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http://knowledge.insead.edu/leadership-management/operations-management/the-transcultural-leader-carlos-ghosn-ceo-of-renault-nissan-1904

http://www.mckinsey.com/features/leading_in_the_21st_century/carlos_ghosn

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Dirigeants : l'enjeu des 100 premiers jours
LAURANCE N'KAOUA
1382 mots
11 octobre 2011
Les Echos
ECHOS
12
21035
Français
All rights reserved - Les Echos 2011 Visitez le site web: lesechos.fr pour plus d´informations.
En 1999, cent jours après être passé numéro un chez Nissan, Carlos Ghosn a lancé son « Nissan Revival Plan ». Après cent jours aux commandes d'Airbus en 2006, Christian Streiff a, lui, rendu son tablier. Deux cas extrêmes et un constat : lorsqu'un dirigeant arrive dans une entreprise, les cent premiers jours sont cruciaux.
« L'ordre du jour et les priorités sur mon agenda sont complètement différents pendant cette période », témoigne Laurent Choain, devenu en 2010, directeur des ressources humaines du groupe Mazars. Ces trois mois, hautement symboliques, doivent cependant s'accompagner de gestes concrets. « Ce qu'un dirigeant aura fait ou pas fait, dit ou pas dit... tout sera observé lors de cette période où les attentes sont exacerbées. Il est essentiel de cerner les enjeux, de donner le cap, voire de redresser la barre sans délai, et de s'imposer », affirme Olivier Lemal, associé du cabinet de management de transition EIM, qui organise demain un débat sur ce thème en partenariat avec « Les Echos ».
La période est hautement périlleuse. « Les premières erreurs comptent double. Et par une maladresse, un patron peut donner une image qui pèsera lourd sur sa capacité à mobiliser ses équipes par la suite. Or le leadership n'est pas spontanément accordé », observe Bernard Galambeau, professeur émérite à l'ESCP Europe. Déjà, les mandats de PDG se réduisent comme peau de chagrin : Booz & Company estime qu'ils dépassent rarement 6,6 ans, contre 8,1 ans, il y a dix ans. « Mais si un dirigeant n'imprime pas sa marque au bout de 100 jours, il est probable qu'il quittera l'entreprise plus rapidement encore », commente Olivier Lemal.
Les dirigeants sont armés d'une mission. Sa mise en oeuvre est délicate. « Les pressions émanent de toutes parts. Elles sont financières, mais aussi médiatiques, commente Nicolas Mariotte, directeur au sein de CapGemini Consulting. Et ni le charisme ni la technicité ne suffisent pour réussir. »

Pas de recettes standard
Leurs gestes sont d'autant plus cruciaux que, paradoxalement, dans l'univers mouvant et global où évoluent les entreprises, les dirigeants incarnent plus que jamais la société qu'ils rejoignent. Qui peut dissocier Virgin de Richard Branson ouRenault de Carlos Ghosn ? « Les gens, de manière erronée, pensent que le chef imprime sa griffe sur tous les process qui permettent à une entreprise de fonctionner, estime Pierre Vareille, PDG de FCI.
S'il est rare pour ces patrons d'avoir le temps de se préparer, quelques règles d'or existent. La première ? Il n'y a pas de recettes standard. « Si une entreprise est au bord du gouffre, un dirigeant n'a pas 100 jours mais 100 heures. Il faut alors prendre des décisions qui ne sont ni justes ni morales, mais efficaces et drastiques. A l'inverse, dans une société saine, tout le monde vous pardonnera de prendre une semaine supplémentaire pour décider d'un grand chantier, commente Patrick Puy, directeur général France de TDF. C'est la différence entre la médecine militaire et la médecine traditionnelle : sur un champ de bataille, un médecin s'occupera d'abord des blessés légers pour les renvoyer au combat. Un médecin de ville fera l'inverse. » L'inverse passe par le fait de prendre le pouls de l'entreprise. « Il faut connaître les règles du jeu pour évaluer les bons leviers d'actions à mettre en oeuvre », estime Nicolas Mariotte. Car chaque société a un rythme, une histoire, une culture. « Si vous heurtez la culture de l'entreprise, vous n'y arriverez pas. Et les symboles sont importants. Si votre prédécesseur avait mangeait régulièrement à la cantine, à votre arrivée, faites-le aussi », conseille Pierre Vareille.
Rien de tel pour comprendre l'ADN d'un nouvel environnement - et créer sa feuille de route -que de multiplier les rencontres sur le terrain. « Les salariés s'ouvrent spontanément. Et ils vous apportent un éclairage souvent plus parlant que les chiffres », poursuit-il. Quitte à chercher des témoins lointains. « Dans mon premier poste au sein d'une société de métallurgie, la personne qui m'a le plus éclairé est l'assistante d'un ancien patron. Viscéralement attachée à l'entreprise, elle m'en a donné des clefs, raconte Laurent Choain, co-fondateur du Cercle du Leadership. Pour une prise de fonction réussie, il faut créer la confiance. »
Pas question, donc, de débarquer en terrain conquis. « Un dirigeant doit être habile vis-à-vis des salariés, mais aussi de l'écosystème global dans lequel évolue l'entreprise . Il faut un savoir-faire relationnel et non plus seulement hiérarchique », estime Nicolas Mariotte. Au regard des syndicats d'Airbus, Christian Streiff a démissionné, non pas à cause d'un manque de compétences -le plan « Power 8 » dont il était l'architecte a été mis en place par son successeur -mais parce qu'« il est intervenu avec des méthodes musclées qui n'étaient pas adaptées à l'industrie aéronautique de l'époque ».
C'est pourquoi beaucoup renoncent, dans un premier temps, à faire venir leurs équipes. « J'ai toujours refusé d'amener d'anciens collaborateurs car, à sa prise de poste, un dirigeant n'a aucun moyen de déclarer que les équipes en place ne sont pas compétentes », raconte Patrick Puy.
« Des déferlantes de priorités »
Un patron doit pourtant incarner une rupture. Et imposer son leadership par petites touches via une attitude, un comportement. « Dès le premier jour, par exemple, on fait face à des déferlantes de priorités. Il faut rester ouvert mais ne laisser à personne le soin de fixer celles-ci pour vous », affirme Laurent Choain. Chez Rhodia, Jean-Pierre Clamadieu a rapidement instauré des rendez-vous réguliers avec les syndicats. Et dès ses premiers pas chez France Télécom, Stéphane Richard n'a pas hésité à créer un blog « sans tabou, sans code » où il invitait les 102.000 salariés du groupe endeuillé par des suicides à dialoguer avec lui.« C'est un art, un patron doit faire avec les gènes de l'entreprise sans se faire phagocyter par celle-ci », estime Frédéric Marquette, associé chez EIM.
Au fil des rencontres, il identifiera des relais sur lesquels compter. Car le moment des actes viendra vite. « Il faut agir rapidement, car les gens attendent quelque chose. Et Claude Levi-Strauss disait : "A vouloir tout comprendre, on renonce à changer quoi que ce soit". L'action et le changement impliquent une certaine cécité », remarque Pierre Vareille.
Mieux vaut toutefois ne pas immédiatement entamer de grandes manoeuvres. « Il faut agir vite pour donner des signaux forts, et asseoir sa crédibilité. Mais il ne faut surtout pas, au lendemain de son arrivée, engager de grands projets structurels ou stratégiques sans résultats immédiats », assure Frédéric Marquette. En revanche, une fois la décision prise, surtout l'expliquer. Car, comme le dit Pierre Vareille : « La clef absolue, c'est communiquer, communiquer sans cesse. Le travail d'un manager, c'est d'abord de convaincre. » sept clefs pour réussir Sa prise de fonction ne jamais débarquer en terrain conquisSe montrer trop arrogant ou trop sûr de soi est le moyen assuré de ne pas emporter l'adhésion des troupes. apprendre le langage de l'entrepriseIl est essentiel de rester sans cesse à l'écoute, en n'hésitant pas à se rendre sur le terrain. agir vite Les premières batailles remportées créeront une dynamique. Il faut engager sans tarder des mesures, symboliques si l'entreprise est en bonne santé, ou drastiques si elle est au bord du gouffre. Paradoxalement, les premières actions seront plus délicates - et le rôle du dirigeant plus complexe -si l'entreprise va bien. ne pas immédiatement réinventer la stratégie de l'entreprise Mieux vaut prendre son temps avant d'entamer de grandes manoeuvres structurantes qui engagent toute l'entreprise sur le long terme.ne pas noircir le tableauNi les salariés, ni les autres dirigeants, ni les actionnaires ne pardonneraient à un nouveau venu d'avoir, un jour, médit de son prédécesseur. établir ses appuis Il faut, très vite, trouver des relais, savoir sur qui l'on peut compter dans l'entourage proche. communiquer sans cesse Une fois prises, les premières décisions devront être expliquées. Il faut une communication de proximité, pragmatique et directe. Un dirigeant devra trouver le juste équilibre pour rassurer et dynamiser les hommes de l'entreprise.

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