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Cola Wars Continue

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COLA WARS CONTINUE
COKE and PEPSI IN 2006

Adityo Wibowo (10 / 310520 / PEK / 15397)
Yohan Suryanto P (10 / 310533 / PEK / 15410)
Muhammad Jusuf (26E1024)

MAGISTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS
GADJAH MADA UNIVERSITY
2010

PROFIL PERUSAHAAN
Pada 8 Mei 1886, Dr.John Stith Pemberton, ahli farmasi berkebangsaan Amerika mencampurkan jenis sirup, obat elixir, French Wine of Coca, Bordeaux, kokain dan kafein (yang berasal dari biji kola). Ramuan itu adalah minuman soda pertama.
Saat Atlanta melarang mengkonsumsi alkohol tahun 1885, Pemberton mengganti French Wine of Coca menjadi anggur Prancis biasa lalu menambahkan gula murni, asam sitrat, dan minyak esensial aneka buah ke dalam minumannya. Pemberton menyebutnya Coca-cola.
Coca cola menjual empat dari lima top minuman non alkohol sedunia, diantaranya: Coca- cola, Diet coke, Sprite, dan Fanta. Coca cola mempekerjakan 71.000 orang dilebih dari 200 negara, kurang lebih memproduksi 400 merk yang terdiri lebih dari 2600 produk minuman. Produk-produk coca cola didistribusikan melalui restoran dan toko makanan, serta pemasok.
Dr. Pemberton menjual ciptaannya dengan harga 5 sen per gelas di apotiknya dan mempromosikan produknya dengan membagi ribuan kupon yang dapat ditukarkan untuk mencicipi satu minuman cuma-cuma. Pada tahun tersebut ia menghabiskan US$46 untuk biaya periklanan. Pada tahun 1892, Pemberton menjual hak cipta Coca - Cola ke Asa G. Chandler yang kemudian mendirikan perusahaan The Coca Cola Company bersama relasinya di Georgia Atlanta. Setahun kemudian, 1893 Candler mematenkan Coca Cola sebagai merek dagang. Chandler piawai dalam menciptakan berbagai macam benda-benda cinderamata berlogo Coca - Cola.
Gaya periklanan yang inovatif, seperti desain warna-warni untuk bus, lampu gantung hias dari kaca, serta serangkaian cinderamata seperti kipas, kalender dan jam dipakai untuk memasyarakatan nama Coca-Cola dan mendorong penjualan.

Pada tahun 1941, perusahaan mengikuti selera popular pasar, nama dagang Coke memperoleh pengakuan periklanan yang sama dengan Coca-Cola, dan pada tahun 1945, Coke resmi menjadi merek dagang terdaftar.

Tahun 1898 apoteker New Bern, North Carolina, Caleb Bradham menciptakan minuman berkarbornasi dan dinamai Pepsi Cola. Waktu itu Elmer Doolin dari San Antonio Texas memproduksi Fritos Corn Chip dan Herman Lay mendistribusikan keripik kentang di Nasville. Tahun 1961, Elmer Dollin dan Herman Lay melakukan merger antara perusahaan mereka dan mendirikan Frito-Lay.
PepsiCo didirikan tahun 1965 ketika pemegang saham Pepsi Cola dan pemegang saham Frito-Lay setuju melakukan merger. PepsiCo memproduksi merek-merek terkenal : Pepsi Cola, Mountain Dew, Fritos, Lay’s, Cheetos, Ruffles dan Rold Gold dan memperoleh pendapatan tahunan sebesar US$510 juta.
Tahun 1971 pendapatan PepsiCo meningkat hampir mencapai US$ 1 Miliar. Tahun 1968 perusahaan melakukan akuisisi di luar makanan dan minuman ringan. Tahun 1977 PepsiCo mengakuisisi Pizza Hut selama 20 tahun ke depan, tahun 1978 mengakuisisi Taco Bell dan restoran cepat saji KFC pada tahun 1986. Wayne Calloway, CEO PepsiCo (1986-1996) bertindak sebagai manajer 3 divisi perusahaan yang berbeda secara bergantian sebagai bagian dari pengembangan perusahaan secara keseluruhan. Tahun 1990, Wayney Calloway menambah akuisisi restoran cepat saji Hot-n-Now, tahun 1992 mengakuisisi California Pizza kitchen.
Di tahun 1993 mengakusisi East Side Mario’s, D’Angelo Sandwich Shops, and Chevy’s Mexican Restaurant. Selama tahun 1980an dan 1990an PepsiCo Memperkuat portofolio makanan ringan dan minuman dengan mengakuisisi Mug root beer, 7UP International, Smart Food Popcorn siap makan, Mexican Cookie company, Gamesa, Sunchip. Tahun 1992 PepsiCo mengadakan perjanjian dengan Ocean Spray untuk mendistribusikan single-serving juices, tahun 1993 memperkenalkan minuman teh siap minum (ready-to-drink) Lipton.
Tahun 1994 meperkenalkan minuman botol Aquafina dan Frappuccino ready-to-drink coffes.Tahun 1997 Roger Enrico sebagai CEO pepsi yang baru melakukan akuisisi antara PepsiCo dengan Cracker jack, Tropicana, dan Smith’s Snackfood Company di Australia, So Be teas, dan beberapa merek minuman. Di Saudi Arabia Pepsico mengakuisisi Tasali Snack Food yang menguasai pangsa pasar snack asin di Saudi Arabia dan Quaker Oats Company.
PERSAINGAN YANG TERJADI
Tahun 1950, Alfred Steele mantan Marketing Executive Coke menjadi CEO di Pepsi. Dia membuat moto “kalahkan Coke” dengan mengarahkan target menjadi konsumsi keluarga melalui penjualan ke supermarket dengan mendukung pengembangan kemasan botol menjadi lebih flexible.

Dilanjutkan dengan kampanye “PEPSI Generation” pada tahun 1963 ketika Donald Kendall menjabat CEO di Pepsi-Cola dengan target “yang muda dan yang berhati muda”, dimana kampanye ini berhasil membuat Pepsi sedikit tertinggal di banding Coke (selisih tipis).
Sementara diakhir 1950-an, Coca-Cola membuat moto “Pilihan rasa Amerika” (America preferred taste). Di tahun 1960-an Coke lebih focus pada pasar global. Coke dan Pepsi memulai eksperimen dengan minuman non cola maupun cola baru, serta dengan packing botol yang baru pula. Coke meluncurkan Fanta dan Sprite, sementara Pepsi mengimbangi dengan Teem dan Mountain Dew. Keduanya juga mulai melirik pada industri minuman non CSD.
Tahun 1974, Pepsi meluncurkan program “Pepsi Challenge” di Dallas – Texas, dimana Pepsi yang berada pada posisi ketiga setelah Coke dan Dr Pepper, di sini Pepsi men-demonstrasikan bahwa customer lebih memilih Pepsi dibanding Coke, yang dilanjutkan dengan program nasionalnya. Coke melawan dengan potongan, discount, dan mempertanyakan validitas uji tersebut. Program Pepsi tersebut berhasil mengikis pasar coke untuk pertama kalinya di toko-toko.
Di tahun 1980, Roberto Goizueta, CEO coca-cola company dan Don Keough sebagai President direktur. Coke mengganti penggunaan gula (glucose) menjadi gula jagung (high Fructose corn) dengan harga yang lebih murah, yang di ikuti Pepsi tiga tahun kemudian. Selain itu Coke juga gencar melakukan iklan kususnya antara 1981 – 1984, yang di respon Pepsi dengan membuat pengeluaran iklan dua kalinya utk periode yang sama. Coca-cola memperkenalkan “Diet Coke” untuk pertama kalinya tahun 1982 dan kemudian nama “COKE” menjadi brand baru dan diet coke meraih penghargaan “most successful consumer product launch of the eighties”.
Memasuki era 1990, industry minuman ringan menemui tantangan baru yang menyarankan pergeseran pasar untuk jangka waktu panjang, dimana pertumbuhan konsumsi minuman berkarbonasi mengalami stagnasi, dengan pertumbuhan antara 0% - 1%. Dalam mengahadapi situasi ini Coke mengalami hal yang lebih parah dari Pepsi, dimana selain faktor internal dan kegagalan dalam penentuan, juga karena menaruh kepercayaan yang sangat besar pada pasar tradisional minuman ringan.

Sepeninggal Robert Goizueta yang meninggal di tahun 1997, Coke mengalami kerugian dan banyak masalah seperti krisis mata uang di Asia dan Russia, produk recall karena kontaminasi di Belgia (walaupun tidak terbukti terkontaminasi). Masalah terus timbul ketika Coke dipimpin oleh Douglas Daft (1999-2004) pengurangan 7,000 karyawan antara 2001-2004 dimana coke memotong pengeluaran tenaga kerja sebesar 20% yang berdampak serius pada moral kerja. Coke juga bermasalah dengan keputusan yang tidak bijak ketika melakukan bailed out join venture dengan P&G.

MASALAH UTAMA
Perang di dunia Carbonated Soft Drink antara Coke dan Pepsi yang terkenal dengan Cola Wars seolah tiada henti. Kedua perusahaan ini mengeluarkan produk yang substitutive, mereka harus merebut pangsa pasar agar menjadi yang terdepan untuk memaksimalkan profit masing-masing.
Coke yang terkenal raksasa penghasil CSD terbesar di dunia tidak mutlak menjadi penguasa selamanya. Hal ini terbukti dengan sodokan Pepsi yang memanfaatkan krisis yang terjadi di Coke. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa kompetisi di dunia CSD masih terbuka lebar meskipun hanya terdapat beberapa pemain besar di dalamnya.
Strategi Pepsi untuk merebut pasar Coke memanfaatkan krisis yang terjadi pada Coke merupakan timing yang tepat. Namun luasnya jaringan serta kapital yang dimiliki Coke, Pepsi harus tetap waspada. Apakah Pepsi cukup puas dengan kondisi mereka sekarang? Apakah perang Cola akan berhenti?

ANALISA a. Analisis Consumer Vs. Competitor
Coke dan Pepsi sudah saling berhadapan secara langsung dalam kompetisi pasar CSD. Hal ini menyebabkan keduanya harus saling mempelajari strategi, tujuan, kelebihan dan kelemahan kompetitor masing-masing untuk merebut pasar. Hal ini karena Coke dan Pepsi mempunyai pasar yang sama dan berusaha untuk memuaskan konsumen dan kebutuhan yang sama dengan menawarkan produk yang subtitutif.
Oleh karena itu, mempelajari competitor dapat memberikan informasi tentang penawaran ataupun cara baru untuk memuaskan konsumen mereka. Perusahaan harus mengidentifikasi kempetitor dengan menggunakan analisis industry dan analisis pasar.
Pepsi sebelumnya terkesan menjadi follower karena selalu selangkah dibelakang Coke baik itu dalam hal pengembangan produk dan kemasan baru, perluasan jaringan, maupun pembuatan perusahaan pembotolan. Namun Pepsi mampu mengungguli Coke dengan memanfaatkan momentum kejatuhan Coke. b. Inovasi produk untuk menciptakan pasar baru
Kematangan
Setiap industri mempunyai life cycle. Dimulai dari tahap perkenalan, pertumbuhan, kematangan dan setelah itu adalah penurunan.
Penurunan
Pertumbuhan
Perkenalan

Coke menyadari akan siklus ini lebih dulu ketika pada tahun 1982 memperkenalkan diet coke. Produk baru ini dimunculkan ketika pasar coca cola mulai manurun. Diet Coke langsung disambut antusias oleh masyarakat sebagai produk baru. Setelah itu berturut-turut muncuk produk baru lainnya. Hal ini dimaksudkan untuk menyegarkan pasar yang telah jenuh karena pertumbuhan produk lama yang stagnan. Pepsi kemudian menjadi follower dengan menampilkan produk-produk baru setelah Coke.
Produk-produk baru dapat menjadi sasaran masyarakat yang telah jenuh dengan produk lama. Selain itu juga untuk semakin menguasai market share produk minuman. Hal ini terbukti dengan semakin mengecilnya produsen konsentrat kecil seperti Dr Pepper, Canada Dry, Sunkist maupun A&W.
Ketika produk-produk baru tersebut mencapai tahapan penurunan, maka Coke maupun Pepsi harus menciptakan inovasi baru untuk mengatasi pasar yang jenuh serta mempertahankan market share mereka.

c. Memahami komponen pasar CSD
Dalam bidang CSD, komponen-komponen utama didalamnya adalah produsen konsentrat, perusahaan bottling, jaringan retail serta supplier. Coke dan Pepsi sebagai produsen konsentrat harus menggunakan strategi yang tepat untuk menciptakan sebuah rangkaian produksi dan pemasaran yang tepat.

* Perusahaan bottling
Perusahaan bottling luar dari awal sebenarnya tidak diperlukan karena Coke dan Pepsi sebenarnya dapat membeli atau membangun bottling company mereka sendiri. Walaupun pada akhirnya mereka mempunyai bottling company sendiri, namun langkah ini sudah terlambat lama. Karena jika langkah ini dilakukan sedari awal maka Coke maupun Pepsi akan mendapatkan keuntungan yang lebih dan tidak ditekan oleh perusahaan bottling luar karena sebenarnya hanya menjadi produsen konsentrat terlalu mudah bagi mereka. Bahkan untuk mencari supplier bagi material pembotolan, Coke dan Pepsi harus mencarinya sendiri. * Jaringan retail
Dalam hal memilih jaringan, strategi Pepsi lebih tepat karena memilih jaringan supermarket sebagai retailer utamanya. Supermarket seperti wal-mart relah mempunyai banyak jaringan di Amerika akan menguntungkan Pepsi karena penetrasi pasarnya yang lebih luas.
SOLUSI
Perusahaan harusnya mampu mempertahankan prestasinya untuk saat ini dan bahkan untuk masa-masa yang akan datang, yang terpenting disini adalah coca-cola membuka pasar-pasar baru dan membuat komsumsi minuman ringan meningkat pada pasar yang sedang berkembang saat ini seperti China dan India.

Kami juga merekomendasikan pada Coca-cola untuk tetap memfokuskan pada pasar internasional serta kami juga mendorong agar Coke memberikan penawaran yang lebih dari saat ini (semacam program promo). Kami juga menganggap kalau Coca-cola telah membuat kesalahan yang cukup serius ketika gagal mengambil alih Quaker Oats dan Gatorade Sports Drink.

Jika Coke memfokuskan pada penawaran beberapa minuman mereka dapat menyerahkan proses pembotolan dan distribusinya pada pihak lain.
Beberapa tipe minuman dapat membuat keuntungan Coke secara menyeluruh tetap baik bila ada pergeseran preferensi konsumen, seperti dari minuman bersoda menjadi minuman alternative yang lebih menyehatkan.

Sementara untuk Pepsi kami secara prinsip mendasar tetap merekomendasikan hal yang sama dengan Coca-cola. Kami mendorong agar Pepsi memfokuskan pada business line nya di minuman soda alternative yang kelihatan memiliki market share yang lebih baik disbanding Coke, tetapi bila produk coke menguntungkan pepsi tetap bermain di pasar tersebut.

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...1) Why, historically, has the soft drink industry been so profitable? According to Exhibit 3a, the operation profit margin of the two giants kept robust growing from ~10% in 1970s to ~20% in 2005. That probably resulted from two reasons: 1) net sales enjoyed robust growth; 2) COGS and other expenses cowered fast. Net sales enjoyed robust growth. According to Exhibit 1, consumption per capita increased by 3% per year lasting for 3 decades since 1970s, due to A. Increasing demands of CSD and the introduction of diet and flavored varieties. a) Availability increased due to cowering real price B. The introduction of diet and flavored varieties which led to CSD’s share increased from 12.4% in 1970 to 18.7% in 1981, 25.7% to 1990 and 29% in 2000 of total beverage consumption per capita. (Source: Exhibit 1) High consumption per capita caused lower bargaining power of consumers but high bargaining power of manufacturers. On the other side, less threats from substitutes was also a reason that market players can enjoy profitable business. According to P2, Americans drank more CSD although there were many alternatives. COGS and other expenses cowered. A. Less investment than other industry. B. Relative high consolidated market landscape caused market players enjoy high bargaining power to suppliers, which means COGS will be low. 2) Compare the economics of the concentrate business to that of the bottling business: Why is the profitability so different...

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Cola Wars Continue: Coke and Pepsi 20120

...Product and Brand Strategies Cola Wars Continue: Coke and Pepsi in 2010 1. Why, historically, has the soft drink industry been so profitable? Coca Cola was formulated in 1886 by a pharmacist in Atlanta who started to sell it in drug stores as a ‟portion for mental and physical disorders.“ Five years later the Asa Candler acquired the formula for Coca-Cola syrup which was a well-protected secret of the company. He also granted the first bottling franchise which grew qucikly. In the following years a lot of imitations were fight agressively by court for protecting their carbonated soft-drink (CSD) with its special flavour. Later on Coca Cola was advertised as a ‟lifestyle“ product and the international business began to develop. Pepsi was founded in 1893 and they also adopted a franchise bottling system which built up a big network very quickly. About 20 years later Pepsi went bankrupt and later on they declared bankrupcy the second time. However business went on and Pepsi built up a marketing strategy ‟Twice as much for a nickel, too.“ Pepsi step for step gained market shares and became the second behind Coca Cola. The competition in the soft drink industry began to grow. The soft drink industry consists of bottlers and suppliers. One fact which supports the profitability of the soft drink industry is that there are only two relevant players Coca Cola and Pepsi who have enough power for setting rules. The rivalry between both can be seen as a copmpetitive...

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Cola Wars Continue: Coke and Pepsi in 2010

...4 Competitive / corporate strategies of Coke and Pepsi 5 SWOT Analysis 6 Questions 6.1 How has the competition between Coke and Pepsi affected the industry’s profit? 6.2 If it has been such a profitable industry, why have so few firms successfully entered this business over the last century? What are the barriers? Why have Coke and been so successful in launching their products? 6.3 Why, historically, has the soft drink industry been so profitable? 6.4 Compare the economics of the concentrate business to that of the bottling business: Why is the profitability so different? 6.5 How can Coke and Pepsi sustain their profits in the wake of flattening demand and the growing popularity of non-CSDs? 7 9 11 Exam Case Study Cola Wars Continue: Coke and Pepsi in 2010 1 Overview (Power Point Page (PPP) 2) For more than a century, Coke and Pepsi compete for market share within the world’s beverage market. The most intense battles were fought over the $74 billion carbonated soft drink (CSD) industry in the United States that lasted until the mid-1990s. Coke’s and Pepsi’s revenues grow annually, as the worldwide CSD consumption rose steadily by an average of 3% per year. In the early 2000s, however, domestic CSD consumption started to decline in consequence of the evolving linkage between CSDs and health issues such as obesity. Coke and Pepsi faced new challenges regarding the growth of non-CSD beverages...

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...Executive Summary Prior versions of the case have been used to teach various subjects, including industry analysis, competitive dynamics, and vertical integration. While this case tries to incorporate some of the essential elements about the history of competitive dynamics and the historical patterns of vertical integration the primary teaching purpose of this case is to discuss the economics of the U.S. soft drink industry. Concentrate producers (CPs) sold syrup and concentrate to franchised of company owned bottlers, and made gross margins of 83% and a pretax profit margin of 30%. The best-know CPs were Coke and Pepsi. Historically, Coke and Pepsi were also major bottlers, but in the mid-to late 1990s, both had divested their bottling operations while maintaining significant equity ownership and indirect control of bottling networks. CPs invested heavily in advertising and marketing. One of the key issues for students to understand is why most of the profits in this industry are earned upstream in the concentrate business. The bottling business was much less profitable than concentrate, particularly in the mid- 1990s. Bottling profits improved somewhat in recent years, in part because the concentrate manufacturers could no longer squeeze the bottlers without disrupting their own distribution. Bottlers invested in bottling and caning lines, trucks, and warehouses and earned gross margins 40% and pretax profit of 9%. Coke and Pepsi bottlers delivered their products directly...

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Cola Wars Continue: Coke and Pepsi in 2010

...The competition within the $74 billion carbonated soft drink (CSD) industry has been remarkable ever since Coca-Cola was formulated in 1886, and further intensified when Pepsi was introduced in 1893. Ever since then, the CSD industry has been dominated by these two companies, with Coke taking the lead in the early stage, followed by Pepsi doubled its market share between 1950 and 1970 by offering its concentrate at a lower price than its competitor. The CSD industry has been profitable historically due to numerous reasons. Firstly, in the world’s largest market for CSD products, consumption had been growing at a steady rate of 3% annually from 1970 to 2000 in the U.S., marking a high growth stage in the industry life cycle (Appendix B). This allowed both Coke and Pepsi (C&P) to achieve annual sales growth of around 10%, while competing head-to-head against each other and other smaller CSD producers. Competition between C&P reinforced their brand image, as the increase in marketing efforts could be transferred into profit and sales growth when the overall demand was increasing in a growing industry. However, the increasing industry volume was largely obtained by C&P, leaving other smaller firms vulnerable with stagnated growth opportunity. Secondly, according to Porter’s Five Forces analysis in Appendix A, high barrier for new entrants, low bargaining power of suppliers of both concentrate producers and bottlers, moderate buyer’s bargaining power and low degree of threats of substitutes...

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