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Case Analysis - Tesla

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TUGAS KELOMPOK
MANAJEMEN STRATEGI

CASE ANALYSIS:
TESLA MOTORS: CHARGING INTO THE FUTURE?

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KELAS G-141, GROUP 5

DARIL BENAYA YOYADA B. - 1406513426 DEA AYESHA WIDYASWARI - 1406513451 DIAH PURNAMA SARI - 1406588830 DIAN MARSISKA - 1406588843 HENDRAWAN - 1406513754

PROGRAM MAGISTER MANAJEMEN FAKULTAS EKONOMI
UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
2015
TESLA MOTORS: CHARGING INTO THE FUTURE?

A. CASE SYNOPSIS

Tesla Motors merupakan perusahaan yang ditemukan pada tahun 2003 di Silicon Valley, berfokus pada industri desain, manufaktur, dan penjualan mobil elektrik tanpa emisi serta bagian rangkaian penggerak listriknya, semacam baterai lithium-ion, yang nantinya dibeli dan digunakan oleh pembuat mobil lainnya. Sejak didirikan, Tesla Motors telah melakukan terobosan-terobosan signifikan dalam pasar kendaraan elektrik / electric vehicle (EV) melalui teknologi rangkaian penggerak listrik. Tesla tidak menjadi satu-satunya manufaktur EV; Chevy dan Toyota merupakan pesaing terberat Tesla dalam pasar EV. Sampai saat ini, kendaraan yang diproduksi Tesla memiliki rentang jarak kendara yang lebih luas dan kinerja yang lebih baik, tetapi ancaman dari para pesaing ini tentunya tidak bisa diabaikan begitu saja. Tesla memiliki keterbatasan dalam kemampuannya memproduksi kendaraan disebabkan oleh ukuran dan aksesnya kepada sumberdaya yang membuatnya mengalami kerugian dibandingkan para pesaingnya. Ada 2 isu yang dihadapi oleh Tesla: bagaimana caranya untuk terus maju dan ke arah mana? Tesla dapat terus bertahan menjadi perusahaan manufaktur EV berkualitas tinggi yang memenuhi hanya pasar niche atau menjadi produsen EV yang lebih terjangkau dan tentunya mencapai rentang pasar yang lebih luas. Fokus dan inovasi yang dilakukan Tesla berawal dari kepeduliannya terhadap isu lingkungan, terutama ancaman perubahan iklim global, yang menyebabkan produknya banyak diterima di pasar. Perkembangan pesat dan kontinu dari teknologi baterai lithium-ion juga sangat vital dalam mereduksi biaya produksi EV dan meningkatkan rentang jarak kendaranya (per charge). Perubahan global dalam demografi konsumen juga secara signifikan meningkatkan permintaan terhadap kendaraan emisi netral. Tesla memiliki suplier skala global yang memasok part mobil mereka, salah satu yang paling vital adalah pemasok komponen semacam baterai lithium-ion. Tesla bekerjasama dengan Panasonic yang bertujuan untuk melindungi paten teknologi baterai dan melakukan outsource produksi baterai secara massal. Pelanggan Tesla terdiri atas konsumen individu dan industri mobil lain yang membeli komponen rangkaian penggerak listrik EV milik Tesla. Pesaing utama Tesla antara lain Toyota Motor Company, General Motors, Ford Motor Company, Honda Motor Company, Nissan Motor Company, dan perusahaan manufaktur mobil lainnya semacam Daimler dan Hyundai. Untuk menunjukkan dirinya berbeda dari perusahaan mobil lainnya, Tesla memfokuskan diri sebagai perusahaan Silicon Valley yang menjadi pemimpin dari revolusi teknologi dalam bidang industri mobil. Sebagai pionir produsen EV, Tesla telah mengembangkan paten teknologi rangkaian penggerak listrik yang komprehensif dan terintegrasi. Tesla juga telah mengembangkan pendekatan tiga sisi untuk meningkatkan jumlah dan variasi EV yang dapat dijual pada pasar mainstream: penjualan mobil di showroom dan secara online; penjualan komponen kepada manufaktur mobil lainnya; dan dengan menjadi katalis serta teladan bagi produsen mobil lainnya dalam ranah produksi kendaraan yang menyenangkan untuk dikendarai dan ramah lingkungan. Tesla telah mengembangkan jaringan distribusi yang berbeda yang dibentuk atas dasar usaha ambisius untuk memegang kontrol dari penjualan dan operasi servisnya sendiri, serta menangkap keuntungan dan umpan balik dari pelanggan. Pendekatan pemasaran dan penjualan yang diadopsi Tesla mirip dengan apa yang dilakukan oleh Apple, yaitu berfokus pada kombinasi antara pengalaman langsung dan teknologi tinggi. Konsep sistem servis yang diadopsi Tesla berbasis pada umpan balik pelanggan dan adanya petugas servis yang siap sedia melayani panggilan servis upgrade dan inspeksi tahunan dari rumah ke rumah. Kultur perusahaan Tesla menekankan pada kewirausahaan, serta berfokus pada pembentukan tim yang kuat dan pemilihan personil yang beretos kerja tinggi. Kondisi keuangan Tesla mengalami penurunan sejak didirikan, sebagian besar disebabkan oleh tingginya biaya penelitian dan pengembangan rangkaian penggerak listrik dan desain kendaraan. Kelebihan Tesla dalam rentang jarak kendara dan kinerja yang lebih baik mungkin tidak cukup untuk mengatasi ancaman dari pesaing dalam industri EV. Dalam komitmennya untuk mengembangkan mobil ramah lingkungan, Tesla mulai mempertimbangkan dampak yang ditimbulkan baterai lithium-ion terhadap lingkungan dari waktu ke waktu dan apakah hal itu akan bertentangan dengan salah satu prinsipnya. Sebagai perusahaan yang masih hijau dan bersaing dengan perusahaan lain yang lebih besar dan mapan, Tesla harus mengambil beberapa keputusan sulit mengenai produk dan apakah mereka harus mengembangkan portofolionya. Hal ini juga disertai ancaman dari pendatang baru dalam pasar EV yang cukup tinggi. Sumber pembiayaan bisnis yang berasal dari utang juga menyebabkan Tesla harus memutar otak untuk meningkatkan volume penjualan agar keuntungan meningkat dan dapat membayar sebagian utangnya. Adalah suatu tantangan tersendiri untuk berusaha meningkatkan jumlah permintaan akan mobil EV yang relatif rendah di tengah gencarnya persaingan penjualan mobil EV dalam tujuannya untuk meningkatkan keuntungan Tesla dan menghapuskan utangyang memberatkan keuangan perusahaan. Beberapa pertanyaan utama yang diajukan dalam menentukan arah masa depan dan kesuksesan Tesla adalah:
1) Haruskah Tesla terus berkompetisi dalam industri mobil atau tidak?
2) Bila ya, apakah pendekatan yang berbeda dapat membuat perusahaan untuk mendapatkan market share dan posisi yang lebih baik dalam industri bila dibandingkan dengan fokus awal pada segmen pasar yang sadar lingkungan dan relatif merujuk pada kelas atas?
3) Dapatkan perusahaan dengan pendekatan a la Silicon Valley sukses dalam sektor industri mobil yang lebih tradisional?
4) Haruskah Tesla mengembangkan fokusnya pada kendaraan sejenis truk dan SUV, atau tetap berfokus pada mobil-mobil berkinerja tinggi dan mewah?
5) Segmen pasar apakah yang sebaiknya ditekuni?
6) Untuk mengurangi utang dan meningkatkan penjualan, bagaimana sebaiknya Tesla menerapkan ekspansinya di sisi retail?
7) Apakah kontrol penuh terhadap kepemilikan toko jauh lebih baik dibandingkan bila melakukan franchising pada dealer?
8) Bagi pengambil keputusan utama seperti CEO, bagaimana cara mengatasi permasalahan yang berkaitan dengan pemeliharaan mobil, network yang dibutuhkan dan bagaimana menyesuaikannya dengan strategi perusahaan?

B. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

Terdapat dua masalah utama yang dihadapi Tesla, yaitu: 1. Meskipun Tesla saat ini sedang menikmati keunggulan mereka di segmen kendaraan listrik pada industri mobil, Tesla harus bersiap dengan kompetisi dengan pendatang baru yang notabene adalah pemain besar di industri mobil, seperti Toyota, Honda, Daimler, Chevrolet, Nissan, dan sebagainya. Tesla belum memiliki skala ekonomi dan sumber daya untuk berkompetisi dengan pemain besar yang dapat dengan mudah menyediakan banyak sumber daya untuk berbagai proyek pengembangan. 2. Kegiatan operasi Tesla sebagian besar didanai dari hutang, oleh karena itu mereka membutuhkan peningkatan penjualan untuk mendapat profit agar dapat membayar hutang, namun permintaan untuk fully EV masih relatif kecil.
C. RELATED THEORY

Selain melakukan analisa lingkungan eksternal, perusahan juga harus mampu melakukan evaluasi mengenai sumberdaya, kapabilitas dan kemampuan daya saingnya terhadap kondisi lingkungan yang ada. Evaluasi sumber daya (resources) meliputi evaluasi terhadap:
a. Tangible Resources, merupakan sumber daya yang tampak dari perusahaan, yaitu: • Physical resources seperti mesin, pabrik, lokasi, dll • Financial resources seperti ekuitas / modal, hutang bank, hutang dagang, uang muka penjualan, dll • Technologycal assets seperti paten, copyright, superior production technology, dll • Organizational resources seperti jaringan distribusi, bisnis proses, dll
b. Intangible Resources, merupakan sumber daya yang tidak tampak dari perusahaan, yaitu: • Human assets dan intellectual capital • Brand, image, dan reputasi • Relationship adalah bagaimana hubungan perusahaan dengan ekosistemnya yaitu pemasok, pelanggan, dan hubungan dengan pihak lain yang dimiliki perusahaan seperti aliansi atau joint ventures dengan pihak lain. • Budaya perusahaan

Kapabilitas adalah kapasitas perusahaan untuk kompeten melakukan beberapa kegiatan internal. Kapabilitas organisasi dikembangkan dan dibangun melalui penyebaran sumber daya perusahaan atau beberapa kombinasi dari sumber daya yang ada. Sedangkan kompetensi sendiri adalah sumberdaya dan kemampuan yang berfungsi sebagai sumber keunggulan kompetitif perusahaan dari para pesaingnya. Untuk itu Core Competencies organisasi haruslah memiliki 4 kriteria: valuable, rare, inimitable, dan non substitutable. Analisa terhadap kondisi internal perusahaan haruslah dapat menjawab 5 pertanyaan berikut:
1. Seberapa baik strategi perusahaan berjalan?
2. Apa saja sumber daya dan kapabilitas penting yang dimiliki perusahaan?
3. Apakah struktur biaya perusahaan dan customer value proposition sudah kompetitif?
4. Apa saja kekuatan kompetitif perusahaan relatif terhadap para pesaingnya?
5. Isu-isu dan masalah strategis apa yang harus diatasi oleh manajemen?

D. CASE ANALYSIS AND SOLUTION Akan dilakukan dua macam analisa, yaitu analisa lingkungan internal menggunakan Five Diamonds Analysis dan analisa lingkungan eksternal menggunakan Five Porter’s Analysis.
|Five Diamonds Analysis |
|Arenas |Kepedulian terhadap isu lingkungan, terutama ancaman perubahan iklim global. |
| |Teknologi rangkaian penggerak listrik yang komprehensif dan terintegrasi untuk EV. |
| |Konsumen individu (pada awalnya high-end market dan kemudian menjangkau broader family sedan market) dan |
| |industri mobil lain yang telah dijual secara global. |
|Vehicles |Merekrut profesional / tenaga ahli di bidangnya untuk seluruh divisi. |
| |Bekerja sama dengan Panasonic untuk mengembangkan baterai lithium-iondan outsource serta melakukan paten |
| |tekonologi. |
| |Tim R &D yang kuat untuk pengembangan produk. |
|Differentiatiors |Rentang jarak kendara dan kinerja yang lebih baik. |
| |Menyediakan kendaraan yang menyenangkan untuk dikendarai dan ramah lingkungan dengan harga bersaing. |
| |Jaringan distribusi, sistem penjualan, serta servis yang unik dan inovatif (store dikelola sendiri, |
| |showroom yang menarik & high-tech, konsumen dapat memberikan masukan atau desain secara langsung, dll). |
|Staging |Pada tahun 2008 hanya memiliki 1 showroom di USA dan pada tahun 2012 telah memiliki 34 showroom di USA |
| |(16), Kanada (2), Eropa (13) & Asia Pasific (3). |
| |Meningkatkan jarak tempuh (Tesla Model S (terbaru): 245 miles/charge dan Tesla Roadster 300 miles/charge). |
|Economic Logic |Memiliki showroom sendiri agar dapat memberikan harga yang lebih terjangkau, namun di sisi lain akan |
| |memberatkan Tesla karena harus melakukan investasi dan mengelola showroom sendiri. |
| |Biaya R & D yang tinggi dan sebagian pembiayaan berasal dari utang menyebabkan beban usaha tinggi. |
| |Perusahaan membukukan kerugian s/d tahun 2012 dan baru membukukan keuntungan pada kuartal I tahun 2013. |

|Five Porter’s Analysis |
|Potentials Entrants |Rendah. |
| |Produk yang dijual memerlukan R & D yang khusus dan lama serta teknologi tinggi yang sulit ditiru. |
| |Modal yang dibutuhkan cukup besar untuk membiayai investasi lahan, pembangunan pabrik, pembelian |
| |mesin produksi, dll. |
|Bargaining Power of Buyers |Rendah. |
| |Pilihan mobil ramah lingkungan masih terbatas. |
| |Harga jual produk debitur bersaing. |
| |Beberapa kompetitor membeli komponen dari Tesla sehingga kompetitor tsb memiliki ketergantungan |
| |terhadap Tesla. |
|Bargaining Power of Suppliers |Rendah. |
| |Terdapat banyak pilihan produsen baterai, namun Tesla hanya bekerja sama dengan Panasonic. |
| |Pasokan bahan baku lainnya tidak ada masalah. |
|Industry Competitors |Sedang. |
| |Terdapat pilihan merk lain, seperti Toyota, GM, Ford, Nissan, dll, namun sejauh ini produk Tesla |
| |memiliki rentang jarak kendara dan kinerja yang terbaik. |
|Threat of substitute product and |Sedang. |
|services |Sebagai pengganti EV, konsumen dapat menggunakan kereta api listrik atau sepeda, namun tingkat |
| |kenyamanannya lebih rendah daripada menggunakan mobil pribadi. |
| |Konsumen juga masih dapat menggunakan mobil dengan bahan bakar minyak yang harganya lebih murah dari|
| |EV, namun mobil dengan bahan bakar minyak tidak ramah lingkungan dan terdapat risiko harga minyak |
| |yang terus naik. |

Catatan :
- Sebagai tambahan, berdasarkan www.cleantechina.com, Tesla model S mencatatkan penjualan tertinggi pada Maret 20115 di atas Nissan Leaf dan BMW i3 dan berdasarkan www.cleanfleetreport.com, Tesla menjadi EV terfavorit kedua per September 2015.
Dari analisa di atas tampak bahwa :
1. Strategi perusahaan berjalan baik dan memiliki keunikan yang sulit diikuti kompetitor. Kompetitor dapat menyaingi produk Tesla, namun dibutuhkan waktu yang lama dan biaya yang besar.
2. Sumber daya tangible & intangible perusahaan penting yang dimiliki perusahaan, a.l.: SDM yang handal, teknologi yang telah diakui konsumen dan pesaingnya, organisasi (meliputi jaringan distribusi, sistem penjualan, servis, dll) yang unik dan baik, tim R & D yang kuat serta reputasi, hubungan, dan budaya perusahaan yang baik. Namun, sumber daya keuangan perusahaan kurang baik karena perusahaan memiliki hutang bank tinggi.
3. Saat ini struktur biaya perusahaan dan customer value proposition cukup kompetitif karena Tesla memiliki teknologi baterai terdepan, namun tidak menutup kemungkinan bahwa pesaingnya mampu memproduksi produk yang sama atau lebih baik di kemudian hari karena pesaingnya merupakan perusahaan besar yang memiliki sumber daya keuangan yang lebih besar.
4. Kekuatan kompetitif Tesla dibanding para pesaingnya, a.l.: produk, jaringan pemasaran, dan sistem penjualan.
5. Isu dan masalah strategis yang harus diatasi oleh manajemen serta saran bagi Tesla:
|Isu / Masalah Strategis |Saran |
|Sumber pembiayaan yang mahal (berasal dari hutang bank). |Mencari sumber dana murah, seperti melakukan IPO, menerbitkan |
| |obligasi, dan mencari investor yang sevisi dengan Tesla. |
|Meningkatnya persaingan. |Pengembangan produk dan jeli melihat kebutuhan / permintaan |
| |konsumen. |
|Penjualan baterai lithium-ionke pesaingnya dapat menjadi bumerang. |Mereview kembali penjualan baterai lithium-ion ke pesaingnya. |
|Dampak yang ditimbulkan baterai lithium-ion terhadap lingkungan. |Mencari alternatif bahan baku yang lebih ramah lingkungan. |

E. CONCLUTION AND RECOMMENDATION

Berdasarkan hal-hal tersebut di atas, maka dapat disimpulkan sebagai berikut:
• Tesla memiliki kekuatan (strength) pada kualitas sumber daya manusia di mana para pekerja Tesla merupakan orang-orang yang terbaik dan memiliki etos kerja yang tinggi, sehingga mampu menghasilkan produk yang inovatif dan berteknologi tinggi. Teknologi yang dimiliki Tesla juga yang terbaik dalam kelasnya yang merupakan modal penting dalam menghadapi persaingan.
• Meskipun Tesla unggul dan menjadi pioneer dalam penjualan produk Electric Vehicle (EV), namun belum mampu meningkatkan penjualan dan keuntungan bagi Tesla karena biaya R & D yang besar.
• Sumber pendanaan yang sebagian besar berasal dari hutang memberatkan perusahaan.
• Tesla menghadapi ancaman dari para pemain besar di industri otomotif yang mencoba memasuki pasar EV.
• Bisnis EV masih menarik dan Tesla telah memiliki keunggulan kompetitif yang dapat bersaing serta mengembangkan bisnisnya, namun tesla harus memperhatikan isu strategis dan berusaha mencari pemecahannya. Beberapa rekomendasi agar Tesla mampu bertahan dan meningkatkan penjualannya:
• Tesla terus melakukan inovasi untuk menghasilkan produk-produk yang berteknologi tinggi dan inovatif, serta diminati oleh pasar dan lebih terjangkau.
• Tesla juga harus waspada pada perkembangan usaha pesaing dan berusaha mencari keunggulan kompetitif lainnya.
• Tesla harus meningkatkan brand image agar lebih dikenal oleh konsumen.
• Tesla mencari alternatif sumber pendanaan yang lebih murah, seperti melalui IPO, obligasi, maupun investor strategis.
• Tesla agar lebih memperhatikan biaya-biaya yang ada dan berusaha melakukan efisiensi agar dapat meningkatkan keuntungan.
• Menggunakan bahan baku yang lebih ramah lingkungan, khususnya untuk baterai lithium-ion, agar tidak bertentangan dengan prinsip Tesla.
• Mereview kembali penjualan baterai lithium-ion ke pesaingnya, apakah harus dihentikan karena menjadi ancaman bagi Tesla atau diteruskan dengan kondisi khusus mengingat pesaing memiliki ketergangtungan kepada Tesla, misalnya meningkatkan harga jual, meminta profit sharing atas penjualan mobil pesaing, dll.

F. LESSON LEARNED

Dari Tesla dapat diambil pelajaran sbb:
• Perusahaan tidak boleh terlena dengan keunggulan yang dimilikinya dan harus terus melakukan inovasi secara kontinyu agar dapat menjadi sustainable competitive advantage company.
• Produk yang dihasilkan tidak semata-mata hanya memiliki inovasi dan teknologi tinggi, namun harus memperhatikan selera pasar agar dapat diminati oleh konsumen.
• Perusahaan harus memperhatikan biaya-biaya yang ada dan sumber pembiayaannya agar dapat menghasilkan profit yang baik.

G. REFERENSI

• Gamble, Peteraf, Thompson, Essential of Strategic Management, Mc Graw Hill, 2015.
• www.teslamotors.com
• www.cleantechnica.com
• www.cleanfleetreport.com

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