...1stSgt Ronald Mccullough Professor Powell English 101 Date 6/30/2013 Writer’s Checklist for Informational Essay 1. Does my introduction clearly state my thesis and give the reader an indication of the direction my essay will take? yes 2. Are my topic sentences and body paragraphs clear and well developed? yes 3. Have I fully supported my thesis with ample supporting details and examples? yes 4. Have I used a sufficient number and variety of sources in my paper? yes 5. Are all of my sources properly cited in the body of my paper according to MLA format? Maybe 6. Does my conclusion effectively summarize my main points and restate my thesis in different words? yes 7. Have I carefully proofread and revised my paper for sentence variety, word choice, grammar, and punctuation? yes 8. Does my Works Cited page include only the sources cited in the text? Is it correctly formatted? yes 9. Have I used the correct margins, line spacing, and other format issues required by the MLA sample essay and the sample provided by my instructor? i hope so Hannibal is by far one of the Great Captains of History Hannibal battle tactics are the stuff of legend not just in our time but in his time as well which is a hard feat for any general. Hannibal made his fame during the second Punic war 218-203 BC against the Roman Republic at the time the greatest power in the Mediterranean. His crossing of the Alps is probably one of the most...
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...HANNIBAL AND THE BATTLE OF CANNAE The battle of Cannae was a major battle of the Second Punic War near the town of Cannae, an ancient village in southern part of Italy. The battle took place between the outnumbered Carthaginian army under Hannibal against the Romans under the command of Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Terentius Varro. For the most part, the Romans were overpowered by the undermanned Carthaginian forces. Many historians agree that the battle of Cannae is one of the greatest strategic victories in military history. Numerous historians have examined the possible route Hannibal took from New Carthage to the Pyrénées and then over the Alps to Rome. Along with using scientific data, these historians and scientists allege that there are three possible routes Hannibal may have taken from New Carthage in Iberia across Europe to get to Italy. Scientists and historians do disagree on which route is most accurate do to the fact that the only historical accounts of Hannibal’s journey are that of Livy and Polybius. Neither historian leaves a very detailed account of the surroundings for Hannibal and his troops. Through paleobotanical reconstruction, attempts have been made to more clearly identify if the places noted by Livy and Polybius resemble any of these places today1. Hannibal came from the very well-known Carthaginian Barca family. His father, Hamilcar Barca was the military leader of Carthage during the first Punic War. At the conclusion of the First Punic...
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...In military tactics, a flanking maneuver, or flanking manoeuvre (also called a flank attack), is an attack on the sides of an opposing force. If a flanking maneuver succeeds, the opposing force would be surrounded from two or more directions, which significantly reduces the maneuverability of the outflanked force and its ability to defend itself. A psychological advantage may also be present, as the confusion and threat from multiple directions is often problematic for morale. An ambush is a long-established military tactic, in which combatants take advantage of concealment and the element of surprise to attack unsuspecting enemy combatants from concealed positions, such as among dense underbrush or behind hilltops Penetration of the Center This maneuver involves concentrating superior force at the center of the opposing line in order to punch a hole and then to exploit the gap with a reserve force. This maneuver is usually attempted if flanks are protected by obstacles such as rivers Envelopment of a Single Flank This maneuver involves pinning attacks on the opposing center, sometimes a flank as well, while using mobile forces to try and turn the other flank and roll up the line towards the center. This maneuver is one of the most frequently used. Advantages include the possibility of enveloping a portion of the opposing army and usually offer less risk of disaster than other maneuvers. However, disadvantages still include the risk of a counterstroke against one’s weakened...
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...Hannibal’s prominent battle tactics were displayed in the battle of Cannae. In the battle of Cannae, Hannibal’s army was outnumbered 2 to 1 by the Romans. All odds appeared to be in Rome’s favor, but Hannibal remained calm and continued to show his great leadership qualities. Hannibal’s army attacked and managed to surround the Romans on all sides. The battle went on all day but because of Hannibal’s brilliance and strategic planning, the Carthaginians were able to defeat the Romans. Hannibal had a powerful army of more than 40,000 troops, which included 9,000 cavalry and 60 elephants. Hannibal’s plan to cross the Alps with his army was a success but came with many losses. Hannibal lost around half of his men and most of his elephants but managed to make it to Italy. When Hannibal and his army reached Italy, they were met by a Roman army more than double their number. The Romans were a larger force but we're not as experienced and battle-tested as Hannibal’s men. Because Hannibal trained his men properly, they were able to surround the Romans and slowly defeat them. Hannibal’s strategy and leadership led the Romans to their greatest defeat of all time at the battle of Cannae. Hannibal’s success at the battle of Cannae had a great effect on the Roman Empire and boosted the morale of the Carthaginian army. The Romans had never been attacked and defeated as completely by Hannibal and the Carthaginians at Cannae. As a result of the battle, the Carthaginians had a lot of power...
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...Put Hannibal in the scales: how many pounds will that peerless General mark up today? [ Juvenal, Satire X, lines 147-8 ]. A man of cunning intelligence and power sets out in late spring in 218 which would defeat four Roman consular armies and put the great power Rome at its last breath, but ends up losing the war? This brings up many questions that we can't answer becasue of the lost ancient sources, but through investigation of the surviving sources we are able to justify how and why Hannibal lost the 2nd Punic war. Four major contributions to the loss of the war; the troop ratio between Rome and carthage, the obstacles Hannibals army had to go through to arrive in italy, his desicion after Cannae not to attack Rome and what each army was fighting for. A historian must first trace every battle and what led to the end result in order to answer the question, how did Hannibal lose the 2nd Punic war? Ancient sources like Polybius tells us that Hannibal sets out from New Carthage in 218 late spring, with a total of 90,000 infantry, 12,000 cavalry and 37 elephants, not only but to treck across the mighty alps and end up in Italy with 20,000 infantry and 6,000 cavalry. Hannibals loss of men was enormous and could of been a great factor to the loss of the war. Romes power was mainly from its allies and neighbouring cities which were a huge support in numbers compared to the Carthaginians who were scavanging help along the way on Italian soil, that also created language issues in ordering...
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...Carthage’s government was corrupt and failed to sufficiently fund and support the army during the First and Second Punic Wars (Mark). This led to internal conflict and weakened forces. The English obtained and executed the French war hero, Joan of Arc, which created a martyr for the French to fight for (Streissguth). These poor decisions made by Carthage and England contributed to their downfall by allowing their rivals the opportunity to get the upper hand. During the Second Punic War, the Romans recovered from their major loss at the Battle of Cannae by sending a fleet to attack Carthage, prompting Carthage to recall Hannibal (Mark). Near the end of the Hundred Years’ War, Joan of Arc revived the French spirit and patriotism that allowed France to win many victories, even after her death (Roberts). These triumphs weakened the English, and the French eventually won the war. The Carthaginians and the English made detrimental decisions toward the ends of the wars that prompted their defeats. The Romans were strengthened by clever choices, and the French were strengthened by determination and patriotism. Both the Punic Wars and the Hundred Years’ War exhibited this pattern of the victors using mental strength to overcome their...
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...How Hannibal Barca became one of the greatest generals in History The purpose of this report is to show how Hannibal Barca became one of the greatest generals in history. To back-up and show how he is fitting for this title, this report will include his motivations, his outstanding achievements and greatest feats during his lifetime and the consequences of his actions after his death. Hannibal Barca was born in 247 BCE, his birthplace Carthage was about to lose a long and very important war. Carthage had been the Mediterranean’s most prosperous seaport and possessed wealthy provinces, but it had suffered severe losses from the Romans in the first Punic wars (264-241)1. Hamiclar Barca, Hannibal’s father, was the general during the first Punic war. However, at the end of the war, the Carthaginians had failed to take control of Sicily, one of their most important provinces. The Romans now controlled Sicily, and this was a matter Hamiclar did not take lightly. Hamiclar was “driven by his hatred of the Romans”2. Hamiclar truly hated the Romans after they humiliated the Carthaginians at their forced surrender in Sicily. Hannibal Barca had been waiting in Carthage for his moment to rise to power. At a very early age, Hamiclar “made his son swear eternal hatred to Rome”3. Hannibal, at the age of no more than twenty, was sent to Spain to be educated about war under Hasdrubal. Hannibal never did anything in excess; he only ate and drank what was required to survive. Hannibal...
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...movements. According to the Hannibal article “the Romans never thought that he would go over the mountains to reach them and were certain he was in Spain. When word reached Rome of Hannibal's maneuver, however, they were quick to act and sent the general Scipio (father of Scipio Africanus the Elder, who accompanied him) to intercept. The two armies met at the Ticino River where the Romans were defeated and Scipio almost killed”. Next he fought his enemies at Lake Trasimeme and took over northern Italy. Many men and elephants were lost and when he sent a request for more men and supplies, he was denied. During the winter Hannibal let his men rest and he started planning attacks for the spring. He decided to march to Rome supply depot of Cannae. In the Hannibal article “Hannibal spent time learning about his enemy like their strengths and weakness. He knew that Varro was too confident and eager to fight, which worked in Hannibal’s advantage. Hannibal arranged his army in a crescent, placing his light infantry of Gauls at the front and center with the heavy infantry behind them and light and heavy cavalry on the wings. The Romans under Varro's command were placed in traditional formations to march toward the center of the enemy's lines and break them”. Varro thought he was facing an army like Roman legions which he defeated in the past and believed he would break the Carthaginian line, just what Hannibal wanted him to think. The line began to break to give Varro that he was correct...
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...J.M. Keynes: - In “The economic consequences of the peace”, he argued that the treaty ignores the economic solidarity of Europe and by aiming at the destruction of the economic life of Germany it threatens the health and prosperity of the Allies themselves. - He argues that the real problem of the settlement lay not in the issues of boundaries but rather in the questions of food, coal and commerce - His predictions were right when Germany was to face hyperinflation (a rise in price that became totally out of control) - War-guilt cause The German Problem: * Refers to the concern of other European powers regarding the huge potential that Germany had to dominate Europe. Given its geographical position and its economic and military potential, it was in a position to upset the balance of power and threaten other countries. Historian W.H.Dawson: Germany under the Treaty Germany’s border is bleeding Alternative view of the Treaty * Compared to the treaties that Germany had imposed on Russia and Romania earlier in 1918, the Treaty of Versailles was quite moderate. * Niall Ferguson: the treaty was relatively lenient * The treaty of Versailles was quite moderate and lenient * The treaty in fact left Germany in a relatively strong position in the center of Europe Germany power and expansion * The huge reparations bill was not responsible for the economic crisis that Germany faced in the early 1920s * Treaty of St. Germain * Austria was nicknamed...
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...The Mediterranean basin in the 3rd century BC politically was a very fragmented world, divided among a host of nations, few of which possessed more than a modicum of territory—with Rome and Cartage being the most prominent exceptions. From a modern perspective, this division had great repercussions as it prohibited the fertile exchange of ideas and commerce, holding back intellectual and cultural progress—though, it probably also helped check the spreading of pandemics. At the same time, however, Rome and Carthage were growing in prominence and, soon or later, a conflict of interests were bound to come up. Looking at the astonishing growth of Rome, one might be tempted to think that her great success was due to some meticulous master plan;...
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...Slavery in Ancient Rome Rome as far research show had always exploited slaves, however during the early Republic Rome saw its slave population multiply significantly from a series of wars and conquests. This paper will discuss the rights and responsibilities of Roman slaves during the Republican era and early empire. It will also analyze the impact slavery had on Rome’s economic situation as well the impact on roman society and culture. Rome did not always have such an abundance of slaves. It was not until they conquered Corinth and sacked Carthage did they amass a significant amount of slaves. Some authors estimate that the number of slaves reached 300 000-350 000 in a total population of 900 000- 950 000 in Rome during the Augustan era.[1] It is of course impossible to determine the exact amount of slaves during this time, but nevertheless this estimate of slaves is still one third of the population. The Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage mark the beginning of Rome’s “addiction” to slavery. After Rome had consolidated the main land of what is now Italy, this brought them into contact with much greater powers. The first Punic War (264-241 B.C) began when both Rome and Carthage took interest in Sicily.[2] Herodotus notes the significance of this first of many battles by comparing it to the battle of Salamis. He states, “They say too, that the victory of Gelo and Thero in Sicily over Hamilcar the Carthaginians tell out upon the very day that the Hellenes...
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...Irvine Welsh Trainspotting IRVINE WELSH works, rests and raves in Edinburgh. He has had a variety of occupations too numerous and too tedious to recount. Trainspotting was his first novel and he has also published a collection of short stories, a novella entitled The Acid House and a second novel, Marabou Stork Nightmares. IRVINE WELSH TRAINSPOTTING Minerva Thanks to the following: Lesley Bryce, David Crystal, Margaret Fulton–Cook, janice Galloway, Dave Harrold, Duncan McLean, Kenny McMillan, Sandy Macnair, David Millar, Robin Robertson, Julie Smith, Angela Sullivan, Dave Todd, Hamish Whyte, Kevin Williamson. Versions of the following stories have appeared in other publications: 'The First Day Of The Edinburgh Festival' in Scream If You Want To Go Faster: New Writing Scotland 9 (ASLS), 'Traditional Sunday Breakfast'in DOG (Dec, 1991), 'It Goes Without Saying' in West Coast Magazine No. 11, 'Trainspotting at Leith Central Station' in A Parcel of Rogues (Clocktower Press), 'Grieving and Mourning In Port Sunshine' in Rebel Inc No. 1 and 'Her Man, The Elusive Mr Hunt' and 'Winter In West Granton' in Past Tense (Clocktower Press). The second part of 'Memories of Matty' also appeared in the aforementioned Clocktower Press publication as 'After The Burning'. Contents KICKING – – * THE SKAG BOYS, JEAN–CLAUDE VAN DAMME AND MOTHER SUPERIOR; JUNK DILEMMAS NO. 63; THE FIRST DAY OF THE EDINBURGH FESTIVAL; IN OVERDRIVE; GROWING UP IN PUBLIC; VICTORY ON NEW YEAR'S DAY; IT GOES WITHOUT...
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...Scipio the Learner Scipio was a courageous young Roman General who defeated Hannibal at Zama in the last battle of the Second Punic War. He earned recognition as a great leader and commander for his bravery and his tactical strategies. In the chapter “Scipio Africanus” in the book, “The Centurion Principles” by retired Colonel Jeff O”Leary, the military life and leadership qualities of Scipio are examined. Additionally, O’Leary shows how Scipio’s skills can be applied the business world. As a student at Houston Christian, these leadership principles can also be applied to my life today. Scipio’s life was severely affected by war and it helped him to become the leader he was. He survived a horrible massacre at Cannae by the Carthaginian commander, Hannibal. When he was only 17 years old, he saved the life of his father in an act of extreme bravery and selflessness. Later, his father and uncle would each die in battles against the Carthaginians, in part due to limited Roman forces sent by an uncommitted Roman senate. Instead of being bitter and turning away from responsibility from fear, Scipio learned everything he could about Hannibal’s war tactics. Eventually, in an act of obligation for his fallen patriarchs and from a desire to test his strength and skill, Scipio volunteered as Commander of Legions in Spain when no one else would. Following his appointment, he spent time to get to know his allies and to commend those he was leading in order to build their confidence...
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...secondary attack attempts to hold the enemy's center while one single envelopment or both flank; double envelopment is where the enemy is attacked or overlapped in a push to the enemy's rear in order to threaten the enemy's communications and line of retreat. This forces the enemy to fight in several directions and possibly be destroyed in position. New variations include vertical envelopments or Airborne Troops or airmobile troops and amphibious envelopments (Goodman,1993). Noted single envelopments were accomplished by Alexander the Great at Arbela in 331 BC, Robert E. Lee at Chancellorsville in 1863, and Erwin Romme at Gazala in 1942, leading to the capture of Tobruk; famous double envelopments include those of Hannibal at the Battle of Cannae in 216 BC, the American Revolutionary War Battle of Cowpens in 1781, and the destruction of the 7th German Army at the Falaise Gap in 1944 (Goodman,1993). Defensive-offensive maneuvers include attack from a strong defensive position after the attacking enemy has been sapped in strength, as in two battles of the Hundred Years' War, Crecy in 1346 and Agincourt in 1415, or feigned withdrawals that attempts to lure the enemy out of position as performed by William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 and also by Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz in 1805 (Goodman,1993). Turning maneuvers are indirect approaches that attempt to swing wide around an enemy's flank to threaten an enemy's supply and communication lines that the enemy...
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...The Punic Wars The Punic wars were a series of conflicts fought between forces of Carthage and Rome between 264 BC and 146 BC. At the time Rome had been claiming land and conquering territory, when Rome ventured to cross the Sicilian Strait, 1 the Romans wanted to conquer as much as they could, with that they now had many different supporters as well as many different people out to get them and wanting to start fights. Many of the starts of the Punic wars were with Carthage, a large city located on the coast of what is now Lebanon. Carthage was the only great city states that rivaled Rome’s power, wealth and population. 2 Though Carthage had clashed with many different powers, they historically were friendly and had signed many different trading treaties over the years.3 Carthage’s navy was the largest it didn’t hold a permanent army2 they instead relied mostly on mercenaries. Carthage has acquired dominion over the native races of Africa the Lydians and the Numidians.1 With these holds, they were able to slowly gain power like Rome had. Carthage did have a step up on Rome as they were more devolved in their navy, where Rome was not. The first conflict between Rome and Carthage which we now know as the First Punic war, began in Sicily. Sicily at the time was divided among many different powers, Carthage holing all the power of the western part of the island. The southern part of the island was under control of the king of Syracuse, who ruled this city as well as neighboring...
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