...Cardiovascular Risk Factors “In almost every year since 1900, cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been the number-one cause of death in the United States. Nearly 2500 Americans die of CVD each day, an average of one death every 25 seconds. The disease kills more people than the next four causes of death combined, including cancer, chronic lower respiratory diseases, accidents, and diabetes” (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2010, p. 704). In order to manage the disease effectively, it is of major importance to identify risk factors. The purpose of this paper is to discuss several cardiovascular risk factors and how they contribute to the pathophysiology of CVD. Patient Profile Mrs. G.Y. is a 71-years old Hawaiian female of Chinese descent, admitted to the hospital for chest pain. Upon admission to the hospital, she was complaining of generalized weakness, chest pain, and dyspnea with any physical activity. Her health history includes: hypertension, cardiovascular disease, hyperlipidemia, aortic stenosis and osteoporosis. Past surgical procedures include tubal ligation. She is on a cardiac diet, is allergic to aspirin, never smoked, and never used illegal drugs. Cardiovascular Risk Factors By taking a quick glance at her medical record, she is at risk for cardiovascular disease, due to the fact that she is a postmenopausal female, over 65, has hypertension, she lives a sedentary life, and she has aortic stenosis. Other cardiovascular risk factors include cigarette smoking and obesity...
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...Clinical Assignment: Cardiovascular Risk Factors Introduction The American Heart Association has identified several risk factors that greater your chance of developing coronary heart disease and heart attack. Major risk factors are those that research has shown significantly increase the risk of heart and blood vessel (cardiovascular) disease. Risk factors are divided up into modifiable and non-modifiable as outlined below. Patient Profile My patient on 03/31/2011 was M.M., who is a 55 year old Caucasian male who presented to UMC on 03/26/2011 with a chief complaint of shortness of breath, light headed, and pain in the left ankle. I choose M.M. as he had an admitting diagnosis of COPD exacerbation, syncope, and a medical history for being hospitalized with congestive heart failure (CHF), obstructive sleep apnea and COPD, and is currently a smoker. Risk Factors Age: According to the American Heart Association (AHA), over 82% of people who die of coronary heart disease are 65 or older. Age is the most important risk factor for developing CAD in women. When compared with men, women are, on average, 10 years older when they have CAD. (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2010). At older ages, women who have heart attacks are more likely than men are to die from them within a few weeks. M.M. is 55 years old, so this risk factor does not directly apply to him right now. Sex: According to the AHA, men have a greater risk of heart attack than women...
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...Non Modifiable Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease By: Fawn R. Stephen-Odle June 2012 Cardiovascular disease is caused by disorders of the heart and blood vessels, and includes coronary heart disease (heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (stroke), raised blood pressure (hypertension), peripheral artery disease, rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart disease, and heart failure. The major causes of cardiovascular disease are tobacco use, physical inactivity, an unhealthy diet and harmful use of alcohol. Unfortunately, there are four non-modifiable risk factors that contribute to CVD (cardiovascular disease). Race and Ethnicity: Race and ethnicity have quite a bit to do with risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Studies show that African Americans have a higher risk for Cardiovascular Disease because of higher blood pressure levels, overweight and obesity, compared to Caucasians. Higher blood pressure levels are among the highest in African Americans in the world. Mexican Americans and Native Americans are also at higher risk for heart disease because of higher rates of obesity, diabetes, and smoking. Studies also show that about 77% of African American women, 72% of Mexican American women, and 61% of Native American women are overweight or obese, compared to 57% of Caucasian women. Taking precautions such as eating a proper diet, exercise, lessen use of alcohol, and quitting smoking can reduce a person’s chances of contracting Cardiovascular Disease. All races...
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...Homocysteine and The Cardiovascular System Abstract Cardiovascular disease is considered to be the leading cause of death to date. There are many factors that contribute to cardiovascular disease. Some factors are conventional and straightforward, while others are unconventional and overlooked (Dwivedi, Tripathi, Shukla, Khan, Chauhan, 2011). Homocysteine is an amino acid found in the body that helps to build and maintain tissue. High levels of homocysteine have been linked to endothelial damage to the blood vessels. This damage can lead to plaque formation, thus atherosclerosis can ensue (American Heart Association, 2012). Although there are many causes of hyperhomocysteinemia, research has shown that nutritional replacement has helped to lower the level. Folic acid and B vitamins have shown to decrease homocysteine levels and thus help decrease plaque formation. Patients with high levels of homocysteine are instructed to include folic acid and b vitamins in their diet, restrict methionine, and exercise. Homocysteine is an unconventional risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and can also be used as a risk marker (Milani & Lavi, 2008). Homocysteine and The Cardiovascular System Cardiovascular disease involves all the diseases that affect the heart and vessels. There are many different diseases that affect the cardiovascular system. Atherosclerosis is one of these diseases. Atherosclerosis is characterized by the accumulation of soft, fatty and fibrinous...
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...The Future of Cardiovascular Diagnostics THE MARKET, TRENDS & FUTURE DIRECTIONS Extracted on: 20 Apr 2011 Reference Code: BI00021-008 Publication Date: 02 Mar 2010 Publisher: Datamonitor © Datamonitor This content is a licensed product, no part of this publication shall be reproduced, sold, modified or stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of Datamonitor. The information in this document has been extracted from published research by a registered user of the Datamonitor360 platform. Datamonitor shall not be responsible for any loss of original context and for any changes made to information following its extraction. All information was current at the time of extraction although the original content may have been subsequently updated. Please refer back to the website http://360.datamonitor.com/ to view the most recent content and the original source of the information. To the maximum extent permitted by applicable law we exclude all representations, warranties and conditions relating to the facts of all publications. At time of publication no guarantee of accuracy or suitability, whether express or implied, shall attach to this publication (including, without limitation, any warranties implied by law of satisfactory quality, fitness for purpose and/or the use of reasonable care and skill). Please note that the findings, conclusions and recommendations...
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...University of Phoenix Material Effects of Disease on the Health Care Industry: Cardiovascular Health Complete the table below for 2 diseases that you have chosen that affects cardiovascular health. In each box, you are required to list 3-5 bulleted statements regarding the heading of that box. Cite your sources using APA format. This section is due in Week Three. Chosen Cardiovascular Disease or Disorder | Treatment Modalities | Cultural Beliefs/Practices Affecting this Disease | Epidemiological Statistics | Available Consumer Resources(ex. financing, information, support) | Impact on Society | Heart failure | * Getting to and staying at a healthy weight * Eating a Heart-Healthy Diet * avoiding secondhand smoke. | * Heart failure is not for strong men * Heart failure only affect older people * Heart failure is for the weak(myth) | * More than 5.8 million adults in the USA are living with heart failure * Heart failure affects more men than women, and its prevalence greatly increases with advancing age * Heat failure increased from 90 to 121 per 1,000 between 1994 and 2003 | * Cdc.gov * American heart association * | * Heart failure generates high medical resource consumption. * Heart Failure affects 6-10% of people over the age of 65 * Individual with heart failure are likely not to see their loved ones | *coronary artery diseases | * Quitting smoking and avoiding secondhand...
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...Fiber in the Body When we look at the function of fiber to the body it is used to help with the lowering of cholesterol and for the gastrointestinal health. When we think of fiber most people think of grains only. Fiber can be found in many fruits and vegetables as well as grains. There are two types of fiber. The soluble fibers have had studies that show some improvements in LCL which is the bad cholesterol in your body. By reducing this you are reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. This fiber is found in oats as well as beans, peas, rice bran, barley, citrus fruits, strawberries and apple pulp (American Heart Association, January). The insoluble fiber is the dietary fiber that makes you feel full. When you feel full you eat less. This helps you to keep weight down and this will decrease your risk of cardiovascular problems. It is also known to slow the progression of cardiovascular disease in those that are high risk. The foods that will give you this type of fiber consist of whole-wheat, rye, cabbage, beets, turnips, cauliflower, and the apple’s skin (American Heart Association, January). Children need smaller degrees of fiber then adults. Let’s look at a five year old child. They would only require about 10g of fiber were an adult would require about 25g of fiber (Horn, June). A child will not need the fiber that an adult gets until he or she reaches the age when they will be eating 1500 or more per day. The information between the website article...
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...activity can be good for many reasons: Personal weight loss goals, strength, conditioning, and better health. Physical activity is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure. “Physical inactivity has been identified as the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality causing an estimated 3.2 million deaths globally”. Exercise is structured activity and tends to have fitness as its goal. Physical fitness is something one can acquire a characteristic or an attribute and can achieve being physically active. With physical activity one can prevent many health issues such as diabetes, high cholesterol and cardiovascular disease. Types of physical activity can produce significant health benefits. One does not have to achieve a high fitness level to achieve health benefits Heart disease and stroke are two of the leading causes of death in the United States. But following the Guidelines and getting at least 150 minutes a week of moderate-intensity aerobic activity can put one at a lower risk for these diseases. Regular physical activity can also lower one’s blood pressure and improve cholesterol levels. Regular physical activity can even reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is a condition in which you have some combination of too much fat around the waist, high blood pressure, or low HDL cholesterol. (High-density lipoprotein) HDL is also known as good cholesterol because it is thought...
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...health. This is even more accurate for those individuals who are obese as it can promote weight loss, increase cardiovascular functions and reducing cardiovascular disease risk factors. In order to lose weight, an individual must be in a caloric deficit. A person who maintains a consistent weight is said to be in a state of caloric balance. In other words, he or she is eating around the same amount of calories as being used. The key to be in a state of caloric deficit, the individual is not only reducing the amount of calories consumed but also increasing physical activity throughout the day. A caloric deficit of 3,500 calories will allow a person to lose one pound. This means that a caloric deficit of around 500-1000 calories per day is required to lose one to two pounds per week (Hussman, n.d.). People who suffer from obesity are at risk of not having a healthy cardiovascular system. Exercise has a positive effect on the cardiovascular system when combined with a healthy diet which can lead to better cardiovascular health. (Watts, Jones, Davies, & Green, 2005) Aerobic exercises work on the heart by causing it to pump blood at a faster rate to keep up with the oxygen needs of the muscles. This works out the heart like any other muscle building strength and endurance. It may even keep the heart working longer (McClelland, 2011). Being obese also puts them at risk of having health problems such as high...
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...Cardiovascular Disease Cardiovascular Disease Cardiovascular disease is known as a disease that affects the heart or blood vessel within the heart. Cardiovascular is one of the biggest causes in deaths all over the world. Cardiovascular can affect families with medical family history, smokers, obesity, age, gender and people with breast cancer. Men and women are exposed to this disease and there is treatment available for this disease. A cardiovascular symptom ranges from chest pain, discomfort, aching, burning, and squeezing. Other symptoms involve unusual feeling in the arms, jaws, back, neck, and throat. Other forms of cardiovascular episode are shortness of breath, irregular heartbeats, faster heartbeat, weakness or dizziness, nausea, and sweating. These symptoms can be indications to having a cardiovascular episode within that person body. Management for cardiovascular disease is different treatment such as dieting, surgery, or medication to prevent an episode of having a cardiovascular attack. Many cardiovascular attacks can range from heart attacks, irregular heartbeats or even death. If you have a strong medical family history the best management for prevent cardiovascular is to have healthy dieting and annual health visits to monitor your health. Prevention can come in many ways than one such as visits to your doctor, exercising, and healthy eating. Prevent awareness is always offered in local...
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...Cholesterol: The new guidelines Ann K. McCullough Northern Illinois University Background There are 71 million American adults that have elevated low-density lipoproteins (LDL) cholesterol and only 33% of adults with high LDL’s are being treated (CDC, 2012). Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD) and it has shown to be a contributing factor for CAD. An estimated 785,000 Americans will have a new CAD event and approximately 470,000 will have a recurrent attack. The cost of CAD is astounding and is estimated at $172 billion annually (Heidenreich, el. al., 2011). Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States (US) and is responsible to 17% of the national health expenditures. It has been eight years since new cholesterol guidelines have been updated and the new guidelines have created a little controversy. The ATP IV guidelines set by the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) have created many waves in the treatment of cholesterol and lipid management. The guidelines stress the prevention of stroke as well as heart disease and focuses on statin therapy rather than other alternative unproven therapeutic agents. It also recognizes that more intensive treatment is superior to less intensive treatment for many patients. History Cholesterol screening guidelines have evolved and changed over the past couple of years, but there continues to be gaps in care with an insufficient...
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...Cardiovascular fitness shows how the heart and lungs supply oxygen-rich blood to the working muscle tissues and the ability of the muscles to use oxygen to produce energy for movement. The ability to deliver oxygen to the muscles is affected by many physiological parameters, including heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, and maximal oxygen consumption. Cardiovascular conditioning utilizes and transports the necessary oxygen and nutrients to body tissues. In order for the body to deliver adequate oxygenated blood and nutrients to the muscles, the body has to be well conditioned. By the body being well conditioned it improves the muscles capacity to use extra oxygen. Cardiovascular training is the most important style of training both for general health and for overall athletic performance. Cardiovascular Benefits of Conditioning The circulatory system is one of the major systems which is effected by cardiovascular conditioning. Your circulatory system consists of your heart, blood vessels and blood, and is responsible for transporting life-giving oxygen throughout your body. When you exercise, your body's need for oxygen increases; the harder you work out, the more oxygen your body demands. To ensure that sufficient oxygen is available for your muscles during activity, your body makes short- and long-term changes. The heart becomes strong and is able to use energy more efficiently with proper exercise. Blood pressure becomes lower as the heart muscle does not have to work...
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...Cardiovascular Disease the Silent Killer in the Hispanic Community The purpose of this paper is to discuss the community teaching proposal based on the necessities of the Hispanic population in South Florida. It will present the primary prevention and health promotion in cardiovascular disease. This writer will discussed the summary of teaching plan, epidemiology, evaluation of the teaching experience, the community response to teaching and the areas of strength and improvement for individuals at risk of this fatal condition. is an electronic template for papers written in APA style (American Psychological Association, 2010). The purpose of the template is to help the student set the margins and spacing. Margins are set at 1 inch for top, bottom, left, and right. The type is left-justified only—that means the left margin is straight, but the right margin is ragged. Each paragraph is indented five spaces. It is best to use the tab key to indent. The line spacing is double throughout the paper, even on the reference page. One space is used after punctuation at the end of sentences. The font style used in this template is Times New Roman and the font size is 12. Epidemiology Rationale for Cardiovascular Disease Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among Hispanic individuals. In comparing this targeted population to non-Hispanics living in the United States, Hispanics individuals are 1.3 times more likely to suffer a cerebral hemorrhage accident (Gniesha...
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...COMMENTARIES 3. 25]. Available from: http://www.ccl-cca.ca/ccl/Reports/HealthLiteracy.html Petch E, Ronson B, Rootman I. Literacy and health in Canada: what we have learned and what can help in the future? A research report. Clear language edition [monograph on the Internet]. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Institutes of Health Research; 2004 [cited 2011 Nov 25]. Available from: www.cpha.ca/ uploads/portals/h-l/literacy_e.pdf Public Health Agency of Canada [homepage on the Internet]. Ottawa, ON: Public Health Agency of Canada; 2003 [updated 2011 Oct 21; cited 2011 Nov 26]. What determines health?; [about 3 screens]. Available from: http:// www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/ph-sp/determinants/index-eng.php. Scott Murray, Data Angel Policy Research, Incorporated, Rima Rudd, Harvard School of Public Health, Irwin Kirsch, Educational Testing, Service, Kentaro Yamamoto, Educational Testing Service and, Sylvie Grenier, Statistics Canada. Health literacy in Canada: initial results from the International Adult Literacy and Skills Survey 2007 [monograph on Internet]. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Council on Learning; 2007 [cited 2011 Nov 26]. Available from: www.ccl-cca.ca/pdfs/HealthLiteracy/HealthLiteracyinCanada.pdf Rao JK, Anderson LA, Inui TS, Frankel RM. Communication interventions make a difference in conversation between physician and patients: a systemic review of the evidence. Med Care. 2007;45(4):340-9. Stewart MA. Effective physician–patient communication and health outcomes: a review. CMAJ. 1995;152(9):1423-33...
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...Cardiovascular Disease Teri Hawkins 08/02/2013 University of Phoenix Have you ever wondered what cardiovascular disease? I’m going to tell you about the 4 cardiovascular diseases there are. There is heart attacks, congestive heart failure, strokes and intermittent claudication. I’m going to tell you the causes, symptoms, management and prevention of cardiovascular disease. By the end of this I’m hoping to be able help you know how to prevent these diseases or if you already have a cardiovascular disease how to treat them. What is cardiovascular disease? Cardiovascular disease is caused by narrowed, blocked or stiffened blood vessels that prevent your heart, brain or other parts of your body from receiving enough blood. Some symptoms are chest pain, shortness of breath, pain, numbness, weakness or coldness in your legs or arms, if the blood vessels in those parts of your body are narrowed. Some people may not be diagnosed with until you have a heart attack, angina, stroke or heart failure. It’s important to pay attention to how you feel and if you are having any symptoms or have concerns contact your physician. Some factors for cardiovascular disease is age, gender, and family history. Males are more common to have a cardiovascular disease like a heart attack then women are. Age plays a role in this as well, a younger person is less likely than an older person to have a heart attack or stroke. Family history plays a huge role because if cardiovascular disease runs...
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