... CJ 230-02 Criminal Law for Criminal Justice Prof. Sara Block July 15, 2013 First degree murder is a crime against a person. The actus rea is the “guilty act” of the murder, or killing itself. For first degree murder, you need to establish the mens rea, or “guilty mind”, which would be determine if the murder was premeditated or not. The mens rea, the act of a guilty mind. First degree murder is a premeditated crime. That init self is indicative of the mens rea of the perpetrator. The elements of mens rea are the act was done: purposely, knowingly, recklessly, and negligently. Elements of murder in Texas do not have to be pre-meditated to be first degree. You can be charged with murder 1. If you intentional or knowingly caused the death of someone it is first degree. 2. If you intended to cause serious bodily injury and commit an act that is dangerous to human life that causes death. 3. If you commit or attempt to commit a felony, and in the course of the act or attempt...
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...Career goals in Psychology Lynda Reyes PSY 215 Careers in Psychology I want to be a psychologist. I would love to learn all about the way people act, think and feel and at the same time try to help them. I have a very easygoing personality and I love to have fun and laugh. I ask a lot of questions, and I think I am very easy to get along with. Some career goals I have is to finish college, I would like to find a job I want to keep that I could make a career out of, and just take it one day at a time because I have desire to make the right decisions and live a pleasant life. I first became interested in psychology a couple years ago. I feel like I need to try and help make a difference, and that's what I would like to spend the rest of my life doing. The field of psychology is divided into subfields each of which deal with a different area, and since working with and helping people is a good feeling for me, community and social services is an excellent job group. When going into the field of psychology, one is able to explore many different careers. I’m also interested in forensics. The field of forensic psychology has grown in the 21st century because courtrooms recognize the value of psychologist’s testimonies to help juries reach a clearer verdict. Like all fields in psychology, forensics has many perspectives, they can focus on law enforcement psychology, the psychology of litigation, correctional psychology, and forensic psychology (Nietzel, Bernstein, & Milich...
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...Cannon Hill Park is one of the premier parks in Berminham and has been awarded Green Flag status. With beautiful flowerbeds, lakes, pools and a wonderful collection of trees, its easy to see why. Theres plenty of opportunity for exercise at the parks tennis courts, bowling and putting greens and wildlife enthusiasts can follow the walkways and cycle routes longside the River Rea. The conservation area within the park includes a 5 acre woodland known as the RSPB Centenary Plantation. There is also a wildflower meadow, which is sown each year with cornfield annuals such as field poppy, cornflower and corn marigold, providing visitors to the Park with a spectacle which is very rare in the urban environment. Traditional forms of land management are used to enhance this beautiful area, less than 2 miles from the centre of Birmingham. The park is an ideal venue for families with childrens play areas and boats for hire on the lake in the summer. There are plenty of picnic areas and refreshments are available at the Garden Tea Rooms and the Midland Arts Centre. 佳能山公园（Cannon Hill Park）是伯明翰首要的公园之一，并已经被授予Green Flag status，而它美丽的花圃，湖，足球场和树木则证明了这个奖项。在这个公园，您有足够的机会来练习网球，保龄球和高尔夫球。 公园里的保护区有有着5英亩的森林土地被叫做RSPB Centenary Plantation。还有一个野生的草场，这里每年都长有罂粟，矢车菊和万寿菊，给游客一个与城市环境大不相同的景色。 这个公园是家庭带领孩子来玩的理想场所，夏季还有可以租赁的小船。在Garden Tea Rooms 和Midland Arts Centre还有足够的野餐地点。 本篇文章来源于美国旅游网(usa.bytravel.cn) 转载请以链接形式注明出处 网址：http://usa.bytravel.cn/art/192/bmhjnsgyCannonHillPark.html Introduction Cannon Hill...
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...Throughout this essay I will be discussing in turn the actus reus and the mens rea, and the different factors that must be considered when trying to determine these elements of a crime. It is accurate in saying that two elements must be present, the actus reus and the mens rea when trying to determine whether someone is guilty of an offence, but you can not just take these words simply as they are. The actus reus can consist of more then just an act. In many circumstances, an omission can be just as serious, and it must be established at the very beginning whether it is an act or an omission you are dealing with. Causation must also be proved for the defendant to be liable for the consequences. The literal meaning of mens rea, 'a guilty mind' is also somewhat misleading. Other factors that are to be considered whilst discussing the above statement include the dynamics that constitute the necessary mens rea; whether the defendant had the intention of the consequences, and/or whether they acted recklessly (either Cunningham and Caldwell recklessness.) I will also be looking at strict liability cases, which is the one circumstance in which the defendant can be found guilty without the necessary mens rea. What ever the offence is at hand, the prosecution must establish every part of the actus reus, and it is crucial that these elements are strictly proved. In order for the defendant to be found guilty of the offence, they must have voluntarily brought about the actus reus. If...
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...relate to. Many rainforests are cut down to grow fields, use the wood for paper and such and to build cities and factories (resulting in extinction of many animal and plant species) but it is not something we see with our own eyes, so it might as well not happen in the first place. Furthermore, flushing soap, chemicals, etc. down the drain, damages the ecosystem because clean water is spoiled – water in which millions of animals live. When we throw garbage in nature, we walk away, so we do not always realise that it takes hundreds of years, maybe even thousands, for a soda can or a piece of plastic to break down and disappear. Even though our ancestors did carry some blame, we are still carrying the bigger fault. That is exactly what Chris Rea sings, and writes, about in his song...
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...with acts that are considered social wrong from its citizens. Almost all crimes consist of two elements, mental and physical. Mens Rea is the mental aspect of a crime. In order to achieve a crime, the Mens Rea requirement under the model penal code, a purposeful act, a knowing act, a reckless act, and a negligent act must be present. Each act is part of the state of mind of the person committing the acts. A purposeful act is an intentional act from the person committing the crime. For example, if a gunmen walks into a busy toy store during the holiday season while shoppers are shopping and shots a loaded gun, this could be considered a purposeful act. A knowing act occurs when someone performs an act with knowledge. Referring back to my earlier example, if the gunmen went into the toy store and shot someone, the knowing act could be considered that he or she knew that someone would be shot. A reckless act occurs when a person carelessly acts. If a driver decides to send a text message while driving down a major highway at excessive speeds, this could be considered a careless act. A negligent act occurs when a person acts with a substantial risk. If the driver was driving on a deserted road with no other drivers in sight and suddenly hits someone on the side of the road, this could be considered a negligent act. All four acts must be present in Mens Rea. The second element of a crime is Actus Reus. This included the physical aspect of the crime committed. Under the model penal...
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...Mens Rea in Statutory Offences In the field of law, it is important to understand each and every cause of each and every act. Only then can a sound judgment be given in a case. If the judge does not consider all possible aspects and possibilities, then he will draw the correct legal conclusion most of the times but, not always. One of the most important things to consider with regard to any offence is the mens rea, or the guily intention. This element of crime (mens rea) has been in the picture almost ever since criminal law has been known to exist. It had been incorporated in definitions of crimes as far back as The Code of Hammurabi (1700 B.C.) through the use of words like “intend” and “knowledge”. But, as the years have passed, complexities regarding the use of mens rea have arisen and the courts constantly keep trying to resolve the issues regarding the application of the rule. Generally the question that arises in cases is that whether mens rea is present or absent in the offender. But, sometimes, the question is whether it is required or not. This happens in case of statutory offences. They may expressly or impliedly rule out the requirement of mens rea. The current research study critically analyzes this situation and takes into account the existing views and decisions on the issue. Statutory Offence An offence is basically a violation of law. In legal parlance, the word “offence” is generally construed as a criminal wrong. Hence, offence means a wrong in penal...
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...Criminal Law Jordan Miller CJA 354 September 24, 2012 Kristin Mildenberger Criminal Law Former Chief Justice and President of the United States from 1909 to 1913, William Howard Taft once stated “Presidents come and go, but the Supreme Court goes on forever.” That statement currently remains to hold true. The first Supreme Court was called to assemble on February 1, 1790, at which time the powers and duties of the Supreme Court were established. The United States Supreme Court currently has one Chief Justice and eight Associate Justices and is the highest judicial body in the United States. In the 2009 case of the Supreme Court vs. Joel Tenenbaum, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) sued former Boston University student Joel Tenenbaum for file sharing 30 songs he illegally downloaded from the Internet. According to Bloomberg (2012): The court, without comment, refused to hear Tenenbaums challenge to a law that let the recording industry collect thousands of dollars from individuals for such downloading. The jury was told to impose damages, set by US copyright law, of between $750 and $150,000 per violation. Jurors set a rate of $22,500 for each of 30 songs he downloaded. (para. 2) A jury subsequently ordered Tenenbaum to pay $675,000 in fines directly associated with each of the 30 illegally downloaded and shared songs. "I find it hard to believe that the legal system would uphold a six-figure sum against someone just for downloading music," Tenenbaum...
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...A Good Samaritan law is a law which compels a person to act for another if they are ill, in harm or other peril. The UK is one of the few European countries that have not criminalised failure to act, but instead the courts and some statutes have provided situations whereby liability will be imposed for a failure to act, or an ‘omission’. This assignment will discuss these circumstances and analyse why they exist. The law of England and Wales states that for someone to be found guilty of an offence there are two elements which must be found; these are actus reus and mens rea. Actus reus is a criminal act, and coupled with mens rea, ‘the guilty mind’, liability can often be imposed. However actus reus, deceivingly, does not have to be an ‘act’. There are certain circumstances where a failure to act, or an ‘omission’, is enough to place criminal liability. The general rule in English criminal law is that an omission will not result in criminal liability, for example if a by-passer witnesses someone being stabbed, but does not intervene, then the victim dies, they will not be liable, even though they may have reasonably been able to help. This is because there is no ‘constructed situation’ where it says there is a duty to act. However, there are certain situations where liability will be found, because it is expressed in statute, this is called direct liability; where a statute specifically states that there is a duty to act; for example the Road Traffic Act 1988 s.6 which provides...
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...I was on a parenting bulletin board recently and read a post by a mother who was worried that her 4 1/2 year old did not know enough. “What should a 4 year old know?” she asked. Most of the answers left me not only saddened but pretty soundly annoyed. One mom posted a laundry list of all of the things her son knew. Counting to 100, planets, how to write his first and last name, and on and on. Others chimed in with how much more their children already knew, some who were only three. A few posted URL’s to lists of what each age should know. The fewest yet said that each child develops at his own pace and not to worry. It bothered me greatly to see these mothers responding to a worried mom by adding to her concern, with lists of all the things their children could do that hers couldn’t. We are such a competitive culture that even our preschoolers have become trophies and bragging rights. Childhood shouldn’t be a race. So here, I offer my list of what a 4 year old should know. She should know that she is loved wholly and unconditionally, all of the time. He should know that he is safe and he should know how to keep himself safe in public, with others, and in varied situations. He should know that he can trust his instincts about people and that he never has to do something that doesn’t feel right, no matter who is asking. He should know his personal rights and that his family will back them up. She should know how to laugh, act silly, be goofy and use her imagination...
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...INTRODUCTION… Rainbow is franchise that operates 5 branches of pre-school and child care facilities in the Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. This 5 branches offer the highest quality or nurses and toddler facilities as well as 3 and 4 year old kindergarten for 90- 100 children. These centers comprise class rooms catering for the1-2 year’s olds and 2-3 years old, as well as classes for the 3 and 3 year old kindergarten. Besides that, these centers also provide casual day care services for parents who need to be away from their children for appointments, running errands, due to work or even just to enjoy the quiet time sans children. Parents have been advised to book for slots much earlier to reserve child care. Casual booking has to be paid up front for prior to leaving the child in the Centre. This center’s ensure that all teachers in the kindergarten classes are highly qualified and the child care givers are well trained. At the moment the Centre has 120 employees. This centers use the highest possible technology that they can provide out, most parents are updated on their children’s progress by their respective teachers. Teachers are to keep track on the behaviors of the children and to track them down so that parents can view their all-round performances in the centers. This business takes pride on the quality of the services it is providing the customers. A business like Rainbow is a very huge business that requires a certain amount extensive use of Information System that would...
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...these assumptions and don’t even know the true history of the child and what the child has been through or currently going through; I have been one of these people myself. It’s important to know that something seriously could be wrong with our children rather in development issues or home based issues. In this paper I will be discussing different risk factors and how they can influence a child’s behavior; I will also enlighten you on how you as well as other teachers, and parents can help change these behaviors. Risk Factors Educators and parents must be able to identify risk factors in order to be able to successfully understand and help a child in need. There are many factors that should be known about such as: Poverty, Violence, and problem with brain function (Development). * Poverty- Child poverty is a multidimensional phenomenon and can be measured in many ways. It is imperative that governments make a commitment to child poverty reduction, recognizing and responding to child poverty is the first priority, alongside building expertise and improved approaches to child poverty measurement. Understanding child poverty to the fullest possible extent is vital. While an adult may fall into poverty temporarily, falling into poverty in childhood can last a lifetime – rarely does a child get a second chance at an education or a healthy start in life. As such, child poverty threatens not only the individual child, but is likely...
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...Information Technology Act There are several advances in information technology that resulted in new ethical issues that brought on the creation of certain acts. The two acts which will be discussed in this paper are the Children’s Internet Protection Act of 2000 (CIPA), and Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act of 1988 (COPPA). Children’s Internet Protection Act is a federal law that was passed by congress that went into effect April 20, 2001 (ala.org. para1). The purpose behind the Children’s Internet Protection Act is to help block and filter certain material from being accessed through the internet. (ala.org para1). As the technology advances the local school systems have begun using computers/internet to teach children how to research subjects and to learn the technology of this day and time, which is also covered under this particular act that each school that has computers as a teaching tool is required to have filter system to keep minors from seeing cites that are not appreciate. The main purpose with the Children’s Internet Protection is to prevent children from today’s exposure for example pornographic images that are unsuitable for children. Modern Technology has become an important tool in our society from online banking to entering an address and receives step by step directions; if it appeals to adults then children interest will be a larger version of appeal. The internet is growing and children are being brought up in different society, learning how...
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...mentally-impaired child. This small school is very near a state university, although it is not directly associated with it. Most of the families who enroll their children in the school are graduate students or faculty at the nearby campus, and the director is a graduate student in the master's program in education. There are eight 4-and 5-year old children in the group, and each of them has some special difficulty in the emotional or mental realm. The physical environment is a house that has been partially converted into a school. The director uses her kitchen and living room for various activities, and two other rooms are set aside for the children, as well as the fenced-in outdoor play yard. The atmosphere is homey and friendly, and the director is as relaxed as if she were inviting the families, the children, and me over for a friendly chat over coffee. This program is a half-day arrangement, and day care is not provided. The educational and mental health curriculum is intended for enrichment and specific assistance to children and families that have identified some difficulty in their child's behavior or development. Most of the children come through referral from the local mental health center. The instructor carefully screens each family and makes certain requirements for parental involvement in the program. Each parent assists for a few hours each month, partly to keep the tuition costs reasonable, and more importantly to allow the parent to observe the child within the...
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...of them is different. It is the teacher’s job to explain how the world around them and the people in it are different. Making each child feel like they belong can be difficult but is always possible and a good teacher can accomplish that task. | Accommodating the Differences With the rowing cultural diversity of the world, the classroom has become a vital launching station for understanding cultural differences. Education about cultural differences and different groups of students starts with the teacher. One group of diverse students may be that of ethnic background. Children develop racial attitudes up until about the age of 9. After the age of 9, racial attitudes are likely to stay the same. Before that, the teacher has a good chance to help children develop positive feelings about who he or she is and about whom others are around them. “Children develop their identity and attitudes through experiences with their bodies, social environments, and their cognitive developmental stages.” (Derman-Sparks, 1989) As these three factors inter play, children go through stages of racial and cultural understanding. Also, as a child’s thinking is not yet fully developed, it is important to catch feeling of racial prejudice before they start, so that a child can form a healthy attitude about the world around them. To help a child of different culture feel comfortable in the classroom, the teacher needs to create a multicultural classroom. This can be done with...
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