...The Circulatory System The circulatory system transports materials throughout an animal’s body in a fluid called blood. In mammals, as in other vertebrates, blood is confined to a closed system of vessels and is distinct from the liquid (interstitial fluid) that surrounds the cells of the surrounding tissue. Blood is pumped away from the heart and courses through vessels of decreasing diameter that branch into the organs and tissues of the body: these vessels are arteries, arterioles, and capillaries, respectively. At the level of the capillaries, the walls of the vessels are very thin and porous. At the capillary bed, materials carried by the blood are either actively transported across the endothelium or simply diffuse into the interstitial fluid along a concentration gradient. Materials from the interstitial fluid can flow into the capillaries for transport away from the tissues. As blood leaves the capillaries, it travels through vessels of increasing diameter, venules and veins that join one another to complete the circuit back to the heart. Regardless of the materials conveyed in the blood, vessels are characterized by the direction in which they carry material, arteries and arterioles away from the heart and toward the capillaries; veins and venules away from the capillaries and toward the heart. Unlike many vertebrates, birds and mammals possess a four-chambered heart. The evolution of a four-chambered heart is thought to be an adaptation brought about by the high...
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...INDEX INDEX -Importance of transport systems -Importance of transport systems -open circulatory system -closed circulatory system -circulation in plants -open circulatory system -closed circulatory system -circulation in plants * Types of transport systems * Types of transport systems * What is a transport system? * What is a transport system? What is a transport system? What is a transport system? * Not all individual cells require all of the many different types of materials carried by a transport system. For example, the blood circulation system in humans carries various substances including some hormones that have target organs. Although they are carried around the whole body via the blood system, those specific molecules are only received by and useful to specific types of cells located in the target organ of that particular hormone * Not all individual cells require all of the many different types of materials carried by a transport system. For example, the blood circulation system in humans carries various substances including some hormones that have target organs. Although they are carried around the whole body via the blood system, those specific molecules are only received by and useful to specific types of cells located in the target organ of that particular hormone Multiple exchange surfaces? Although gas exchange surfaces are important due to the need for respiration, they are not the only types of exchange surfaces. Another...
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...The Mammalian Circulatory and Gas Exchange Systems Radwa Abdallah Professor Yan Xu Fundamentals of Biology II Lab February 20, 2014 Objectives The objectives of the Circulatory System laboratory experiment included observing and learning to identify the structural characteristics, mostly arteries and veins, in the chest cavity of the fetal pig, which would further the understanding of the heart and lungs in most other mammals; another objective was to understand blood pressure and heart rate and the factors that affect it. The objectives of the Gas Exchange laboratory experiment was to observe the respiratory system in the fetal pigs, thus gaining an understanding of the respiratory system in most other mammals; another objective from the portion of the experiment that included measuring the respiratory volumes of humans and understanding the capacity of the human lung. Introduction There are two kinds of circulatory systems, an opened circulatory system and a closed circulatory system. The circulatory system is made up of an internal body fluid that is either hemolymph or blood, a pump system, and a vascular system that is made up of tubular vessels that move fluid from one location to another quickly(Dolphin 377). Hemolymph is the fluid found in the open circulatory system and blood is the fluid found in closed systems. In open circulatory systems the fluid leaves the heart through the arteries and returns through open sinuses rather than veins (379)...
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...3 m, shoulder height 3-4 m, weight 5000-7500 kg [making the African elephant the heaviest land mammals alive today]” (Grzimek, p. 500). And as for the...
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...exterior cold water). -Homeostatic conformer is one in which the organism if it allows an external influence the internal conditions of the organism. (Bass fish conforms to the temp of the lake that it inhibits) 2. In your own words, provide a definition for poikioltherm, homeotherm, ectotherm and endotherm. Provide an example of an animal for each of the following combinations and explain why it fits these terms: - Poikioltherm: An animals whose body temp varies with the surrounding temperature -Homeotherm: An organism such as a bird or mammal, having a body temp that is constant and largely independent of the temperature surrounding. -Ectotherm- heat acquired from external environment -Endotherm- heat generated by metabolism Poikilotherm & ectotherm: Fish, amphibians, reptiles. Poikilotherm & endotherm: Mammals and birds, insects Homeotherm & ectotherm: tropical reptiles Homeotherm & endotherm: Mostly birds and mammals 3. Describe the 4 mechanisms through which animals exchange heat with their environments. -Radiation: Release of electromagnetic waves by all objects warmer than absolute zero. -Convection: Transfer of heat by movement. Warm blood from core moves to extremities. -Conduction: Direct transfer to thermal motion between molecules of objects in contact with each other. -Evaporation: Removal of heat from the surface of a liquid that is losing some of its molecules as gas. 4. For each of the...
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...The Circulatory System Rajat Goyal and Michelle Fater Table of Contents Table of Contents Human Organ Systems The Circulatory System Open Circulatory System Closed Circulatory System Functions of the System Heart Pulse Chambers of the Heart Arteries Veins Blood Oxygenation of Blood Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells Antigens Plasma Cells and Platelets Circulatory Systems of Other Organisms Mammals and Birds Amphibians and Reptiles Fish First Aid Glossary About the Authors Illustration Credits 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 16 17 18 19 21 23 24 1 Human Organ Systems Humans have several organ systems: the immune system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the lymphatic System, the digestive system, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the endocrine system, the excretory system, the reproductive system, the integumentary system, and the nervous system. Each of these systems are responsible for carrying out unique functions that are essential for human life. Humans cannot live if one of these systems malfunctions. This book focuses on the circulatory system and its components. 2 The Circulatory System The circulatory system is made up of the vessels and muscles that help to control the flow of blood throughout the body. This process is called circulation. The main parts of this system are the heart, the arteries, the capillaries, and the veins through which the blood flows. As blood begins to circulate, it leaves the heart from the left ventricle...
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...Mammals (class Mammalia /məˈmeɪli.ə/ from Latin mamma "breast") are any members of a clade of endothermic amniotes distinguished from reptiles and birds by the possession of a neocortex (a region of the brain), hair,[a] three middle ear bones, and mammary glands. The mammalian brain regulates body temperature and the circulatory system, including the four-chambered heart. Mammals include the largest animals on the planet, the rorquals and other large whales, as well as some of the most intelligent, such as elephants, primates, including humans, and cetaceans. The basic body type is a four-legged land-borne animal, but some mammals are adapted for life at sea, in the air, in trees, or on two legs. The largest group of mammals, the placentals, have a placenta, which enables feeding the fetus during gestation. Mammals range in size from the 30–40 mm (1.2–1.6 in) bumblebee bat to the 33-meter (108 ft) blue whale. The word "mammal" is modern, from the scientific name Mammalia coined by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, derived from the Latin mamma ("teat, pap"). All female mammals nurse their young with milk, which is secreted from special glands, the mammary glands. According to Mammal Species of the World, 5,416 species were known in 2006. These were grouped in 1,229 genera, 153 families and 29 orders.[1] In 2008 the IUCN completed a five-year, 1,700-scientist Global Mammal Assessment for its IUCN Red List, which counted 5,488 accepted species.[2] In some classifications, extant mammals...
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...Oge Otiji Bio 1108-04 Monotremes, Marsupials, and Placental mammals are the 3 major groups of modern mammals. These mammals have a few things in common, for example, they are all warm blooded vertebrates with a covering of fur, skin or hair. They all have four-chambered hearts. They also have full circulatory, respiratory and digestive systems. Their limbs are oriented vertically and they produce sound via the larynx. They also feed on their young mother’s milk. Although they share many similarities there are a few characteristics that differentiate them. The major difference between these three mammals are their gestation and lactation methods. Monotremes are mammals that lay egg unlike the marsupials and placental mammals that give birth to live young offspring. Monotremes have one opening for excretion and reproduction called the cloaca. They fertilize internally after the sperm of the male enters the cloaca of the female. They hold the eggs internally for several weeks, providing nutrients and when they lay them, they cover them up like birds. After a gestation period of 23 days, they usually lay 1 egg into a temporary pouch formed by abdominal muscles, developed only during breeding season. The egg hatches in 9 days by tearing the shell with a temporary egg tooth on its snout. Monotremes also lack nipple to feed their young ones, instead they have glands that secrete milk on their skin and the younger ones suck it off their bodies. The young then continues suckling on...
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...Marine Biology Vocabulary Ch.8 1. Vertebrates- having a backbone or spinal column 2. Demersal-living or found near or in the deepest part of a body of water 3. Bony fishes-any fish of the class Osteichthyes, characterized by gill covers, an air bladder, and a skeleton composed of bone in addition to cartilage. 4. Operculum-the gill cover of fishes and amphibians. 5. Fin Ray-hornlike, cartilaginous rods which form the skeleton of the fins. 6. Swim bladder- air bladder 7. Chromatophores-a cell containing pigment, esp. one that through contraction and expansion produces a temporary color 8. Structural colors- pigmentation in animals. 9. Iridophores-type of pigment cell found in the integument and certain deeper tissues of lower animals. 10. Warning coloration-a bold, distinctive pattern of color characteristic of a poisonous or unpalatable organism. 11. Cryptic coloration-coloring that conceals or disguises an animal's shape 12. Disruptive coloration- one that disrupts its surroundings to escape. 13. Countershading-the development of dark colors on parts usually exposed to the sun and of light colors on parts usually shaded. 14. Myomeres-The segment within a metamere that develops into skeletal muscle. 15. Gill rakers-one of a series of stiff projections along the inner margins of the branchial arches that prevent food particles from passing through the branchial clefts. 16. Gill arches-branchial arch in a fish type...
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...Chapter 33: Animal Nutrition * Nutrition: food is taken in, taken apart, and taken up * Herbivores (plants or algae) vs. Carnivores (other animals) vs. Omnivores (All) * Most animals are opportunistic feeders – eat outside their standard diet when their usual foods aren’t available * Animals must eat * But, to survive and reproduce balance their consumption, storage, and use of food 33.1: AN ANIMAL’S DIET MUST SUPPLY CHEMICAL ENERGY, ORGANIC MOLECULES, AND ESSENIAL NUTRIENTS * Diet must satisfy 3 nutritional needs: * Chemical energy for cellular processes * Organic building blocks for macromolecules * Essential nutrients * Activities of animals depends on sources of chemical energy that is used to produce ATP * To meet the continuous requirement for ATP, animals ingest and digest nutrients * Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids for cellular respiration and energy storage Essential Nutrients * Essential nutrients are preassembled organic molecules and minerals * Obtained from an animal’s diet * Include essential fatty acids and amino acids, vitamins, minerals * Key function: serve as substrates, coenzymes, and cofactors in biosynthetic reactions * Essential Fatty Acids and Amino Acids * Animals convert fatty acids to a variety of cellular components * Membrane phospholipids, signaling molecules, storage fats * Essential fatty acids – animals can’t...
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...Phyla of the Animal Kingdom y g http://www.art.com/asp/sp-asp/_/ui--9F63025C7D9144F79D1199082B3E4112/PD--10054920/sOrig--CAT/sOrigID--7444/Yosemite_Valley.htm# Dr. Dr Westmoreland & Kristin Esparza Modification by Alie Koroma TODAYS MENU • • • • Mid-Term Quiz Q Animal Diversity Su Summary 3 and Assignment 5 due a y a d ss g e t Next Week No Labs (Spring Break) Which Anatomical Features Mark Branch Points on the Animal Evolutionary Tree? • Lack of Tissues Separates Sponges from All Other Animals • Animals with Tissues Exhibit Either Radial or Bilateral Symmetry – Radially Symmetrical Animals Have Two Embryonic Tissue Layers; Bilaterally Symmetrical Animals Have Three – Bilateral Animals Have Heads Radial symmetry central axis plane of symmetry Bilateral symmetry anterior plane of symmetry posterior Body symmetry and cephalization Which Anatomical Features Mark Branch Points on the Animal Evolutionary Tree? • M t Bilateral Animals Have Body Cavities Most Bil t l A i l H B d C iti – Body Cavity Structure Varies Among Phyla • P Protostomes I l d T Distinct Evolutionary Include Two Di i E l i Lines Body cavities body wall } pseudocoelom digestive tract digestive cavity “False” or pseudocoelom (roundworms) digestive cavity body } wall digestive tract body wall ll } } digestive di ti tract digestive cavity “True” coelom (annelids, chordates) coelom No coelom (cnidarians, flatworms) protostomes ecdysozoans Cnidaria Porifera (sponges)...
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...exam. You may open your notes. Late submission will not be accepted. Please email me: restanmarkalvin@yahoo.com. Do not answer questions in RED. Good luck. _____1. The metabolic rate of a resting, fasting, nonstressed ectotherm at a particular temperature is called A. metabolic rate B. BMR C. SMR D. budget allocation _____2. The internal environment of vertebrates is called A. blood B. interstitial fluid C. hemolyph D. plasma _____3. It allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes A. ectotherm B. endotherm C. regulator D. conformer _____4. The mammalian trachea and esophagus both open into the A. large intestine B. stomach C. pharynx D. rectum _____5. To extract the most simplified food substance from the digestive system, it is best to study the A. mouth B. esophagus C. stomach D. small intestine _____6. The diffusion in and out of the blood of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and wastes occurs only in the A. capillaries B. arterioles C. arteries D. veinlets _____7. ____________ carry blood away from the heart. A.Capillaries B. Venules C. Vein D. Arteries _____8. The component of blood that is responsible for clotting is: A.platelets B.Erythrocytes C.neutrophils D.basophils _____9. Respiratory organs for insects, millipedes, and centipedes A. Booklungs B. Tracheal Tubes C. Gills D. Respiratory Tree _____10. The site of gas exchange in bird lungs A. alveoli B. booklungs C. parabronchi D. tracheae _____11. Marine invertebrates that have surfaces permeable...
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...AC 1.1 By Life Processes common to living organisms Laura Judges TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 page Introduction to life processes 2 Chapter 2 page Movement 2-3 Chapter 3 page Repoduction 3 Chapter 4 page Sensitivity 3-4 Chapter 5 page Growth 4 Chapter 6 page Respiration 5 Chapter 7 page Excretion 5-6 Chapter 8 page Nutrition 6-7 Chapter 9 page Conclusion 7-8 Chapter 10 page Bibilography 9 Introduction to life processes The most basic of living things consist of just one single cell for example bacteria, while more complex organisms such as humans are multi-cellular. An organism is defined as an individual animal, plant or single-celled life form. Therefore the cell is considered the smallest unit of life competent of a self-sufficient existence. There are seven things that all living organisms from bacteria to plants to animals all have in common and whether something is living or not is usually compared to the seven life processes. These processes are movement, reproduction, sensitivity, growth, respiration, excretion and nutrition. The acronym ‘MRS GREN’ will be used when discussing the processes of life movement All living things move to some kind of degree and this is the most apparent within the animal kingdom. Animals are able to physically move themselves from one place to another; humans will usually use their muscles in order to be able to move where as other animals may have to hop, crawl, swim or fly. Movement is very important for gathering sustenance...
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...successful groups of animals. Within the fish groups jaws and fins first appeared. Ray finned along with fleshy-finned fishes gave rise to land vertebrates, tetrapod's. Tetrapod's inherited paired appendages, jaws, backgrounds, and lungs from fishes. 33. Describe the features of early tetrapod's? First tetrapod's lives mostly in water but could use their formative limbs to navigate the shallow freshwater where they live and perhaps make and occasional sortie onto land. Tetrapod's underwent extensive radiation today's tetrapod's fully terrestrial vertebrates many amphibious, aquatic, and flying groups. 34. Describe labyrinthodonts? sckulls of juveniles carried the lateral line system, but absent in adults of the same species. And metamorphosis living terrestrial amphibians also lose the lateral line system of their aquatic larvae. Thus many ancient tetrapod's, like modern amphibians were probably aquatic as juveniles and terrestrial as adults. Ichthyostega, late Devonian, is a member of the ichtostedid amphibian group. The animal was about 1 cm long. Skelton of seymouria a later terrestrial anthracosaur from the early perimain was about 50 cm long. 35. What are the Lissamphibis including what animals they include common characteristics and where they stand in the vertebrate story? They arose from labyrinthodont radiation. Although many features such as enfolded labyrinthine teeth, have been lost. Three groups of living amphibians arise from within Lissamphibis and date back over...
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...book?) Shubin makes comparisons of Tiktaalik and human qualities. For example, he talks about the fin bones in comparison to the structure of a human arm, as well as a neck able to bend without the bending of other parts of the body. Proving that the evolution of humans can be traced to an organism similar to Tiktaalik, as a select few features are the same, this results in the “inner fish” concept. Shubin also says that all organisms are from the same parental source of genetic material. Chapter 2 - Getting a Grip 1. Describe the “pattern” to the skeleton of the human arm that was discovered by Sir Richard Owen in the mid-1800s. Relate this pattern to his idea of exceptional similarities. Sir Richard Owen discovered a pattern through mammal limbs around the mid-1800’s. The pattern which is “one bone-two bones-lotsa blobs-digits pattern” is the position of the bones,starting with the humerus in the upper arm, then the radius and ulna(bones in the forearm), then several bones located in the wrist, and ending w/ the digits, he also found a pattern in the legs- femur, tibia and fibula, some small bones, then phalanges. This relates to his idea of exceptional similarities which states that “all creatures with limbs, whether those limbs are wings, flippers, or hands, have a common design”, again enforcing the idea that this structure is a basis for all other human limbs. 2. How did Charles Darwin’s theory explain these similarities that were observed by Owen? Charles Darwin’s theory...
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