...ESLW 310 At Home ESSAY TWO Spring 2011 Prof. Thomas For Essay Two, you will write a full essay with an introduction, body, and conclusion. The type of essay is cause/effect, so you will need to organize your analysis to show the cause and effect connections carefully. Write a well-developed essay, with at least three good body paragraphs. These essays must be typed. Be sure to answer the question completely and stay on topic. Check carefully for grammar errors before you turn it in for a grade. *NOTE: Do not plagiarize (use the words and ideas of others) and do not get help to "make it perfect". PROMPT: California’s economy is in very bad condition, with an imbalance of over $25 billion dollars. The government will have to consider both cutting spending and raising income by taxes. One of the many cuts is the community college budget, and our own district & college are going to lose millions of dollars no matter what. One of the many ways to increase income is to raise tuition fees (currently they are $26/unit for residents and $234/unit for non-residents & international students. Proposals range from $36/unit to (in the worst case) $66/unit. TOPIC: What are the most important effects of a tuition fee increase? In other words, if Los Rios college tuition increases, what effects will this have? Explain the cause-effect connections to show HOW these effects will happen. In this essay, first consider the many different types of effects...
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...2015-16 Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) or a 2015-16 California Dream Act Application. 2. Ensured that a certified Grade Point Average (GPA) was submitted to the California Student Aid Commission (Commission). The Commission will not process any GPAs that may have been submitted in prior years. In order for a student to be considered for a 2015-2016 Cal Grant award, a new GPA form must be received by the Commission by the stated deadline. The March 2, 2015, Cal Grant filing deadline has passed. The next filing deadline, for community college students only, is September 2, 2015 (see below). If circumstances beyond your control prevented the submission of your March 2 Cal Grant GPA, you may file an appeal according to the following instructions. Filing a March 2 Late GPA Appeal State law and Commission regulations allow students to file appeals if they were not able to submit their GPA on-time due to circumstances beyond their control. Students wishing to file an appeal to submit a late March 2 GPA must follow the instructions on the form below. All late GPA appeals and the calculated GPA must be submitted using this form and must be received by the Commission: 1. For High School Entitlement Cal Grant candidates who have or will graduate high school (or achieve the equivalent) after July 1, 2013, or Transfer Entitlement Cal Grant candidates who are planning to transfer from a California Community College four-year college in 2015-16: by May 16, 2015*. ...
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... Plea Bargaining The right to a trial by jury was considered a central part of the justice system in the early days of the United States. The Seventh Amendment of the Bill of Rights codified it as an essential part of Americans' civil liberties. When criminals were caught and charged, the government went through a trial and verdict. But in the 1800s, a trend toward plea-bargaining began. In Alameda County, from 1880 to 1910, nearly 10 percent of all defendants changed their "not guilty" pleas to "guilty of lesser charges" or pled guilty to reduced charges (Fisher, 2003). A plea bargain is an agreement between a defendant and a prosecutor, in which the defendant agrees to plead guilty or no contest (nolo contendere) in exchange for an agreement by the prosecutor to drop one or more charges, reduce a charge to a less serious offense, or recommend to the judge a specific sentence acceptable to the defense. As criminal courts become ever more crowded, prosecutors and judges alike feel increased pressure to move cases quickly through the system. Criminal trials can take days, weeks, or sometimes months, while guilty pleas can often be arranged in minutes. Also, the outcome of any given trial is usually unpredictable, whereas a plea bargain provides both prosecution and defense with some control over the result. Today, the plea bargain is an essential part of the criminal justice system. More than 90% of convictions come from negotiated pleas, which means less than 10% of criminal...
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...1960’s organized gangs in the American Justice System have been a growing problem. Drug trafficking, continued violence, and overrunning prisons are a few of the main challenges that the justice system faces when trying to control these gangs. Based usually on race, these gangs are believed to be some of the most dangerous in the world and are only getting larger. Even though measures are being taken to try and prevent these gangs from growing in size, most attempts fail as the gangs are becoming too prominent and too powerful. Prison gangs by definition are criminal organizations that originated within the penal system and they have continued to operate within correctional facilities throughout the United States. They[Prison gangs] are also considered self-perpetuating criminal entities that can continue their operations outside the confines of the penal system. Typically, a prison gang consists of a select group of inmates who have an organized hierarchy and who are governed by an established code of conduct. These gangs vary in both organization and composition, from highly structured gangs such as the Aryan Brotherhood and Nuestra Familia to gangs with less formalized structure such as the Mexican Mafia. Prison gangs are usually more powerful within state correctional facilities compared to the federal penal system (Trusty). The first recognized prison gang was originated at the Duel Vocational Institution in Tracy, California. It was originally founded by thirteen inmates...
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...Unit 9 final project CJ 230-02 Criminal Law for Criminal Justice Prof. Sara Block July 15, 2013 First degree murder is a crime against a person. The actus rea is the “guilty act” of the murder, or killing itself. For first degree murder, you need to establish the mens rea, or “guilty mind”, which would be determine if the murder was premeditated or not. The mens rea, the act of a guilty mind. First degree murder is a premeditated crime. That init self is indicative of the mens rea of the perpetrator. The elements of mens rea are the act was done: purposely, knowingly, recklessly, and negligently. Elements of murder in Texas do not have to be pre-meditated to be first degree. You can be charged with murder 1. If you intentional or knowingly caused the death of someone it is first degree. 2. If you intended to cause serious bodily injury and commit an act that is dangerous to human life that causes death. 3. If you commit or attempt to commit a felony, and in the...
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...Prison Gangs Prison gangs are criminal organizations that originated within the penal system. The first known American prison gang was the Gypsy Jokers. The Gypsy Jokers formed in the 1950’s in Washington state prisons. The first gang with nationwide ties was the Mexican Mafia, which formed in 1957 in the California Department of Corrections. According to statistics, gang activity in prisons has increased from only 9.4% in 1991 to 24.7% in 1999 and is even higher now. Today there are five original major prison gangs known as “Traditional Prison Gangs.” These prison gangs formed in the 1960’s and 1970’s in the California corrections system. A prison gang consists of a select group of inmates who have an organized hierarchy and who are governed by an established code of conduct. In addition to committing criminal acts in the prison, a prison gang also shares the following characteristics: * Formal membership with a required initiation or rules for members * A recognized leader or certain members whom others follow * Common clothing (such as jackets, caps, scarves or bandannas), or group colors, symbols, tattoos, or special language * A group name * Members from the same neighborhood, street, or school * Turf or territory where the group is known and where group activities usually take place. Prison gangs vary in both organization and composition, from highly structured gangs such as the Aryan Brotherhood to gangs with a less formalized structure...
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...Running Head: INTENT AND THE CODE 1 Different Intents and the Model Penal Code Difference From Common Law INTENT AND THE CODE 2 Abstract Although there are definitions established within Criminal Culpability, mainly intent, there continues to be discussion over the intended meanings. Specific intent, general intent, transferred intent and strict liability are frequently referenced in the determination of criminal offenses but continue to provide a level of confusion to the law professionals. The intent determines the mindset of the person accused of the crime and provides guidance to the process in which they are punished. These intents are part of the mens rea for the crimes committed and differ from the Model Penal Code. The Model Penal Code has served to simplify the definitions used in the previously mentioned intents. INTENT AND THE CODE 3 There are many differences in the interpretations of Common Law intents and liability. These intents are identified as: specific, general, transferred and strict liability which governs decisions of lawmakers and judges. The complexity in understanding the defined intents and applying them uniformly creates a feeling of disproportionate accountability from members of the public. The Model Penal Code (MPC) changes these intents in common law to four mental states: purposely, knowingly, recklessly and negligently. The “MPC expressly...
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...I have encountered the legal system many times in my life. When I was younger, I did a lot of bad things. I have been in front of a judge for many reasons; the main one is auto racing and grand theft auto. I was young and stupid. Where I am from they filmed fast and the furious so you can only imagine the chaos that movie caused around my area, on top of that my uncle was a manager at Diamond Valley Lake where the desert races were filmed, I felt like I was untouchable. When I got caught the first time I received a warning, the second time the same judge said I was pushing my luck and things were about to change and reality was about to slap me head on. I was charged with California Penal code 4871d, Vehicle code 10851, Penal code 602 and Vehicle code 23109. One time I was in front of a judge and he gave me 2 options, one was serving 2 years in a juvenile center and the other was going under cover for the police department and trying to catch one of the biggest car thief’s of that time. I decided that going under cover was the best option because I was not ready to give up my freedom; I was only 16 years old when I got caught “joyriding”. I was 16 and 17 when I got caught 3 times street racing and trespassing. The outcome of this was I went undercover, we caught the guy and I served 2 years on probation. I feel like this experience changed who I was and who I am today. If it would have been any other judge and not given me that option, who knows what kind of person I would have...
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...being conducted on numerous websites. Bidder’s Edge was able to use a software robot to “crawl” or scan Ebay’s site, without permission. A normal customer couldn’t access numerous sites and items as quickly as Bidder’s Edge. Bidder’s Edge was able to access Ebay 100,000 times a day. This mattered to Ebay because Bidder’s Edge’s activity could possibly slow or diminish the experience of the user due to a decrease in the capacity of Ebay’s system. If Ebay allowed Bidder’s Edge’s activity to continue unchecked, it would encourage similar sites like Bidders Edge to engage in similar searching of Ebay’s site. This in turn could harm Ebay’s goodwill with its customers or cause it to lose profits. 2. The definition of traditional consists of any act that denies the lawful owner full ownership rights to the property. This includes theft of the property, destruction of the property, or damage of the property. 3. The California definition of trespass of computer services differs slightly from the traditional definition. Under California Penal Code 502 the following actions are crimes: damaging, destroying, or changing data to defraud or deceive people; taking or copying data from a computer or computer network; using computer services without permission; changing, deleting, or destroying data on a computer or network; accessing or helping to access a computer or network without permission; introducing viruses into a computer or network; and using the internet domain name of someone...
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...breaking and entering, and drug possession. This young man, who goes by Xander L, not only has a long history of law breaking and bad behavior starting at the age of 13, but also has already served a year in a juvenile corrections facility along with serving two probation terms. While it is believed he has a strong relationship with his mother, Xander reports no contact at all with his father. With Xander’s latest guilty plea for possession of a concealed weapon, this paper will explain the state of California’s process in handling Xander’s case. California has a simple outlook on handling all criminal acts. The most important goal is the safety of the public for both adult and juvenile systems. Like most states, California then separates the two systems making it a priority for the punishment of offenders when it pertains to adults compared to juveniles, where the emphasis is on treatment and rehabilitation. The juvenile system has a lengthy process. `The first act is the crime and at this point it is solely up to the officer to determine the next step. The officer can make the determination to release the juvenile to the parents or take them to juvenile hall. This usually all depends on the offense of the juvenile. In cases such as out past curfew, petty shop lifting, and graffiti the officer might make the ecision to release the juvenile to the parent’s custody and warn them of possible outcomes if the action continues. Other more serious offenses such as assaults...
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...wrongful death law suit in which the family sued the Defendant. Such cases have made major headlines such as the case in which OJ Simpson was acquitted of the murders of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman. The families of Goldman and Nicole Simpson then sued OJ Simpson in civil court and received a judgment against Simpson for approximately $30 million dollars. This case was appealed and the judgments were affirmed by the Appellate Court in California. Cases of this nature set the stage for these actions and the types of remedies that are available to victim’s families. Should families of victims have the ability to sue a Defendant for the murder of another? Should the murder suspect be sued for wrongful death even if they are not convicted in criminal court? Murder cases in criminal court must have evidence proving that the alleged suspect committed the murder. Civil cases involving wrongful death based on a murder case should have the same standards as the same case in criminal trial. Cases of these types are a great burden on court systems and society in general. Murder Murder, is the unlawful killing of another human being. In the field of Criminal Justice the act of Murder is also called...
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...use of shame and shaming was included. Through the method of shaming, the criminal justice system meant more to teach a lesson than simply punish the offender. The “criminal” was almost always male. However, punishment for such crimes as witchcraft, infanticide, and adultery fell heavily on the women. In addition, much of the blame and punishment for crimes was attributed to those in the lowest rank in society. Whipping was the most commonly used form of punishment, especially in the south with slaves. Other frequently used punishments included branding, cutting off ears, and placing people in the pillory. These punishments were sometimes harsher, depending on the crimes committed. In the American colonies, executions were less common than in England. However, when such a method was used, it was most often a public hanging. Usually capital offenses, such as murder or rape, or repeated serious offenses constituted a need for an execution. Imprisonment was uncommon in colonial America since the budding colonies did not have people to spare to keep the community in order. Every person was valuable for their working ability, and losing even one worker to law keeping was neither reasonable nor an efficient use of resources. In addition, colonial communities rarely had enough extra money to build a prison and feed prisoners. Since probation was not yet known to the colonists, they used a system of nods to guarantee troublemakers would not cause any problems. Courts began to require many...
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...educational journal, which seeks to inform theory and praxis on issues of equality and justice” (SJ, 2017). SJ was founded in 1974, and is a prime example of the expansion of the areas of study which fall within the broad discipline of Justice Studies, its tagline is simply, “a journal of crime, conflict & world order” (SJ, 2017). As mentioned in the MAPS1 assignment, Justice Studies has engulfed the sub fields of Criminal, Environmental, Political, and Social Justice, and the history of SJ clearly articulates this trend, Its early focus on issues of crime, police repression, social control, and the penal system has expanded to encompass human and civil rights, citizenship and...
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...OVERCROWDED PRISION The dramatic increase in incarceration rates cannot be explained by our crime rates. Homicide rates in the United States are much higher than those of comparable countries, but homicide convictions account for an insignificant number of sentenced prisoners. In general, other crime rates in the United States are high, but they remain in ranges that overlap with comparable rates in other countries--for example, one can point to industrialized countries with higher auto theft rates than the United States. And while there is much contested terrain about changes in U.S. crime rates since 1970, it is generally conceded that the crime rates have not changed dramatically and that movements up and down in the incarceration rate have not correlated with crime rate changes. (http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0HSP/is_1_3/ai_66678533/) Criminal activities among Americans are on a constant rise compared to other parts of the world, leading to overcrowding in prisons. The contributing factor to this notion could be strict punishments for minor crimes, some pertaining to racial profiling. According to Hernandez (March-April 2009), African Americans represent nearly half of the prison population. The “war on drugs” has made a significant impact on the prison population, particularly within the African American communities. The war on drugs is aimed at reducing the supply and demand for drugs within the United States. The program focuses on stricter punishments...
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...The Prison System CJS/200 October 24, 2010 Monty Mathis The Prison System History of the prison system Prisons back in the 16th and 17th centuries were used to punish people who could not pay their taxes, and rent among other things they were called Debtor’s prison these were a form of a work house. A public display of punishment for a convicted criminal such as stock’s even branding. In the 18th century this is when the public started opposing the death penalty except for serious crimes such as murder. From the mid 18th century to be imprisoned meant hard labor for those who committed petty crimes. By 1777 John Howard (namesake of the Howard League) chastises the prison system as being filthy, barbaric, and disorganized. (Howard League, 2006) The Great Penitentiary Rivalry involved the state of Pennsylvania and the state of New York. And, each state believed that the system they had in place was the best system to address the constant issue of overcrowding. Pennsylvania constructed two new prisons; the Western Penitentiary and the Eastern Penitentiary. Their system was based on the concept of silence as a virtue (Gaines & Miller, 2009). In Pennsylvania the inmates were kept separate from one another and the only contact they had was with clergyman and staff. New York’s Newgate Prison, built in 1791, was operated the same as those in Pennsylvania except they were able to eat together – in silence. Although there are different types of systems in place today, both...
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