...Purpose and Organization of Policing in the United States Customer Inserts His/ Her Name Customer Inserts Grade Course Customer Inserts Tutor’s Name 24,07,2012 Organization and Purpose of Policing in the United States Policing in the US is civilian and is financed and managed by local governments. Most of the law enforcement agencies in the US are local, and a few represent special jurisdictions like university police and park police. Other agencies include state agencies and federal agencies. The majority of the police personnel work for local agencies, while the remaining work for federal law enforcement and special jurisdiction agencies. The major constituents of United States policing are both local, and they include departments of municipal police in the towns, villages, and counties. These two agencies are characterized by their size as they are small, and the fact that they are independent of one another (Eterno & Das, 2011). There is no hierarchy in policing among and between agencies. It only applies to individual agencies and not between agencies. Police usually perform their duties in the fields, mainly at the local and state stages. They do not need direct supervision (Conser, Paynich & Gingerich, 2012). Most of the duties performed by the police are undercover duties that entail making of low profile judgments. Most of these judgments do not require any accountings or arrest. Information in police departments is decentralized, and...
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...Evidence-Based Policing Introduction to Criminal Justice Evidence-Based Policing According to our text book criminal investigation is “the process of discovering, collecting, preparing, identifying, and presenting evidence to determine what happened and who responsible” when a crime occurs. ( Schmalleger 2010). Now in this process the case belongs to the detective in charge, but any officer can be involve in the preliminary investigation by securing the initial crime scene and evidence. Evidence- based policing is when police based their decision about a case by following the path of observation determined by the evidence; hence the name evidence based policing. This practice was derived from medicine when it resolves that the method use in medical practice can apply by the police force to achieve a scientific result. Police agency accreditation can come under great scrutiny from different angle for instance the public who feel a decision might be wrong, the prosecution office involving the case etc; this is why evidence is vital to case decision. Disadvantage of evidence base policing is that policies and procedures will only be as good as research itself. In some cases researchers may not be sufficient in their theory and data collecting which will alter the final result, and even many officers may not be sufficiently versed in research method to execute the proper strategies. In result only the strictest and comprehensive studies should be adopt by the processing police department...
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...Policing Paper Community Policing Jason Speece University of Phoenix AJS/502-Survey of Justice and Security November 28, 2011 One of the most effective policing strategies used in law enforcement is community policing. Two experts in this strategy are Robert Trojanowicz and Bonnie Bucqueroux. They have done research and wrote many articles on the topic. Trojanowicz worked for Michigan State University and has recently passed away. Bucqueroux was a victim of domestic violence and has added ideas in this area for community policing. Over the years community policing has become an effective method used by law enforcement to better serve their communities. The concept is to develop a partnership between the police and the community. People in the community need to be able to have trust in the officers patrolling their streets. Community policing is geared at trying to find solutions to issues that may exist in the community. Police and members of the community need to work together to create a safe environment. In community policing the idea is for the police to develop a connection with people. Officers do not just drive around in their cars and never get out. In the community policing model the officers develop relationships with people, especially in specific areas they patrol. They talk to these people on a regular basis, try to get to know them on a personal level, and hope to gain their trust. Many people have a negative view about police officers they respond...
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...Introduction to Criminal Justice Professor James Jackson Semester Assignment: Community Policing Community policing has become a very important and very necessary part of policing and protecting our communities. The concept has been in place for many years. It is actually part of one of the main events in policing reform that occurred between 1960 and the present time. This was actually brought about because of many problems, including questions about the police treatment of minorities and why they were not effective. The Rodney King and Bryant Allen case most notably. Two African American men were videotaped by an observer being beaten by police officers helped to change the face of police. The radical changes that occurred because of this made way for much needed reform, community policing, which has been a tool for effective policing. Our text describes community policing as “a law enforcement program that seeks to integrate officers into the local community to reduce crime and gain good community relations. Community policing typically involves personalized service and decentralized policing, citizen empowerment, and an effort to reduce community fear of crime, disorder, and decay” (pg. 165). Community policing is how the police work with the community to protect the citizens while doing their jobs “effective and efficiently”. Overall, the concept of community policing seems like such a great idea for the citizens being served, as well as the police officers,...
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...Police History Essay (Week One) Policing in today’s society is very different than what it was back in the 1800’s. In my reading of The Police in America, An Introduction, Seventh Edition Walker and Katz explain how the very first American police officer received no training, forms of communication, policy or procedure guidelines or weapons. Corruption and abuse of police authority ran rampant. This is vastly different than to today’s policing in America. American policing was born as a product from the English heritage and focused on three main features which helped create American policing as we know of it today. The three main features were high value on individual liberty and on governmental authority, tradition of local control of law enforcement agencies, and a highly decentralized and fragmented system of law enforcement. Sir Robert Peel is known as the “father” of modern day policing. To this day his work is still discussed and taught at all different law enforcement training academies around America. Sir Robert Peel sought to fix England’s broken and collapsed law enforcement system. He created three core elements which are still used in today’s policing to help aid in crime prevention. The three core elements were the mission, strategy, and organizational structure of the police. Most of these ideas were adopted from the military but tailored to meet the needs of law enforcement. Those elements were designed to work with a proactive police approach...
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...responsibilities of local governments. It involves community policing and problems solving methods. Problem-solving are the strategies that extend the traditional community policing hence considered to be critical elements in community policing. Problem-solving methods for crimes are expanding police agencies globally. Community policing majorly focuses social disorders and crimes by delivering police services that enforce the law as well as problem-solving, prevention, partnership and community engagement. There are three major techniques for solving problems especially crimes, and they include crime analysis, crime mapping, and patterning. All this methods are dedicated to helping law enforcement agencies so that they can to help curb crime activities. The above listed problem-solving methods are characterized by a number of limitations that make them not be entirely adequately. Remarkably convincing this article discusses the limitation of the problem-solving methods as well as covering the similarities and differences between partnership and stakeholders in community policing comprehensively. Crime analysis is one of the professions that have a noble and long history. Crime analysis is the process of law enforcement usually includes various techniques and analysis so as to identify certain crime and disorder patterns as well as trends (Gaines, 2010). With these patterns concerning information can help the law enforcement departments to deploy the available resource that...
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...Officers in Law Enforcement Abstract There are many factors in which comprise the impact of females in policing, one in which how they are treated within the work environment. Other things do come into play when trying to increase females in policing such as expanding on the diversity being accepted in police agencies. Many females think they are treated unfairly and unjust according to the system, it seems to always come back to the fact that women feel like they are being mistreated which needs to be changed. Females should not feel inferior to males within the workplace even if they are feeling belittled by other male officers. One way females can “vent” about what is being said or done to them, is mentoring within the workplace; this will help them with stress, and getting more comfortable with the job by being able to talk to someone about it. There are many positive affects that females have in law enforcement, and knowing that there should be a population growth with females in policing. Police departments are more diverse today than ever before. Females in policing are known to have a positive impact within all law enforcement, policing being most common. Many things come into play when females are within law enforcement, some being good, and some bad. Females do come across problems within the workplace, but so do males; this factor not setting them apart from males on the job. Females make a huge impact on policing in many ways, in which are positive to law enforcement...
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...Jeff Crowe Policing and Society Dr. Greenleaf March 6, 2015 Question 1 The broken windows theory in policing has changed the way many law enforcement agencies, along with the officers within them, have to look at crime. Police have always responded to crime, that is the belief and that has always been their job. What happens, though, when provided with an idea that expresses that crime can be more preventative just by looking at and involving the community to participate? Policing traditionally has always been a response unit, providing its’ service after the fact (after a crime has happened). The broken windows theory counters that traditional style by looking outside of the traditional criminal justice system to see how crime is generated and solutions to fix and prevent it (Trojanowics, 1994). The broken windows theory has views closely related to community policing: The quality of life, as the ultimate goal of policing (Carter & Sapp 1994; Joseph 1994; Kelling and Coles 1996; Skogan 1990; Trojanowics 1994). This type of policing has broadened the goal to assist communities to maintain a safe environment where basic institutions (families, schools, churches, commerce) can effectively operate and thrive within the community (Kelling and Coles 1996). Apprehending criminals is no longer the only focus among law enforcement. Police and their agencies must now adapt to look at what needs to be done to maintain the quality of life in communities as well as alleviate...
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...that Sir Robert Peel actually enunciated any of his nine principles himself some researchers’ say they were formulated in 1829 by the two first commissioners of London’s Metropolitan Police Department. PRINCIPLE 1 “The basic mission for whom the police exist is to prevent crime and disorder.” PRINCIPLE 2 “The ability of the police to perform their duties is dependent upon public approval of police actions.” PRINCIPLE 3 “Police must secure the willing cooperation of the public in voluntary observance of the law to be able to secure and maintain the respect of the public.” PRINCIPLE 4 “The degree of cooperation of the public that can be secured diminishes proportionately to the necessity of the use of physical force.” PRINCIPLE 5 “Police seek and preserve public favor not by catering to the public opinion but by constantly demonstrating absolute impartial service to the law.” PRINCIPLE 6 “Police use physical force to the extent necessary to secure observance of the law or to restore order only when the exercise of persuasion, advice and warning is found to be insufficient.” PRINCIPLE 7 “Police, at all times, should maintain a relationship with the public that gives reality to the historic tradition that the police are the public and the public are the police; the police being only members of the public who are paid to give full-time attention to duties which are incumbent on every citizen in the interests of community welfare and existence.” PRINCIPLE 8 “Police should always...
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...figures Bullies or Buddies: Brutality from authority figures to immigrants This newspaper article that I found online, written by Daniel Shoer Roth of the Miami Herald newspaper, shows his research on the subject of police brutality towards immigrants/refugees. it also shows some of his personal outlooks on the topic along with some views of some of the citizens in Miami that he interviewed. he talks on a national and local level about , biased policing, unconstitutional searches and seizures and the use of excessive force when dealing with ethnic groups. many cases have been documented in Miami-Dade County in which DEA agents and local police officers have arrested U.S. citizens with foreign last names to interrogate them about their citizenship. Foreigners are required to carry immigration papers, green cards, at all times. But natural born U.S. citizens are not required to carry papers proving citizenship. local police departments deny having policies that encourage the harassment of immigrants, but these attacks show how law-enforcement policies are not entirely respected by the officers. The enforcement program, Secure Communities, is sometimes considered a useless tool in bringing out dangerous foreign criminals, also gives full power to criminals and gives them power to commit abuse against our community. It also endangers any legal American who may be a victim of a crime witnessed by an immigrant/refugee who is scared of reporting it for fear of deportation.The program...
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...Introduction: Law enforcement has been a major part of any country since time immemorial. This is achieved mainly through the police force, which is a constituted body of persons empowered by the state to protect the property and maintain law and order. They have the authority to use the power within a defined territory. Law enforcement is only a part of their job description and with the changing times and changing nature of crimes, their responsibilities and area of duty is changing day by day. In times of technological advancements, the nature of crimes has been changing rapidly. In order to fight crime and to maintain order, the police forces around the world have always been adapting new innovations in their arsenal. The formation of a recording mechanism and format for various crimes committed in a region was the beginning of a new era in the field or crime prevention. The data records helped to identify the repeat criminals and the nature of crime that they commit. This also helped in providing a better judgment to the convicts. With the dawn of Information Technology, these records were transferred to the systems and this made it possible for the forces around the country to share the data and access it anytime and from any location. This further strengthened the power of the forces against the intelligent criminals. At this stage the Research and Development firms in USA law enforcement agency FBI, started experimenting with the data and the predicting algorithms used...
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...Annette Davis Inside Public and Private Policing CJA 500 Survey of Administration & Justice Dr. John Baiamonte, Jr. November 1, 2010 Assignment Write a 1500 to 2000 word paper that compares and contrasts the roles, responsibilities, and differences of public and private policing. Cite at least two scholarly works (articles or books) or government documents. However, your textbook cannot be used as a source. Public policing has been known to have a monopoly on policing until the increased trend of private policing in the United States. Private policing, while emerging as a new industry, is not a new phenomenon and predates the existence of public police as witnessed today (Wilson 1994). Public and private policing have many similarities, as well as differences and the distinction between public and private police are often blurred. Private police look and behave like public police and describing their function often involves a comparison of the activities and responsibilities of the two. Despite the differences, public and private police tend to mirror each other to a certain extent (Nalla & Newman, 1990). The increase of private policing has been in response to many changes in society such as the increase of "mass private property" (Shearing and Stenning, 1983) in the form of large shopping complexes, cinemas, large retail stores and large compound style housing estates or gated communities. These require constant surveillance for the safety of shoppers and residents...
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...Darrell Woodfork CJA/324- Ethics In Criminal Justice Instructor: Ricky Thompson Date: 9/30/2012 Sir Robert Peel: Community Policing Sir Robert Peel and Community Policing In 1829, Sir Robert Peel created the Metropolitan Police and according to Peel, the real key for policing is the police are the people and the people are the police. Peel believed that prevention of crime could be accomplished without intruding into the lives of citizens. Community policing is based on Peel's concept of prevention. Community policing has been embraced by many law enforcement organizations across our country. Community policing is based on its goal to prevent crime and promote better police-community partnerships. Community policing requires an investment in training with special attention to problem analysis and problem solving, facilitation, community organization; communication, mediation and conflict resolution, resource identification and use, networking and linkages, and cross-cultural competency. Public approval and cooperation is a basis of Sir Robert Peel’s principles of effective policing. Peel stated that the ability of the police to perform their duties is dependent upon public approval of police actions and they must secure the willing co-operation of the public in voluntary observance of the law to be able to secure and maintain the respect of the public. In our diverse society, it is necessary for police to understand the different cultures...
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...General Duty Policing For this assignment about patrol and general duty policing, a special guest was invited to the class to shed light regarding this matter. The special guest was Constable Nicholas De Winter of the Surrey RCMP. Constable De Winter has been a police officer for seven years and has a wealth of experience about patrol and general duty while patrolling the streets of Surrey, British Columbia. Firstly, Constable De Winter discussed the challenges about policing in general. Policing is a difficult and challenging occupation because police officers are always in the public eye. Each positive and negative move police officers make always get scrutinized by the public and the media. The uniform police officers put on represent a deterrent, which looks out and is a symbol that promotes law-abiding and discourages someone from doing law-breaking activities. Police officers still have to continue doing their job through all the scrutiny because they are asked to stay in the public eye as much as possible. So, the bottom line is police officers have to make logical and accurate decisions each day while facing pressure from not only from lawbreakers but also from the public. In addition, policing is a difficult job because policing requires officers to be readily available all the time, twenty four hours a day and seven days a week throughout the whole year. Secondly, Constable De Winter talked about the five duties of police work that is recognized by common law. The five...
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...private sector to fill in the gap. I will attempt to cover the legal, ethical, managerial, economic issues, evaluate the daily practices of both professions, and what the future may hold for them. (Stephens, 2009). In comparison, private policing is more adapt at the protection of personal and corporate interests whereas public police is more concerned and equipped to enforce the regulations of the judicial system and interest of the public. Described as passive policing, private policing is more proactive rather than reactive in its crime prevention efforts. The opposite to what public policing provides, which is more reactive in nature thank private policing. Position requirements for private policing vary and depend on the type of work to perform and state laws. There are few at best, statutes or laws, giving the private security industry any form of governmentally granted rights or powers to legitimize its existence. (Stephens, 2009). The high standards required by public policing is not regulated, accreditation is voluntary. Diminishing funding at the federal, state, and municipal levels has caused these entities to reduce costs to the point of hiring private security over the use of public law enforcement. Both public and private law enforce officials share roles of authority for incidents occurring within their jurisdiction. The selection process is very...
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