...long-standing evidence in social psychology that people strive for consistency within their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviour (Festinger, 1957). Therefore to uphold this level of consistency individuals must comply with the group or majorities attitudes, beliefs and behaviours. It is an important force keeping groups together and facilitating communication (Bond & Smith, 1996). Disposing of rubbish in a bin is a pro-environmental behaviour which can be categorised as a positive social norm. Social norms are defined as ‘rules and standards that are understood by members of a group, that guide and/or constrain social behaviour without the force of law’ (Cialdini & Trost, 1998). Adhering to these social rules is described in terms of conformity or adversely conversion. Various social norms can alter an individual’s response to a specific situation depending on their environment and individual gains from doing so. For example to judge whether a person will dispose of their rubbish one must account for their personal norms and perceived social norms within the culture. Cialdini et al., (1991) developed the norm focus theory stating that only those norms which are focused on a given situation predict behaviour. For example if a person in a food court see’s a ‘Don’t waste Victoria, do the right thing’ then they have the focus of rubbish and the willingness to abide by the social rules to dispose of their waste. Even considering recycling in the home, social norms have been...
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...MGMT 1001 Assignment 2 : Report Henry Dinh Student Name : Henry Dinh Student ID: 3372774 Course: MGMT 1001 Tutorial Time: Friday 1pm Tutor’s Name: Noa Date: 24 / 05 / 2013 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Everest simulation is a five-player simulation requiring groups of students to work together to overcome challenges and obstacles in order to conquer the mountain and reach the summit. The designers, Harvard Business School, do their best in incorporating real life dangers such as unpredictable weather, fluctuating health conditions and oxygen scarcity into the virtual expedition. In doing so, teams must manage, plan organize and manage themselves so that they can perform effectively and achieve the ultimate goal of reaching the summit. In the simulation, the roles of being a physician, an environmentalist, the team leader, a photographer and a marathon runner, are delegated to each team member. If a team had more than five members, such as our team, the remaining members would assume the role of an observer. Each role had different personal information and goals tailored to them and the simulation encouraged players not to share personal information to others, thus mirroring real-life situations. In the past years, it has been shown that students generally learn from their mistakes in the first simulation and perform better in the second. However Team ‘_____ ’ deviated from this idea, starting with 50% and deteriorating to 38%. The major improvement in performance...
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...Invulnerability, Collective Rationalization, Illusion of Morality, Excessive Stereotyping, Pressure for Conformity, Self-Censorship, Illusion of Unanimity, and Mindguards. When we think of group think, the eight symptoms will come into play. I think back on our desert survival exercise, and can recall where each of the symptoms was addressed. Illusion of Invulnerability you will take extreme risk that you wouldn’t normally do as an individual. In regards to the desert exercise, as a group we took more risk, and felt more secure with our decisions as a group. Collective Rationalization will make you come up with excuses about your decision, and be able to explain away any warnings someone would have about your information addressed. I remember discussing why we were picking certain items, and rationalizing our ideas in our desert exercise. Illusion of Morality means that you ignore danger and take risk. What usually happens in this step, the group does not consider all options, and they strive for agreement. I can see where this symptom came in play. At first, the group didn’t consider the dangers of traveling verses staying at the wreck site during the exercise. Excessive Stereotyping is basically having negative stereotypes about people outside of the group. Stereotyping others happens with group think, due to the fact that people are in a united front. Pressure for Conformity in groups’ symptom, pressures others that do not agree to agree with the majority of the group. During...
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...channels. The only way through which one can know is asking in a more respectful way whether one has any concerns or understand the statement or the agreement in questions. Asking questions that are open-ended might elicit more clear answers and reduces cases of one nodding the head when it comes to both verbal and nonverbal interactions. Project Milestone 4 1. Come up with 1 example from your own life of an instance when you succumbed to conformity, 1 example of when you succumbed to compliance and 1 example when you succumbed to obedience. Conformity involves giving in to the peer pressure. I remember an instance where is used to attend a youth group so that I can fit in with my friends. Compliance refers to the comfort that entails acting as per the set standards while disagreeing privately. I recall an instance during the period that I was on my part time job that my boss gave me thirty minutes break, although he did not find it necessary, he had to comply with the set rules of the state. Obedience refers to acting in accord with a set and direct order. I recall an instance where our teacher was absent but based on the fact that he had provided us with enough work and ordered as to maintain silence, I had to keep quiet. 2. Describe at least 2 main differences among these different types of social influence. In conformity there no set requirements for acting in a specific way, while in obedience one is instructed or ordered to do something. The person is the one who influence...
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...meetings by the World Health Organization (WHO, 1981). The result was a new set of marketing rules, introduced in 1981,that restricted the promotion of baby formula (WHO, 1981). These restrictions are outlined in the International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes (WHO, 1981). The aim of the code is to “ensure the proper use of breast milk substitutes, when these are necessary, on the basis of adequate information and through appropriate marketing and distribution” (International Lactation Consultant Association, 2001). When you consider the corporate marketing practices uncovered in the Nestlé scandal, one can see that a corporation’s vision must go beyond profits, and consider business ethics, motivation, perception, and conformity, and business ethics as key success factors in a world that has embraced corporate social responsibility. Business Ethics - Nestlé Business ethics are the values and behaviors that companies uphold and exhibit in carrying out their everyday business (Gruble, 2011). Business ethics require companies to act in an ethical manner and be...
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...12 Angry Men: In Light Of OB Theories [12:14 PM | ] 12 Angry Men (1957) is a gripping and an engrossing examination of 12 jurors who are deciding the fate of a young Puerto Rican boy in a murder trial. It is phenomenal that a movie with a running time of just 96 minutes and shot in just one room could be so impactful and so intellectually stimulating that it could be a source of immense learning for generations to come in the field of psychology, social psychology, Organizational Behavior anddecision making. In this paper, we will be exploring 3 wide dimensions/theories in the field of OB and their application in the movie by citing specific examples from the film. We will start off by exploring the phenomenon of Perception and Individual Decision Making where we would be exploring the decision making process at an individual level, explaining the underlying theories and biases involved in individual decision making and try to map those to specific instances in the film. This will be followed by a discussion on the phenomenon of Group Behavior with particular emphasis on group formation, group decision making and Groupthink. Finally, we will explore how Personality influences the decision making environment. Perception and Individual Decision Making One of the theories that were seen at play was Attribution Theory. Attribution theory is a phenomenon that is characterized by individuals observing behavior followed by an attempt to gauge whether the event was externally...
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...What Is Cultural Anthropology? When a person thinks about cultural anthropology, they should not limit themselves by thinking of one particular thing. Their mind should be racing with countless subjects. ‘Cultural anthropology’ is a pretty broad title for a discipline that covers such a wide range of topics. Anthropology studies all that is human and all that makes us human (Malloy, 2011). To narrow it down a bit, anthropology studies culture. One can define culture as “those relationships whereby, one and one’s community establish identity; knowledge of self and others, knowledge of the world and how we are to be in the world, and what various versions of those worlds mean to ‘us’ and ‘them’” (Malloy, 2011). Every individual person represents a culture of their own within the society they live in. Jack Weatherford estimates that “the globe stands divided into roughly two hundred independent countries or states, but these contain somewhere around five thousand different nations or ethnic groups” (1994, p.226). With so many different cultures out there, people of a particular society cling to their culture and hold to it with extreme importance. Even through times of modernity that pushed for a world culture, the number of different cultures did not homogenize and mesh together. On the contrary “ethnic and cultural identities grew stronger…and accentuated differences to become more varied than ever” (Weatherford, 1994, p.8). Cultural anthropology studies that behavior and the...
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...Chapter 1 Developing Self-Awareness True/False Questions Key Dimensions of Self-Awareness 1. Self-awareness is at the foundation of personal life management skills. True (page 58, easy, recall) If false, why? The Enigma of Self-Awareness 2. Empirical evidence indicates that people who are more self-aware are healthier, perform better in leadership roles, and are more productive at work. True (page 59, easy, recall) If false, why? 3. The concept of sensitive line refers to the point at which individuals welcome information about themselves from their co-workers. False (page 59, moderate, recall) If false, why? The concept of sensitive line refers to the point at which people become defensive or protective of information about themselves 4. Marvin consistently finds fault with Alicia’s competence as a manager. Because Alicia has been told she is doing a good job and therefore responds in a threat rigid way. Thus, her most likely response will be to defend herself in light of Marvin’s accusations. True (page 60, moderate, understanding) If false, why? 5. Self-awareness can be managed by exercising minimal control over when and what kind of information one receives about oneself and by not involving others in the pursuit of self-understanding. False (page 60, moderate, understanding) If false, why? It requires more than minimal control. Understanding and Appreciating...
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...SOCS 185 Week 5 Socioautobiography Assignment Information and Rubric Below are guidelines to follow as you work on your socioautobiography assignment: * Papers should be in APA format, with a title page. * Papers should contain 3-4 pages of text, double-spaced (this does not include the title page). * Refer to at least six sociological concepts covered in the lectures or textbook reading. Highlight these concepts in boldface. * Connect your concepts to the TCOs. Indicate the TCOs covered in parentheses, as demonstrated in the assignment instructions. Grading Rubric: Component | Points Possible | Submission refers to at least six sociological concepts covered in the lectures or textbook reading | 55 | Submission relates each concept to the appropriate TCO | 20 | Submission meets minimum length requirement of three to four pages of text | 10 | Submission is well-written and well-organized and free from mechanical errors (errors in spelling, punctuation, and grammar) | 10 | Submission is in correct APA format, with a title page | 5 | | 100 TOTAL POINTS | The following excerpt on a socioautobiography is taken directly from: Kanagy, C. L., & Kraybill, D. B., (1999). The Riddles of Human Society. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press. (Pp. 287, 288,289). Socioautobiography “The purpose of the socioautobiography is to use the insights from sociology to better understand your own story; it is a way of using the concepts of sociology...
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...Reflective Essay Before I returned to school, after taking an almost 15 year hiatus, I had been told by several people that psychology was boring. I found the opposite to be quite true. Quite a few questions that I have had over the past decade were answered as well as ones that I never realized I wanted to learn the answers to. I learned a lot of new things and I thoroughly enjoyed it. While discussing ‘Biology of Mind’, I found that the brain structure had me on the edge of my seat. While I enjoy learning how and why things work the way they do, I feel that the brain caught my attention. A few weeks prior to the spring semester beginning, my uncle had a severe brain injury due to a tree falling on him. After I was told about his new behavior, I was at an advantage as to understand why there was such a drastic change. I was able to understand that his limbic system was affected. He was very aggressive and angry toward the staff at the hospital which was caused from the damage to his amygdala. He also displayed damage to each brain hemisphere, some symptoms were more severe than others. The damage to his frontal lobe caused him to try to leave the hospital every chance he could, not able to resist the urge to stay. Within approximately two weeks after the accident he struggled to recognize family and friends caused from damage to his occipital lobe. He also suffered from short-term memory loss which is an effect of damage to his parietal lobe....
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...in this trial: firstly, at the first interview there was some inconsistency in the group’s descriptions of the robber (2 said he had brown hair and 2 said he had blonde hair), this shows a problem with the EWT used in the trial as clearly straight after the event (the eye witnesses memories of the event would have been the clearest as it had just happened), however as they were interviewed in a group all 4 members of the group heard what the others had to say about the event- subsequently two of the witnesses changed what they said and thus all four claimed he had blonde hair. This is a clear problem with the testimony used in the trial as as all the witnesses were interviewed at the event in a group and due to social desirability and conformity they changed their remembrance of the event- therefore what they said in court may have not been an accurate account of what they think they actually saw. Weapon focus may also have had an effect in this case and this would have also caused a problem with the EWT used as the criminal used a weapon, and as that weapon is a threat to these people’s lives then they would have focussed on that weapon, and as a result this would have distorted what they remembered about the rest of the event (i.e. what the criminal looked like) which makes the EWT used invalid. The police in the investigation did also lead the witnesses to a desired answer as in the third interview they showed them a picture of James Taylor (and two people said it may have...
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...Final Paper: Case Study#3 Forensic Psychology: Information Recall / Eyewitness Testimony ABS200 Instructor Clark August 18, 2014 Ashford University Applied behavioral science can be defined as a science that bases its concepts on the observations and learnings of human behavior. Science itself is all observation and learning, we try and try experiments in order to come to one or several conclusions and we observe in order to discover new things. In order to understand behaviors and what causes people do to the things they do we must observe not only the person but their surroundings and daily habits in order to understand them. In behavioral science there are many different sub-sections that can vary from clinical to criminal. Within these different sections we learn by making observations not just of one person but of every person we come across in our work and therefore have to learn how to make treatments based on these observations. In criminal cases, most of the time we are analyzing not only why a person has committed the crime they have committed but what drove them to become the person that they are. In many cases there is a mental illness whether treated or untreated that can cause the person to become unbalanced and therefore dangerous. Other times it is caused by childhood events which cause mental trauma which causes the person to act out in a certain manner. Cognitive psychology goes hand in hand with handling eye-witness testimony. With this type of psychology...
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...certain behaviors. While the video highlights a number of psychological experiments, this short work will focus on Stanley Milgram and answer the following: what are the ethical inferences and did his results justify the manner in which the experiment was conducted? According to Milgram (1984), “The case touched on a fundamental issue of the human condition, our primordial nightmare. If we need help, will those around us stand around and let us be destroyed or will they come to our aid? Are those other creatures there to help us sustain our life and values or are we individual flecks of dust just floating around in a vacuum” (Memorable quotes). The Experiment: Why this Approach? At a rudimentary level, human behavior and all of the questions that revolve around it is why psychology exists. Man studies the differences between the minds of individuals to discover what makes person “A” perform and or think differently than person “B”. Psychological variances in the minds of men are why society is plagued with a number of issues. One specific issue that has been studied over time is adhering to obedience. Obedience is a change in behavior to appease those in authority. Children are told to obey...
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...Week 6 Lecture 1: Decision Making Individuals Definition of decision making: it is a process of making a choice among several action alternatives. It involves a commitment of resources to some course of action. Assumptions of rational decision making model: Problem clarity: clearly defined and unambiguous Know options: identify all relevant criteria and viable alternatives in an unbiased manner Clear preferences: the criteria and alternatives can be ranked and weighted. Constant preferences: constant decision criteria and weights assigned to them are stable over time No time/cost constraints: full information is available Maximum payoff: the choice alternative will yield the highest economic value (a rational decision making process: define the problem—identify the criteria—allocate weights to the criteria—develop alternatives—evaluate the alternatives—select the best alternative Types of judgments and decisions: Normative: how X should be chosen/ judged in optimal/ rational conditions Descriptive: how X actually gets chosen/ judged The reasons why descriptive decisions are different from normative decisions: Bounded rationality: time cost constraints; incomplete information; perceptiual errors in obtaining information; cognitive load in information retention and performing caluculations Bounded decision making: We seek solutions that are the best given the information that is available; that are satisfactory (good enough) We satisfice rather than...
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...Theories) C. Focus on Integrity (Virtue Ethics) IV. Eight Steps to Sound Ethical Decision Making in Business A. Step One: Gather the Facts B. Step Two: Define the Ethical Issues C. Step Three: Identify the Affected Parties (the Stakeholders) D. Step Four: Identify the Consequences E. Step Five: Identify the Obligations F. Step Six: Consider Your Character and Integrity G. Step Seven: Think Creatively about Potential Actions H. Step Eight: Check Your Gut V. Practical Preventive Medicine A. Doing Your Homework B. When You’re Asked to Make a Snap Decision VI. Conclusion VII. Discussion Questions VIII. Exercise: Clarifying Your Values IX. Case: Pinto Fires Teaching Notes – Discussion Questions 1. If you had to choose just one of the philosophical approaches discussed in this chapter to guide your decision making, which would you choose? Why? Or, if you had to rank them from most to least helpful, how would you rank them? Probes to Stimulate Discussion "Think about your own ethical decision making. Do you already use any or all of these approaches? Separately or in combination?" "Consider looking into your religious background for guidance. For example, most religions...
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