoxication from energy drinks, and it seems likely that problems with caffeine dependence and withdrawal will also increase. They are sold in many places and are easily accessed by children, adolescents, and young adults. Many experts argue that this is actually their target market. Many reports warn about potential adverse effects associated with their consumption, especially in combination with alcohol among adolescents, and in combination with stimulant medications among children treated for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In children and adolescents who are not habitual caffeine users, vulnerability to caffeine intoxication may be markedly increased due to an absence of tolerance. The combined use of caffeine and alcohol is increasing sharply, and studies suggest that such combined use may increase the rate of alcohol-related injury. A story in the New York Times added to that concern, pointing...
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...drink ‘Cloud 9’ containing more than the permissible level of caffeine, the state Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Pune region, has now filed an application seeking judicial action against the manufacturers and distributors of the drink Pushpam Foods and Beverages and Goldwin Healthcare Private Limited. The manufacturer had made misleading statements on the label that suggested that the drink was recommended for medical purposes. “We have now filed an application seeking judicial action against the offenders,” said C D Salunkhe, Assistant Commissioner, state FDA, Pune office. A central notification, issued on June 19, 2009, says energy drinks should not contain more than 145 parts per million (ppm) of caffeine, while the earlier official cap was 200ppm. Many popular energy drink brands thus overshot the limit by nearly 100 ppm. “It was a clear violation of a 2008 amendment to the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act banning energy drinks with caffeine content more than 145 parts per million (ppm). We sent samples of the drink to the public health laboratory and they have confirmed that the level of caffeine was 228.2 ppm,” says the laboratory report that gave its findings recently. Chetan Chopra, director of Pushpam Foods and Beverages said that the product was already in the market before the new rules came into effect on June 17, 2009. “How can the FDA apply the new rules about the change in the caffeine limit to the products which were already manufactured in December...
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...Enjoy that Expresso: The Benefits of Caffeine Jesse Russell 12/3/12 It's midnight. Your mid-term exam is tomorrow morning, and you have just started studying. What's more, you are already exhausted from a event-filled day. How are you ever going to manage to resist the overwhelming forces of fatigue and drowsiness? How are you going to stay awake? When faced with this daunting dilemma or a similar situation, most people turn to caffeine for the energy needed to pull through the night. Whether you sipped at a tall latte or chugged a few Mountain Dews, you know you couldn't have done it without caffeine's help. On the other hand, you may heavily rely on the invigorating boost from your morning brew to jump start your day. Regardless, the conclusion remains the same: Caffeine immensely influences our daily lives. In “How Caffeine Works,” Marshall Brain states that “between 80 and 90 percent of adults and children habitually consume caffeine.” in North America. Furthermore, the average intake of caffeine is 280 mg, which is about a cup and a half of coffee (Brain et al). These statistics explicitly demonstrate the deep integration of caffeine into our culture. But why are Americans always attracted to caffeine? What makes it so alluring? Is it helpful or harmful? A simple study of the effects of caffeine on the human body will produce irrevocable evidence about the many benefits of caffeine. More specifically, caffeine beneficially interacts with adenosine, dopamine...
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...The Daphnia magna is a small crustacean that was used for the experiment. The purpose of this lab experiment was to determine how both caffeine and alcohol would affect the heart rate of a Daphnia magna. The results showed that when caffeine was added to the Daphnia magna, its heart rate increased faster than when alcohol was added. In this lab report, the steps are explained on how we conducted the experiment. Also, any errors that happened during the experiment will be analyzed more in detailed in this lab report. Introduction Daphnia magna is a little crustacean that is found living in ponds. It duplicates by sexual reproduction, varying with the creation of asexual offspring (Roulin, 2013). The Daphnia magna is a transparent crustacean...
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...and adolescents. The next section about the debates and regulation of energy drink sales. The final section regards the ingredients that are understated or not regulated in some countries and states. Potential Risks to Children and Adolescents For my analysis I began by reviewing “Energy drinks 'potentially dangerous for children' say doctors. Energy drinks could be dangerous for children and teenagers, doctors have warned.” Found on www.telegraph.co.uk. As a responsible company we should be liable to research and warn consumers of the possible risks associated with the consumption of our products. “Energy drinks could be dangerous for children and teenagers,” The Daily Telegraph has reported. The newspaper said that the use of high-caffeine drinks has been linked to “seizures, mania, stroke and sudden death”. The news is based on a study that gathered scientific, medical and government literature from around the world to examine the use of energy drinks by children and...
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...Caffeine is Beneficial to your Health Evelyn K. Polanco Calhoun Community College General Point: To Persuade Specific Goal: To prove caffeine can be beneficial when used properly. I. It is estimated that in North America between 80 and 90 % of adults and children habitually consume caffeine. However, 15% of the general population report having stopped caffeine uses citing concern about health and unpleasant side effects. II. For centuries the use of caffeine has been a subject of controversy. Many researchers have blamed caffeine for potential health harms. But is it true? Can caffeine have more negative effects on you rather than positive effects? III. I am here today to discuss why I think caffeine should be included in your everyday diet. I am going to tell you what exactly caffeine is, its negative effects, and the curative effects of caffeine and how it can improve your overall health. I. What is Caffeine? A. According to the University of Michigan Caffeine is possibly the most popular and widely used drug. 1. It is considered a drug because it stimulates the central nervous system. a. Stimulates the central nervous system, the brain and spinal cord. 2. Once the central nervous system is relax b. People may experience an increase in alertness, improvement in mood and a temporary boost of energy. II. What are the negative side effects of caffeine? A. Caffeine blocks adenosine a chemical that tells...
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...and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26742176 Caffeine levels in beverages from Argentina's market: Application to caffeine dietary intake assessment ARTICLE in FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS - PART A CHEMISTRY, ANALYSIS, CONTROL, EXPOSURE AND RISK ASSESSMENT · APRIL 2009 Impact Factor: 1.8 · DOI: 10.1080/02652030802430649 · Source: PubMed CITATIONS READS 12 53 4 AUTHORS, INCLUDING: Valentina Olmos Edda Villaamil Lepori University of Buenos Aires University of Buenos Aires 15 PUBLICATIONS 84 CITATIONS 20 PUBLICATIONS 119 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately. SEE PROFILE Available from: Valentina Olmos Retrieved on: 09 April 2016 This article was downloaded by: [Universidad de Buenos Aires], [V. Olmos] On: 10 December 2013, At: 03:58 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tfac20 Caffeine levels in beverages from Argentina's market: application to caffeine dietary intake assessment a a a V. Olmos , N. Bardoni , A.S. Ridolfi & E.C. Villaamil...
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...Introduction Coffee and tea can be considered the world’s first energy drinks. Both of them contain caffeine and people have been using these beverages for year to receive an extra boost of energy for their day. I could remember my grandmother would wake up in the morning and the first thing she would do was to start to boil water for her morning tea. As a child I had no idea why she drunk tea. All I knew that if you added lemon and a bunch of the sugar to the tea, then it wasn't so bad. My grandmother was a local babysitter for the neighbourhood and the tea helped to give her energy for the day. My grandmother has passed away for years now but the idea of drinking something to gain energy didn’t pass with her. Tea and coffee has gotten a little out-dated and people today have adopted a new energy increaser, the energy drinks. The energy drinks as we know it today has gotten very poplar. From 2008 to 2012 the energy drink market has grown 60% (wallstreetinsanity.com). Energy drinks of today, besides coffee and tea, have been around for years. From it’s unknown origin, the energy drink has traveled around the world, and have gained substantial market shares in the functional beverage industry of several parts of the world. Europe is one of the largest functional beverages markets in the world. The energy drink has made a sizeable impact on the functional beverage markets in both western and eastern Europe. In this research project we are going to explore a number of objectives...
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...often lightly carbonated. They are designed to give the drinker a burst of energy by adding of a number of ingredients, most notably caffeine. They are mostly found in grocery stores, corner stores and gas stations, usually displayed beside the soft drinks, juices and sports drinks. The study, published in the journal Pediatrics, reports that more teens are downing energy drinks; in 2003, 16% regularly consumed the drinks, while in 2008, that percentage jumped to 35%. Another study of college student consumption found 50% of students drank at least one to four energy drinks a month. This year, research documented a jump in energy drink-related emergency room visits; and politicians and consumers called upon the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to look into deaths associated with the drinks. So, what are the ingreadients that are causing this harm? * Caffeine Which is a stimulant that acts on the nervous system to speed up the messages to and from the brain. it is the main active ingredient in energy drinks . Caffeine can make a person feel more alert and it also has been shown to help exercise endurance. However, it can also have some negative side effects, such as heart palpitations and insomnia in case of overdose. (Laurent, 2000). There is no official recommended limit for the amount of caffeine a person can consume, but excessive caffeine has been linked to a variety of adverse effects such as high blood pressure, premature birth and possibly sudden death. * Sugars ...
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...time and money? Well I believe that high school athletes are not mindless and dumb, but rather very productive, both athletically and academically. The first reason is that the sports they play in keeps them healthy and active. There are numerous reports that show how being active in sports actually benefits you not only academically, but also in a healthy way too. By being active, you can lose weight, feel happier, and live longer. Most importantly, it can make you smarter and help you concentrate (http://www.activecoquitlam.ca). When you play in a sport, your brain is firing neuro-receptors into both the left and the right hemispheres each time you run, catch, or throw a ball. Thus, coordination and communication is improved between the two hemispheres and more receptors grow each time, which is key to learning information through experiences (Oden). By being active in sports, not only are you gaining experience and skills, but you are also increasing brain function which allows you to learn more and take in more information. Some people who oppose this would say that when we are tired and don’t feel very active during the day, we drink caffeine to give us that boost of energy to play. We might then become dependent on caffeine to help keep us active, which can lead to withdrawal due to the...
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...more detail. Email ftsales.support@ft.com to buy additional rights. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/8733b030-de30-11e0-9fb7-00144feabdc0.html#ixzz1nQtJndIR During 2010, the privately held company saw sales in Brazil grow by 32 per cent, while Turkish and Japanese consumers increased their intake by more than 80 per cent. Overall, the group posted sales last year of €3.78bn ($5.17bn), compared with €3.26bn a year earlier. In spite of its size, however, the group is still steeped in the sort of folklore and philosophical quackery that most large multinationals eschew in favour of efficiency of production. In one example of the group’s unusual approach to mass production, the caps on its bottled mineral water can be sealed only on nights when the moon is full in the sky. This is the kind of behaviour that could infuriate shareholders of a publicly listed company. Mr Mateschitz is unambiguous about the likelihood of Red Bull appearing on the stock market in the future, however. “Never. Thanks to our financial philosophy, we are not and never have been in need of additional capital, nor does anybody want to cash in. If we were to go public, the company would lose all of its benefits and in turn we would be left with numerous disadvantages,” he says. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/8733b030-de30-11e0-9fb7-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1nQrxHXt1 Some observers say that Red Bull's branding is revolutionary, calling it an 'anti-brand' strategy. The company faced additional problems in Pakistan where...
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...product lines (See Exhibit 2) c. Bottlers should consider diversifying into snack food distribution through alliances or CP acquisitions like Pepsi’s Frito-Lay division B. Implications on performance of cola industry 1. CSDs made up a substantial share of 2000 US Liquid Consumption (See Exhibit 4), but this doesn’t make them immune to risk a. Declining stock prices show a corrected over-valuation of companies (See Exhibit 4) b. Declining growth rates for carbonated soft drinks and increasing non- carbonated beverage growth rates further threaten industry performance (See Exhibit 4) 2. International markets are an important source of revenue (See Exhibit 3), and improvements in world economies are forecasted 3. Growing health concerns for caffeine and sugar consumption threatens industry performance a. Alternative sweetener research and development b. Center for Science in the...
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...Drinks.” Caffeine is the single most used drug in America. How many of us must have that morning cup of coffee before heading out the door? How many college students are staying up late at night preparing for a mid-term or final exam by drink these new, all natural, safe, energy drinks? You may want to read their labels and adjust your thinking. You may want to include a little research in regards to these drinks. At this time there is no long-term research to report on in regards to energy drinks. What we do know is that these drinks have a variety of ingredients such as ginseng, amino acids, ginkgo, various vitamins, and high amounts of sugar. However, the primary active energy ingredient is caffeine. At this time, the FDA does not regulate the amounts of caffeine that are in these drinks. They suggest that within a 12-ounce beverage serving the amount of caffeine should be 68 milligrams or less. A report published by the Journal of Analytical Toxicology showed that of ten of the most popular energy drinks had as high as 141 milligrams in one 16-ounce serving. The following 12-ounce energy drinks showed, Monster at 120 milligrams, Red Bull at 116 milligrams, and Amp contained 107 milligrams of caffeine. To give a comparison, look at Coke and Pepsi. They only contain between 34 to 38 milligrams of caffeine. Energy drinks have risen significantly in popularity in the last few years with revenues exceeding $3.5 billion a year and growing. One report states that...
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...CAFFEINE By: Muhammad8B2 Before I start this report, I would like to ask you guys a simple question. Does Caffeine benefit you in anyway? You might be thinking, “How can it simply harm you if your parents drink it every day.” Well after this report, you shall go home and tell your parents to not drink a lot of coffee. Description-Type Caffeine is a common drug used in an adult’s daily life. According to the University Health Service “Caffeine is a plant product that is most commonly found in coffee” Caffeine is a stimulant to the central nervous system. vineveraskincare.wordpress.com...
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