...Identification of ionic compounds is imperative for food, medicine and drug scientists to understand. If ionic compounds present in items such as food and drugs cannot be properly identified, the foodstuff and drug items put the consumer at risk of putting something into their bodies that could potentially cause them harm. During this project we used a variety of elimination and confirmation tests to test 4 known cations and 4 known anions in order to construct logic trees. The logic trees for both the cation and anion tests that we developed in parts 1 and 2 of this project were used to determine the identity of an unknown ionic compound in part 3. The objective of both the anion and cation elimination and confirmation tests...
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...Assignment Electrodialysis Submitted To Md, Rumman-uz-Zaman (Lecturer) Department of NFE Daffodil International University Submitted By Amanat Ullah ID-153-34-467 Department of NFE (Evening) Submitted Date 11.04.2016 Electrodialysis (ED) Definition - What does Electrodialysis (ED) mean? Electrodialysis (ED) is a membrane technique, during which ions are transported through a semipermeable membrane, under the influence of an electric potential. It is a very versatile technology for the separation of difficult mixtures. ED is very useful for water treatment, aiding in the removal of mineral salts, sulfate, nitrate, etc. from brackish water and seawater. ED is also useful for wastewater reduction or recovery. Some other applications of electrodialysis include: * Water reuse * Pre-demineralization * Food processing * Glycerin purification Corrosionpedia explains Electrodialysis (ED) Electrodialysis is a type of dialysis in which undesired ions are removed from solution by means of a direct current passing between two electrodes, one on each side of the membrane. It is used to desalinate or concentrate a liquid process stream containing salts. ED is a highly efficient method for separating and concentrating salts. It is also very useful in reducing salt content of process streams with high amounts of salts. Electrodialysis uses electrical potential to drive the positive and negative ions of dissolved salts through separate semipermeable...
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...ATOMS AND MOLECULES - The properties of matter depend on the properties of atoms and molecules from which it is made. Laws of chemical combination (I.) Law of conservation of mass: It states that mass can neither be Created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. - It means that in a chemical reaction, the total mass of products is equal to the total mass of reactants. There is no change in mass during a chemical reaction. (ii) Law of constant proportions: In a chemical substance the elements are always present in definite proportions by mass. - Dalton’s atomic theory - The postulates of his theory are as follows: (I.) All matter, whether an element, a compound, or a mixture is Composed of very tiny particles called atoms. (ii.) Atoms are indivisible particles, which cannot be created or Destroyed in a chemical reaction. (iii.) Atoms of a given element are identical in mass and chemical Properties. (iv.) Atoms of different elements have different masses and chemical Properties. (v.) Atoms combine in the ratio of small whole numbers to form compounds. (vi.) The relative number and kinds of atoms are constant in a given compound. - Drawbacks of Dalton’s atomic theory: (I.) Atoms were indivisible according to Dalton. We now know that under special circumstances, atoms can be further divided into still smaller particles called electrons, protons and neutrons...
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...The SN2 reaction can be evaluated by first observing the chemical mechanisms of the compounds involved. The agents took into account for the mechanism was the naphtholate anion and allyl bromide. First, a pair of lone pairs on the oxygen anion on the naphtholate compound attacks a single-bonded carbon on the allyl bromide compound. Afterwards, the bromide leaving group exits the allyl bromide compound, and creates its own anion cloud. Overall, this synthesizes naphthyl ether. The mechanism cannot be successfully accomplished without the input of the phase transfer catalyst. In the lab, the benzyl tri-n-butylammonium chloride acts as the phase transfer catalyst. As a phase transfer catalyst, it has the ability to transfer a reactant between...
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...atoms or ions to gain insight into the ways in which metallic or ionic crystals are formed. You will investigate three basic crystal structures which can form if all of the particles are the same size, as would happen in a pure metal: simple cubic (SC), body-centered cubic (BCC), and face-centered cubic (FCC). structures. Using the styrofoam models, you will determine the number of nearest neighbors (the coordination number) of the particles in each of these structures. In a simple crystal structure, all atoms or ions of the same type should have the same coordination number; in other words, any atom or ion of the same element is identical with respect to size and position relative to its neighbors. When ions form crystals, the cations and anions are normally different sizes. Often, the resulting lattice (a term that refers to the repeating layout of particles in the crystal) resembles one of the basic structures, however the difference in size will cause slight alterations in the packing arrangement. The coordination number in an ionic compound refers to the number of nearest neighbors of opposite charge. Another important concept in...
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...CHAPTER 12: STRUCTURES AND PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS (Written Report) GROUP MEMBERS Alzate, Niel Aquino, Stef Bartolazo, Ronald M. Belen, Sinotriss Benjamin, Jessa BSIE III-I CHAPTER 12: STRUCTURES AND PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS (Written Report) Bartolazo INTRODUCTION Ceramic materials are inorganic and nonmetallic materials. Most ceramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements for which the inter-atomic bonds are either totally ionic, or predominantly ionic but having some covalent character. The term “ceramic” comes from the Greek word keramikos, which means “burnt stuff”, indicating that desirable properties of these materials are normally achieved through a high temperature heat treatment process called firing. Up until the past 60 years or so years, the most important materials in this class was termed “traditional ceramics (china, porcelain, bricks, tiles, glasses and high temperature ceramics)”, those for which the primary raw material is clay. Of late, significant progress has been made in understanding the fundamental character of these materials and of the phenomena that occur in them that are responsible for their unique properties. Consequently, a new generation of these materials has evolved, and the term ceramic has taken on a much broader meaning. To one degree or another, these new materials have a rather dramatic effect on our lives; electronic computer, communication, aerospace and a host of other industries rely on their use...
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...One PASCAL is equivalent to one NEWTON (1N) of force applied over an area of one meter squared * Bar (1 bar = 105Pa)- thermochemical data * Atmosphere (1 atm= 1.013 x 105Pa)-pressure from normal boiling temperature for a liquid and normal melting point of a solid * mmHg or Torr- both equal 133.3Pa or 1 atm/760 * mole: mol-1 mean per mole of reactant or products in the stoichiometric mixture OXYACID HCIO – HYPOCHLORIC ACID HCIO2 –CHLOROUS HCIO3-CHLROIC ACID HCIO4-PERCHLORIC ACID HBrO4- PERBROMIC ACID OXYACID HCIO – HYPOCHLORIC ACID HCIO2 –CHLOROUS HCIO3-CHLROIC ACID HCIO4-PERCHLORIC ACID HBrO4- PERBROMIC ACID NAMES, FORMULAE AND CHARGES OF SOME COMMON IONS v v DIATOMIC CATION DIATOMIC CATION DIATOMIC CATION DIATOMIC CATION CuSO4.5H2O IS COPPER (II) SULFATE PENTAHYDRATE Hg2Cl2 IS MERCURY (I) CHLORIDE CuSO4.5H2O IS COPPER (II) SULFATE PENTAHYDRATE Hg2Cl2 IS MERCURY (I) CHLORIDE v v SIGNIFICANT FIGURES Significant figures are important as it impacts the accuracy of the results and also provides the results/data more clearly. Calculations: * Check the number of significant figures given in the question * ADDING/SUBTRACTING VALUES: answer must have the same significant figures as the value in the information with the fewest decimal places. E.g. finding concentration * MULTIPLYING/DIVIDING...
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...Alkali metals Cations occur in wide variety of important chemicals The metals are all very reactive when pure – strongly reducing Their cations (with the exception of lithium) have low charge densities – often leads to good solubility and an ability to stabilize anions that can not be formed along with any other cation Alkali metal physical properties Element Li Na K Rb Cs Density (gcm-3) 0.53 0.97 0.86 1.53 1.87 Melting point (oC) 180 98 64 39 29 ∆Hatm (kJmol-1) 162 108 90 82 78 1 Reactivity towards Bronsted acids The alkali metals react even with weak Bronsted acids such as water – The rate of reaction depends upon the acidity of the medium 2Na + 2H2O 2Na + 2EtOH 2Na + 2NH3 2NaOH + H2 2NaOEt + H2 2NaNH2 + H2 – very slow reaction in absence of catalyst Alkali metals and liquid NH3 Alkali metals react very slowly with liquid ammonia – however, they typically dissolve rapidly in ammonia to form highly colored solutions Na(s) --(ammonia)--> Na(am) + e-(am) – fast 2e-(am) + 2NH3 2NH2- + H2 – slow in absence of catalyst 2 Sodide anions and electrides 2Na(s) + C12H24O6 [Na(C12H24O6)]+Na– complexing or chelating agent is used to stabilize the cation » Na- is the sodide anion. It is the most stable alkalide ion Other complexing agents have been used to form solid salts where e- is the anion – electrides Lithium Lithium is the most reducing of all the alkali metals – but not the most reactive Unlike the other alkali metals it reacts with nitrogen to form a nitride Used...
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...Welcome to CH 125 Inorganic Chemistry for Microbiology Course Description This course covers inorganic reactions and phenomenon present in microbiological systems. The chemistry of the predominant biological elements of groups I to VII will be discussed. The students will explore the principles of inorganic chemical phenomenon including partially soluble substances, weak acids and bases, buffer systems and redox reactions. In addition, a basic understanding of the chemistry of the biologically important elements (H, C, N, O, K, Na, Ca, Mg, P, S, Cl and some transitional elements) will be explored. Course Learning Outcomes Upon successful completion, students will be able to: • Predict cation and anion concentrations of partially soluble solids dissolved in pure water and in a solution containing a common ion. • Apply knowledge of acids and bases in order to predict the pH of a solution containing a weak acid or base. • Demonstrate the use of common pH and redox indicators in microbiological media. • Select appropriate reagents to make a buffer having a desired pH. • Determine which compounds undergo the process of reduction and which undergo the process of oxidation. • Describe the basic chemistry of the predominant biologically important elements and their function(s) in microbiological systems. Dr. Andrew Baer Office Hours Monday: 10:30 am – 11:20 am Wednesday: 1:30 pm – 2:20 pm Thursday: 9:30 am – 10:20 am or by appointment Email:...
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...bond itself is short that a single bond and therefore is stronger. The third molecule of N2 has a triple bond, which is shorter than a single or double bond and subsequently stronger than them both. (iv) Ionic bonding takes place between a metal and a non-metal. It is where an atom with lower electronegativity loses an electron to an atom with higher electronegativity in order to fulfil the octet rule. Like in the case of NaF; Na which has 1 electron in its valence shell, loses it to F which has 7 electrons in its valence shell. By losing an electron sodium has become a cation, which is positively charged. And fluorine by gaining an electron has become a negatively charged anion. The cation, Na+ and the anion, F- now electrostatically attract to each other. This attraction is known as an ionic...
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...example, if a solution of silver nitrate is added to a sodium chloride solution, a white solid, silver chloride, is produced immediately. The equation for this can be written as: AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq) AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq) When two solutions are mixed, precipitation will occur if one or more of the cation-anion combinations produce an insoluble compound. In the preceding example, mixing the two solutions caused insoluble silver chloride to precipitate. The other possible cation-anion combination, NaNO3, is soluble and therefore would not precipitate. If solutions of NH4NO3 and Na2CO3 are mixed, no precipitate is produced. Neither of the new cation-anion combinations, (NH4)2CO3, is an insoluble compound. It is possible to predict whether a precipitation reaction will occur when solutions of ionic compounds are mixed, by using a table of solubilities. The table indicates the solubilities of ionic substances in water under normal laboratory conditions. Solubility of common ionic substances* Soluble anions | Exceptions | Insoluble anions | Exceptions | NO3- | None | OH- | Na+, K+, Ba2+ soluble; Ca2+ slightly soluble Note: NH4OH exists as NH3(aq) | Cl- | Ag+ insoluble, Pb2+ | | | Br- | | | | I- | | | | SO42- | | | | AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq) AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq) Equation with formulas The net ionic equation most accurately represents what occurs when...
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...Executive Summary H20 Industries, Inc. (H20 Industries) provides the service of ion exchange portable tanks. This is the process of purifying water for industrial purposes. H20 Industries will take advantage of an unsatisfied market need for segregated resin regeneration on a portable basis. The company will primarily focus its marketing strategies on offering segregated regeneration services to the untapped market of customers who require high-quality regeneration for their deionized (DI) water treatment facilities. The facility that H20 Industries will utilize is located in Newark, California and is already in limited production. Full production will begin at the end of September, with sales growing gradually to near capacity by the end of the first year, with very healthy gross sales in the first year, and increasing in the second and third years. 1.1 Objectives The primary objectives are: 1. To segment the market for portable regeneration service by stressing H20 Industries's capability at providing segregated regeneration. The goal is to reach monthly sales of 1,710 cu ft of segregated resin by the end of the first year. 2. To build up a dealership network of 15 knowledgeable and efficient water service companies who will represent H20 Industries in areas outside direct sales from the factory. 3. To set up a bulk regeneration facility with a capacity of 40 cu ft daily, and sell its full capacity in the large general portable exchange service market through...
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...What is embalming? References: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/embalming References: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/embalming Embalming is the preserving of a corpse from decay which was originally done with spices but now is usually done by arterial injection of preservative. How were mummies embalmed? References: http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/mummies/story/page2.html References: http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/mummies/story/page2.html The mummies body would be taken to the ‘ibu’ or the ‘place of purification’ this is then were the embalmers would wash the body with wine and rinse it with water. Next one of the embalmers would make a cut in the left side of the body to remove the internal organs (they are important to be removed as they are the first part of the body to decompose). The liver, lungs, stomach and intestines are washed and packed in natron to dry them out. The heart however is not taken out of the body. A long hook is used to smash the brain and then it is pulled out through the nose. The body is then covered and stuffed with natron to dry the body out. All of the fluids and rags from the embalming process will be saved and buried along with the body. Once forty days have passed the body is washed again with water and then it is covered with oils to help the skin stay elastic. The dehydrated organs are then wrapped in linen and returned to the body. The body is then filled with dry materials such as saw dust, leaves or linen so it looks...
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...D1 – Qualitative and quantitative What is qualitative? Qualitative is represented as judgment quality of something for example colour and appearance. When checking the quality of something you don’t need to measure and weight of it, so numbers are not required to identify the substances. What is quantitative? Quantitative is checking the quantity of something such as the weight, mass and area to ensure to ensure accuracy of that specific substance. By doing this you would know the exact amount/ weight of the substance or equipment that you are using. Titration: The titration that we carried out was both qualitative and quantitative. For example when we made the standard solution for the titration we used the exact quantity of the substance and we mixed it with the exact amount of deionised water (250ml) and when we were doing the calculation to get the concentration of the standard solution we made sure to use weight of the equipment that we used. When we were caring out the titration we added indicator in the base so that the solution would turn into different colour and when we add the acid into it we would be able to tell when the end point comes because the colour will change. Qualitative and quantitative comparison: I think that quantitative technique is more important than qualitative for titration because if the measurements for titration and standard solution are not accurate and precise then then it can affect all of our result and conclusion can be completely...
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...also a good example is H+ and Na+ Ion exchange (IX) processes are reversible chemical reactions for removing dissolved ions from solution and replacing them with other similarly charged ions. In water treatment, it is primarily used for softening where calcium and magnesium ions are removed from water; however, it is being used more frequently for the removal of other dissolved ionic species. In a cation exchange process, positively charged ions on the surface of the IX resin are exchanged with positively charged ions available on the resin surface - typically sodium. Water softening is the most widely used cation exchange process. Similarly, in anion exchange negatively charged ions are exchanged with negatively charged ions on the resin surface - typically chloride. Contaminants such as nitrate, fluoride, sulfate, and arsenic, as well as others, can all be removed by anion exchange. The exchange medium consists of a solid phase of naturally occurring materials (zeolites) or a synthetic resin having a mobile ion attached to an immobile functional acid or base group. Both anion and cation resins are produced from the same basic organic polymers but they differ in the functional group attached to the resin. The mobile ions are exchanged with solute ions having a stronger affinity to the functional group (e.g. calcium ion replaces sodium ion or sulfate ion replaces chloride...
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